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Relevance in
Present Context
SS RANA
SR SCIENTIST
2
— There is one issue that concerns every human being-
Food. Food safety and quality issues have received great
attention in recent years.
— Besides food, environment/ecology/Global warming
issues are importance.
— During the last two decades, there has been a significant
sensitization of the global community towards
environmental preservation and assuring of food quality.
— Ardent promoters of organic farming consider that it can
meet both these demands and become the mean for
complete development of rural areas.
Relevance in present context
Global warming/Climate change?
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— Means any long term significant change in the average
weather that a given region experiences including average
temperature, precipitation and wind patterns.
— These changes happen over durations ranging from decades
to millions of years and normally caused by dynamic
processes on earth, external forces including variation in
sunlight intensity and more recently by human activities. In
the recent usage, especially in the context of environmental
policy the term climate change often refers to changes in
modern climate (global warming).
— It is important to note that climate change is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity.
Relevance in present context
Global warming/climate change-Causes
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— Green house gas emissions
— A report of the Intergovernment Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC, 1995) estimated
that 20% of the greenhouse effect is
related to agricultural activities.
— Therefore, producers, scientists and
planners are faced with a challenge to
increase agricultural production without
accentuating risks of GHG emissions.
Relevance in present context
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— In this regard, the management of soil
resources, in general, and that of the soil
organic carbon (SOC), in particular, is
extremely important.
— Soil resources of the world may be the
key factor in the creation of an effective
carbon sink and mitigation of the
greenhouse effect.
Relevance in present context
Main sources of ‘direct’ GHG emissions in the
agricultural sector in 2005
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— According
the
IPCC
agriculture
currently
accounts for 10-12% of
global
greenhouse
gas
(GHG) emissions and this
figure is expected to rise
further.
— GHGs
attributed
to
agriculture by the IPCC
include
emissions
from
soils, enteric fermentation
(GHG emissions from the
digestion
process
of
ruminant
animals),
rice
production, biomass burning
and manure management .
Relevance in present context
to
Other ‘indirect’ sources of GHG emissions
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— Changes in natural vegetation and traditional land use,
including deforestation and soil degradation.
— Soil carbon losses caused by agriculture account for one
tenth of total CO2 emissions attributable to human
activity since 1850.
— Deforestation is a common land-preparation practice in
many agricultural regions that leads to massive loss of
carbon stocks and massive CO2 emissions.
— The world’s soil is however a major store of carbon –
approximately three times the amount in the air and five
times as much in forests.
Relevance in present context
8
0.1
3.8
0.01
Contribution of the
HKH countries to
global greenhouse gas
emissions
0.2
0.5
Other countries
11.2
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China
India
84.3
Pakistan
8
Gg CO2 equivqlent per 1000
people
Six countries in the Hindu KushHimalayan region have prepared
greenhouse gas inventories
(Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, N
epal, and Pakistan). Together these
countries emit approximately 17% of
the total global greenhouse gas
emissions (right above), which is low
compared with their area and
population (right below). The average
emissions from the HKH part of
these countries is likely to be much
lower than the country average as the
mountain regions are sparsely
populated and much less
industrialised. There is a
considerable disparity between the
countries with China emitting 12% of
the global total, India 4%, and
Bhutan acting as a net sink. The
emissions from these countries are
expected to increase further with
future economic growth (UNFCC).
(The relative values are approximate
as the inventories refer to different
years)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
Relevance in present context
Nepal
Effects of Global warming/climate change
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— Less water
— Glacial lake outburst floods
— Floods and drought
— Ecosystem services
— People’s well-being
Relevance in present context
Organic farming: in relation to climate change
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— With the right type of agriculture, emissions leading
to climate change can be minimized and the
ca-pacity of nature to mitigate climate change can be
harnessed to sequestrate significant quantities of
atmospheric carbon dioxide – especially in the soil.
Organic agriculture affordably captures carbon
from the air and effectively stores it in the soil in
high levels for long-periods. Global adoption of
Organic Agriculture has the potential to sequester up
to the equivalent of 32% of all current man-made
GHG emissions (Jordan et al 2009).
Relevance in present context
Organic farming and climate change
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— The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United
Nations (FAO) regards Organic Agriculture as an
effective strategy for mitigating climate change and
building robust soils that are better adapted to extreme
weather conditions associated with climate change
(Niggli et al 2009).
— The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report also recommends
the use of practices which are standard in Organic
Agriculture for mitigating climate change. Organic
Agriculture optimally combines these different practices
in a systematic manner and sustains agricultural
production in resource-limited regions (Smith et al
2007).
Relevance in present context
Crop residue and its role in soil organic carbon
management
— There is a potential for C sequestration through
management of crop residues. Assuming the mean
carbon content of 45%, total carbon assimilated
annually in the crop residue is about 1.5 Pg in the
world. If 15% of the carbon assimilated in the
residue can be converted to humus fraction, it may
lead to carbon sequestration at the rate of 0.2 Pg/yr
or 5.0 Pg of cumulative C sequestration in the world
by the year 2020. Assuming soil bulk density of 1.5
Mg/m3, an increase of 5.0 Pg of C in world arable
land area of 1500 x 106 ha to 1-m depth would
increase mean SOC content of 0.001%/yr. These are
realistically attainable goals.
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— After almost a century of development organic
agriculture is now being embraced by the
mainstream
and
shows
great
promise
commercially, socially and environmentally.
— While there is continuum of thought from earlier
days to the present, the modern organic movement is
radically different from its original form.
— It now has environmental sustainability at its core in
addition to the founders concerns for healthy
soil, healthy food and healthy people.
Relevance in present context
14
— The
relevance and need for an eco-friendly
alternative farming system arose from the ill effects
of the chemical farming practices adopted worldwide
during the second half of the last century.
— The negative effects of modem chemical based
farming system were first experienced by those
countries, which introduced it initially.
— So, naturally, it was in those countries organic
farming was adopted in relatively large scales.
Relevance in present context
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— There are very large number of organizations
promoting the organic farming movement in
European countries, America, Australia and rest of
the world.
— These organizations, for example, IFOAM and
Greenpeace have studied the problems of the
chemical farming methods and compared the
benefits accruing to the organic farming with the
former.
— Organic farming movements have since spread to
Asia and Africa too.
Relevance in present context
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— The need for organic farming in India arises from the
un-sustainability of agriculture production and the
damage caused to ecology through the conventional
farming practices.
— The present system of agriculture which we call
'conventional' and practiced the world over evolved
in the western nations as a product of their socioeconomic environment which promoted an over
riding quest for accumulation of wealth.
— This method of farming adopted by other countries is
inherently self destructive and unsustainable.
Relevance in present context
Relevance of organic agriculture under
different farming situations
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— Rainfed and Dry land areas,
— Hilly areas
— Irregular monsoons,
— Dwindling cattle population
Relevance in present context
Marketing and export potential of organic
products
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— Since 1990, the market for organic products has
grown from nothing, reaching $51 billion in 2008.
This demand has driven a similar increase in
organically managed farmland. Approximately
35,200,000 hectares (87,000,000 acres) worldwide
are
now
farmed
organically,
representing
approximately 0.8% of total world farmland (2008).
In addition, as of 2008 organic wild products are
harvested on approximately 31 million hectares.
Relevance in present context
Present Status In India (as per 2008-09
records)
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1. Total production
2. Total quantity exported
1,811,111 M.T.
53918 M.T.
3. Value of total export
INR 591 cores
4. Total area under certified organic
cultivation
Full organic
In conversion
Total
757978.71 ha
327669.74 ha
1085648.45 ha
5. Number of Farmers
Full organic
In conversion
Total
Relevance in present context
351297
246576
597873
Major products produced in India by organic
farming
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Type of
Product
Commodity
Spices
Pulses
Fruits
Vegetables
Oil seeds
Others
Relevance in present context
Products
Tea, Coffee, Rice, Wheat
Cardamom, Black pepper, white pepper,
Ginger, Turmeric, Vanilla, Tamarind,
Clove, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Mace, Chili
Red gram, Black gram
Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Passion
fruit, Sugarcane, , Cashew nut, Walnut
Okra, Brinjal, Garlic, Onion, Tomato,
Potato
Mustard, Sesame, Castor, Sunflower
Cotton, Herbal extracts
Major organic products exported from India
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Product
Product
Sales (tons)
Tea
Sales
(tons)
3000
Wheat
1150
Coffee
Spices
550
700
Pulses
Oil seeds
300
100
Rice
2500
Cashew nut
Herbal products
375
250
Fruits
vegetables
Cotton
Total
Relevance in present context
and 1800
1200
11925
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Relevance in present context
Overview for World Market for organic
food & beverages in 2000 (estimates)
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Markets
Germany
U.K.
Italy
France
Switzerland
Denmark
Austria
Netherlands
Sweden
Belgium
U.S.A.
Relevance in present context
% of total food
sales
1.6-1.8
1.0-2.5
0.9-1.1
0.8-1.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
1.8-2.0
0.9-1.2
1.0-1.2
0.9-1.1
1.5-2.0
% Expected growth
- Medium term
10-15
15-20
10-20
10-15
10-15
10-15
10-15
10-20
15-20
10-15
20
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Existing conventional export market for Indian producers for particular product
Prospective market for Indian organic products
Relevance in present context
Domestic Market
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Product
Spices (all)
Pepper
Turmeric
Tea
Rice
Fruits (all)
Banana
Mango
Orange
Relevance in present context
% Projected Product
% Projected
Growth in the
Growth in the 5
5 next Years
next Years
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Pineapple
5
5
Herbal
7
extracts
4.5
Cotton
7
13
Coffee
5
10
Oil seeds
5
8
Honey
5
15
Groundnut
5
5
Baby food
5
5
Coconut
5
26
Relevance in present context