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Somatic and Special Senses Chapter 10 Introduction • Sensory Receptors- detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses that travel on sensory pathways into the CNS for processing and interpretation http://michaeldmann.net/pix_4b/gust_receptors.gif 2 large types of sensory receptors • 1. Somatic senses: touch, pressure, temperature, and pain • 2. Special senses: smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Somatic_senses.gif Receptors and Sensations • Receptors are distinct to a type of environmental change • This selective response distinguishes the senses • 5 kinds 1. Chemoreceptors • Stimulated by changes in the chemical concentration of substances 2. Pain Receptors • Stimulated by tissue damage https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/psych396/student2006/the_biology_of_pain/receptor2.jpg 3. Thermoreceptors • Stimulated by changes in temperature http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio30/images/m1/b30_m1_022_l.jpg 4. Mechanoreceptors • Stimulated by changes in pressure or movement http://bdml.stanford.edu/twiki/pub/Haptics/ProjectOverview/mechanoreceptors.jpg 5. Photoreceptors • Stimulated by light energy http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_m/d_02_m_vis/d_02_m_vis_1a.jpg Sensation • Sensation-a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses • Impulse is read depending on what area of the brain receives it • One area may be sound and one area may be touch http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/slide4.gif Projection • Projection-process where the cerebral cortex causes a feeling to stem from a source • It allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation (eyes & ears) Sensory Adaptation • Sensory adaptation-sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated • Can only be triggered if stimulus strength changes again • Think smell (phasic) http://www.cyndan.com.au/Portals/0/Media/F/Farm%20Mate%20cow.jpg Somatic Senses • 1. Sensory Nerve Fibers – Common in epithelial tissues – Are associated with touch and pressure http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/anatomy/sensory%20organs.jpg • 2. Meissner’s Corpuscles – Small masses of connective tissue – Located in hairless portions of the skin (lips, fingertips, palms, soles, nipples, external genitalia) – Interpret light touch http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/anatomy/sensory%20organs.jpg • 3. Parcinian Corpuslces – Large structures of connective tissue – Located in deep tissue layers like ligaments and tendons – Respond to heavy pressure Temperature Senses • 1. Warm Receptors - nerve endings that respond to warmer temperatures (sensitive above 77°, unresponsive above 113°F) • 2. Cold Receptors - nerve endings that respond to colder temperatures (sensitive between 50°F and 68°F) http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514259882/html/graphic22.png Sense of Pain • These protect the body because tissue damage stimulates them • Usually unpleasant and signals the person to remove the stimulation • Pain is persistent and doesn’t go away • Four types 1. Visceral Pain • Occurs in visceral tissues such as heart, lungs, intestine http://wehelpwhathurts.homestead.com/visceral-somatic_referral_patterns_resize_smaller.jpg 2. Referred Pain • Feels as though it is coming from a different part (heart pain may be felt as pain in arm or shoulder) • Caused from Nerves passing through the same area http://www.merckmanuals.com/media/home/figures/NEU_referred_pain.gif 3. Acute Pain • Originates from skin, usually stops when stimulus stops (needle prick) https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/psych396/student2006/the_biology_of_pain/receptor2.jpg 4. Chronic Pain • Dull aching sensations http://criticalscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/pain-map_alphachimp_com.jpg Regulation of pain • Pain is interpreted by the Cerebral Cortex in the brain. • Three types of neuropeptides that inhibit pain: serotonin, enkephalins, endorphins. • Natural brain chemicals can be mimicked by drugs such as morphine. Morphine http://recoverylife.com/resources/gallery_photo/morphine60.jpg Special Senses • Smell: olfactory organs • Taste: taste buds • Hearing equilibrium: Ears • Sight: Eyes http://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/anatomy/poster_special_senses_small.jpg Sense of Smell • The sense of smell is associated with complex sensory structures in the upper region of the nasal cavity http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8689.jpg Olfactory Receptors • Chemoreceptors that are stimulated by chemicals that are dissolved in liquid • Aid in food selection because smell and taste are closely related http://www.yalescientific.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/fulllengths-olfaction-2.jpg Olfactory Organs • Contain the olfactory receptors which are masses that cover the upper parts of the nasal cavity http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Olfactory_sense.gif Olfactory Receptor Cells • Bipolar neurons surrounded by epithelial cells • Covered in cilia which have receptor proteins that the odor chemicals bind to http://openwetware.org/images/b/ba/Olfactory_System_2.jpg Olfactory Bulbs • Receive the nerve impulses from the receptor cells (located in the brain) http://lynlaukimdak.wikispaces.com/file/view/42.jpg/219698964/42.jpg Olfactory Tracts • Located inside the olfactory bulbs and interpret the nerve impulses Smell Video http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Olfactory_sense.gif 10.6 Sense of Taste (258-260) http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JUfBbVlJk-s/TOB1pd-ZqVI/AAAAAAAABhM/BoQ04mSXNWI/s1600/tongue.jpg The special organs of taste; papillae http://thesalience.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/taste-buds-fungiform-papillae-vallate-papilla-gustatory-hairs-stratified-squamous-epithelium-of-tongue-taste-fibers-of-cranial-nerves.jpg Gustatory cells; 50 to 150 receptor cells The chemical must dissolve in the watery fluid surrounding the taste buds that are produced by the salivary glands. http://oldenaplesperio.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/salivary-glands.jpg 1. Sweet—table sugar 2. Sour—lemon 3. Salty—table salt 4. Bitter—caffeine or quinine http://www.zecuppa.com/images/primary-tastes.jpg It detects monosodium glutamate (MSG), used as a flavor enhancer in many prepared foods http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/files/2013/03/umamiBUB.jpg 10.7 Sense of Hearing (260-264) http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/in/m4/s5/assets/images/inm4s5_1.jpg Auricle (pinna)—outer ear; External Auditory meatus http://www.infovisual.info/03/img_en/049%20External%20middle%20internal%20ear.jpg malleus, incus, stapes - transmit vibrations and amplify the signal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg Eustachian tube; Connects the middle ear to the throat; Helps maintain air pressure http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AcDUnUFGUAQ/T2P-qSzTfbI/AAAAAAAAAE0/UoQmO3yBy9M/s1600/Middle-Ear-Pressure2.gif Labyrinth, semicircular canals, cochlea, round window, and organ of Corti http://www.brainhq.com/media/49/download/middle-inner-ear_0.jpg Labyrinth: communicating chambers and tubes Osseous Labyrinth and Membranous Labyrinth Perilymph and Endolymph (fluids within the labyrinth) http://www.positivehealth.com/img/image-article/Issue%20166/Articles/Inner%20Ear.gif Semicircular Canals: sense of equilibrium http://www.daviddarling.info/images/semicircular_canals.jpg Cochlea: sense or hearing http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cochlea.svg/490px-Cochlea.svg.png Organ of Corti: contains hearing receptors, hair cells detect vibrations http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6783/images/405130aa.2.jpg Hair cells http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/auditory/johcfig2.jpg 10.8 Sense of Equilibrium (264267) http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio110/chap09/Slide17.JPG It senses the position of the head and maintains stability and posture http://people.emich.edu/pbogle/PHED_200/overheads/ch10_art/10_11.jpg It balances the head during sudden movements; Semicircular canals http://faculty.spokanefalls.edu/InetShare/AutoWebs/GaryB/AP%20242/Unit%204/Anatomy%20of%20the%20ear-Equilibrium_files/slide0007_image011.jpg It interprets impulses from the semicircular canals and maintains overall balance and stability http://nh-chs-anatomy.pbworks.com/f/1390421610/Cerebellum-6%5B1%5D.jpg