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Chapter 7 – The Roman World (1000 BC – AD 476) Section 1: Founding the Roman Republic Geography and Location Sheltered by Alps to north Peninsula made it easy to control east and west in region Apennine Mountains run length of Italy, but are not very rugged – made trade and travel easy Long coastline made it open to sea attack Rome was built on Tiber River, about 15 miles inland from coast Protected city from invasion by sea Economic advantages – river shallow here, easy to cross; Rome at center of trade routes that spread in all directions Founding of Rome 2000 BC – waves of invaders overran peninsula from north mid-700s BC – Latins moved into westcentral Italy Their villages later united to form Rome late 600s BC – Rome came under rule of Etruscan kings from northern Italy Romans adapted Etruscan written language Etruscans were skilled craftsmen Knew how to pave roads, drain marshes, and construct sewers Under Etruscans, Rome grew large and prosperous Greeks also settled in southern Italy and Sicily Greek culture strongly influenced Romans Early Roman Republic 509 BC – wealthy landowners overthrew Etruscan king Established a republic where adult male citizens could vote and take part in government Rome: Democracy or Republic? Rome was different from Athens because male citizens elected representatives (Consuls, Senators, Tribunes, Assemblies) who ran the government, made the laws and elected the judges. These people “represented” the wishes of the people in a system called a republic. So the people did not directly vote for what they wanted – it was a representative democracy. Romans were divided into 2 classes: 1.Patricians (5%) powerful landowners who controlled government inherited power 2.Plebeians (95%) most of the population mainly farmers could vote but were barred from holding office Conflict of the Orders Over time, Plebeians increased power through demands and strikes Gained rights to join army, hold office, form assembly, and elect tribunes Forced government to write down laws (“Twelve Tables”) By 300 BC, there was no longer distinction between the two groups Twelve Tables: TABLE I Procedure: for courts and trials TABLE II Trials, continued. TABLE III Debt TABLE IV Rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over the family TABLE V Legal guardianship and inheritance laws TABLE VI Acquisition and possession TABLE VII Land rights Torts and delicts (Laws of injury) Public law Sacred law Supplement I Supplement II TABLE VIII TABLE IX TABLE X TABLE XI TABLE XII The Republic Grows By 265 BC, Romans controlled southern ¾ of Italy Policies: Granted full citizenship to inhabitants of nearby cities Allowed distant allies to remain independent, but required them to provide soldiers for Roman army Policies: Conquered people were required to provide land for Roman farmers helped Romans maintain control spread Latin language, Roman law, and culture Section 2: Rome Expands Its Borders Carthage (Phoenician colony) was a great commercial power on coast of North Africa had colonies and markets on Sicily empire spanned western Mediterranean Carthage feared Romans would take Sicily Romans feared Carthage would control Mediterranean and prevent expansion These fears led to 3 conflicts called the Punic Wars Punic is Latin version of Phoenician The Punic Wars All three wars were Rome vs. Carthage First Punic War: Rome won and gained Sicily Second Punic War: Rome won and gained Spain Rome also defeated Macedonia (Greece), making it the most powerful force in the western Mediterranean Third Punic War: Rome won and gained Carthage Rome became the supreme power in the Mediterranean Section 3: The Birth of the Roman Empire Social War Allies grew tired of serving Roman army and not getting benefits or citizenship 91 BC – Allies rebelled in the Social War Rome won, but Senate agreed to grant allies citizenship and political participation People throughout Italy began to see themselves as “Romans” The First Triumvirate (60 BC) Triumvirate means “rule of three” Political alliance Unofficial reorganization of Rome’s power structure All were popular generals: 1. Julius Caesar 2. Gnaeus Pompey 3. Marcus Licinius Crassus Crassus died in battle Pompey tried to kick Caesar out of Rome so he could rule alone Caesar marched his troops back on Rome and defeated Pompey Caesar stood alone as leader of Rome Rule of Caesar 44 BC – Senate declared him dictator for life Increased Senate to 900 members but reduced its power This began the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire “Beware the Ides of March” Caesar became too powerful and many senators formed a conspiracy against him March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March) – the Senators, including Cassius and Brutus (Caesar’s friends), assassinated Caesar at a Senate meeting The Second Triumvirate Formed to avenge Caesar’s murder 1. Octavian (Caesar’s adopted grandnephew and heir) 2. Marc Antony (general and ally of Caesar’s) 3. Lepidus (Caesar’s