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Transcript
Environmental Science Earth and Ecosystems What is a watershed? • A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place like an ocean! Earth Spheres Earth Layers Earth’s Layers Earth Layers Atmosphere The Ozone Layer Levels of Organization Ecological Levels of Organization Water Cycle Water Cycle Evolution • The processes that have transformed life on earth from it’s earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today. • A change in the genes!!!!!!!! Charles Darwin • Darwin set sail on the H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836) to survey the south seas (mainly South America and the Galapagos Islands) to collect plants and animals. • On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed species that lived no where else in the world. • These observations led Darwin to write a book. Charles Darwin • Two main points: 1. Species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species. 2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution: NATURAL SELECTION Natural Selection • Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment. • Example: English peppered moth (Biston betularia) - light and dark phases Peppered moths rest on trees and depend on camouflage for protection. Evolution by Natural Selection • Evolution by Natural Selection – Struggle for existence – competition for resources – Survival of the fittest (natural selection)– Fitness is a result of adaptations • Adaptation – any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival Artificial Selection • Artificial selection – nature provides the variation, but humans select the variations they find useful, e.g. breeding the largest hogs, fastest horses – The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man. • Question: What’s the ancestor of the domesticated dog? • Answer: WOLF Evolution of Resistance • Resistance – the ability of one or more organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it. • Pesticide resistance – – The survivors (insects usually) live because they have a gene that protects them. – Each time the pesticide is used, there is selection for insects with this gene. – Eventually, the pesticide has little effect on the insect population. The Diversity of Living Things Kingdoms • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria – Microscopic, single celled, have a cell wall and divide by splitting in half. – Kingdom Archaebacteria – found in extreme places – Kingdom Bacteria – common bacteria • Fungi – Cell nuclei and walls – Examples: mushrooms, yeast, Athletes Foot The Diversity of Living Things Kingdoms • Protists – diverse group of simple animallike, fungi-like and plant-like organisms. – Examples: Amoeba, diatoms, green algae, kelp The Diversity of Living Things Kingdoms • Plants – many-celled organisms with cell walls that make their own food using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis) – Lower plants (mosses, ferns) – Gymnosperms – woody plants that produce seeds that are not in fruits. Examples: Pine Trees – Angiosperms – flowering plants that produce seeds in fruits Examples: Oaks, cotton, roses, daisies, dandelions, corn, tomatoes The Diversity of Living Things Kingdoms • Animals – many-celled organisms without cell walls that must consume their food – Invertebrates – lack backbones Examples: insects, crabs, oysters, jellyfish, corals, sponges, octopus, snail, starfish – Vertebrates – have a backbone Examples: humans and mammals, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, turtles, lizards, birds