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Transcript
Evolution Charles Darwin • The modern theory of evolution is the fundamental concept in biology • Evolution changes populations over time • Charles Darwin (1809-1882)- was an English scientist that formed his ideas about evolution around the information found in the fossil record Charles Darwin • It took Darwin years to develop his theory of evolution • He began at age 22 when he took a job as a naturalist on the English ship HMS Beagle, which sailed around the world on a five-year scientific journey Charles Darwin • Darwin studied and collected biological and fossil specimens at every port along the route • This made Darwin curious about possible relationships among species • Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands, group of small islands near the equator Charles Darwin • Darwin collected specimen on those islands that could not be found anywhere else • From Darwin observations he considered the possibility that species can change over time Charles Darwin • Upon the return to England, Darwin began to breed pigeons to try and support his theory • Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits is called artificial selection Natural Selection • Darwin hypothesized that there was a force in nature that worked like artificial selection • Natural Selection is a mechanism for change in population • It occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution • An adaptation is a variation that aids an organism’s chances of survival in its environment. Ex. Thorns on a flower • According to Darwin’s theory, adaptations in species develop over many generation Structural Adaptation • Mimicry- a structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species. Ex. Certain flies will resemble wasps to avoid being eaten • Camouflage- an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings. ex. Stick bugs Physiological Adaptation • Physiological adaptations are changes in an organism’s metabolic processes. Ex. Insects that are exposed to years of pesticides, many species become resistant to these chemicals Anatomy • Homologous structures- structural features with a common evolutionary origin, can be similar in arrangement, in function, or in both • Ex. The forearm of crocodiles, birds, whales, and humans Anatomy • Analogous structures- body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function • Ex. Butterfly wings versus bird wings Anatomy • Vestigial structure- a body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves it original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor • Ex. Baleen whale pelvic bones Embryology • An embryo is the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals • The embryos of a fish, a reptile, a bird, and a mammal are all very similar • This helps support evolutionary lines Biochemistry • Nearly all organisms share DNA, ATP, and many enzymes among their biochemical molecules • Scientist use DNA and RNA nucleotide sequences to construct an evolutionary diagram