second in command) Antony led his army east; reconquered Syria and Asia Minor Antony joined Cleopatra in Egypt Octavian forced Lepidus to retire Antony and Octavian divided the Roman world Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra could not escape – committed suicide Octavian now stood alone Octavian Determined to avoid Caesar’s fate He called himself “first citizen” Given new name of Augustus, “the revered one” First Roman emperor With his reign, Roman Republic became Roman Empire Octavian (Augustus) Octavian Greatly expanded empire Established outward façade of a free Republic and working Senate In reality, he was an autocratic dictator – he reduced power of Senate and assemblies Always remained a threat that an emperor would abuse his powers (like Caesar) Pax Romana 200-year period began known as “Roman Peace” Established by Augustus Lasted from 27 BC to 180 AD Roman empire was mostly free of large-scale conflict for 200 years Augustus died in AD 14 For next 54 years, relatives of Caesar, the JulioClaudian Emperors, ruled the empire Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero “Five Good Emperors” Began AD 96 Roman empire was at its height People of the empire had been “Romanized” in culture and language Emperors had complete control 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius’ death led to civil war among provinces in AD180 SPQR "The Senate and the People of Rome". First appears in inscriptions of the Late Republic, starting in 80 BC This signature continued to be used in the Roman Empire. The Romans believed that all authority came from the people During the regime of Benito Mussolini, SPQR was written on a number of public buildings and manhole covers in an attempt to promote his dictatorship as a "New Roman Empire". Section 5: The Rise of Christianity Romans allowed people in their provinces to practice different religions, as long as they honored the gods of Rome and the “divine spirit” of the emperor This helped keep peace among the people Christianity arose… Jesus of Nazareth was a Jewish carpenter and teacher Jesus taught: Love God above all else Love others as themselves God cares more for people than for laws and rituals Jesus was crucified by Pontius Pilate (Roman governor)around AD 30 Romans feared he would lead an uprising He was considered an enemy of the state Jesus' resurrection was the central event that led to the formation of Christianity Showed all people could be saved Christianity spread because… Life in empire became more difficult Christianity appealed to both rich and poor Promised hope and freedom Spread of Christianity by AD 300 (dark blue) and 600 (light blue) Romans outlawed Christianity because: Recognized that Christians were different from Jews (not just a Jewish sect) Christians spoke out against polytheism Christians converted others Saw Christianity as an attack on Roman religion and law Persecution of Christians Christians were first targeted for persecution by the emperor Nero in 64 AD. A fire broke out in Rome, and destroyed much of the city. Nero blamed the Christians and ordered that they should be rounded up and killed. Roman law eventually accepted Christianity because… After Five Good Emperors, there was violence and unrest in the empire Turned to Christianity for hope Christian church had become so large that government couldn’t punish everyone AD 312: Emperor Constantine declared his support for Christianity AD 337: Constantine was baptized on his death bed AD 391: Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire Section 6: The Fall of the Western Empire Problems arose after the death of Marcus Aurelius (last of the “Five Good Emperors”): Rising inflation (economic crisis) Attacks on borders Poor leadership The Germans (Goths, Vandals, Franks) invaded from the North: Set up separate kingdoms (many tribes) Impossible to rule a united empire People left for food and safety Crops destroyed Schools and libraries destroyed Emperor Constantine Became emperor in AD 324 Supported Christianity Created new capital city in the east called Constantinople Empire remained stable for about 50 years after his death By AD 400, two empires existed – West and East There was no single fall of the Roman Empire. The West gradually declined. The East became the new center of power and wealth The East remained until AD 1453, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire (Turks) Political and Military Weakness Grew too fast, got too big Government was designed for a smaller empire Corrupt courts Army interfered with emperor choice German invasions Loss of soldiers’ loyalty Division of empire and growing power of East Economic Decline Defense was expensive No more expansion meant no more wealth (plundered war goods) Inflation (lack of gold) Farmers forced to sell farms High taxes (to pay for army) Expensive to maintain such a large empire Social Change Division between rich and poor Loss of moral values Loss of patriotism Lack of political honesty (corrupt emperors) Rise of Christianity