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Unit 2 Metabolism and Survival Glossary Activation energy the minimum energy required by reactants to allow reaction to occur Active site the region of an enzyme molecule where the enzyme acts on the substrate Aestivation dormancy in response to high temperature or drought Anabolic a reaction which requires energy and builds up molecules Archaea group of single-celled microorganisms ATP synthase an enzyme which produces ATP Biological catalysts catalysts made of protein that are only found in living cells Calorimeter a piece of equipment used to measure heat generation from an organism to allow metabolic rate to be calculate Catabolic a reaction which releases energy and breaks down molecules Citric acid cycle the second stage of respiration, where acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate join to form citrate and a series of reactions which return citrate to oxaloacetate Competitive inhibition competitive inhibition of enzyme activity occurs when an inhibitor, resembling the structure of the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and blocks the binding of the substrate Daily torpor a period of reduced activity in organisms with high metabolic rates Dehydrogenase an enzyme which removes hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates Dormancy a condition of biological rest or inactivity characterised by cessation of growth or development and the suspension of many metabolic processes Effector cells, muscles or glands which perform responses to stimuli Electron transport chain the final stage of respiration where high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are used to synthesise ATP Extremophile an organism which is able to live in extreme conditions e.g. high temperature FAD a co-enzyme which easily attaches to hydrogen ions, but releases them when they are required Feedback inhibition regulation of enzyme activity where the first enzyme of a metabolic pathway is inhibited by the reversible binding of the final product of the pathway Fermentation a type of respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen Glycolysis the first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate Heterotrophic an organism which gains energy by consuming other organisms Hibernation an inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates pass the winter Hypothalamus part of the brain which monitors and regulates temperature Induced fit model a model of an enzyme-substrate reaction that causes a conformational change in the active site of the enzyme that allows the substrate to fit perfectly Ligase an enzyme which joins fragments of DNA together Metabolites the intermediates and products of metabolic reactions that take place in organisms Migration a process which avoids metabolic adversity by expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment Mitochondria a structure in the cell responsible for producing energy NAD a co-enzyme which easily attaches to hydrogen ions, but releases them when they are required Negative feedback homeostasis; the process by which an increase in one factor causes a decrease in another factor, thereby maintaining equilibrium around a set point (norm) Non-competitive inhibition a molecule binds to part of the enzyme away from the active site, and causes a conformational change in the active site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the binding of the appropriate substrate molecule Nutrient medium a mixture of nutrients (including carbon and nitrogen sources) required for growth Plasmid a circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carries only a few genes Receptor cells which monitor changes in environment Respirometer a piece of equipment used to measure the rate of respiration Restriction endonuclease an enzyme that cuts specific target sequences of DNA Selectively permeable a property of a membrane which means that substances do not freely pass through it; the membrane allows the passage of certain small molecules, but excludes many other molecules Vasoconstriction contraction in diameter of a blood vessel, thus reducing blood flow Vasodilation enlargement in diameter of a blood vessel, thus increasing blood flow VO2max the maximum rate at which the body is able to take up and use oxygen Wild-type describes the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature