Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Workshop Brochure
Document related concepts
Critical Depth wikipedia , lookup
Abyssal plain wikipedia , lookup
History of research ships wikipedia , lookup
Pacific Ocean wikipedia , lookup
Southern Ocean wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Marine debris wikipedia , lookup
Anoxic event wikipedia , lookup
Indian Ocean wikipedia , lookup
Blue carbon wikipedia , lookup
The Marine Mammal Center wikipedia , lookup
Arctic Ocean wikipedia , lookup
Ocean acidification wikipedia , lookup
Marine habitats wikipedia , lookup
Marine biology wikipedia , lookup
Physical oceanography wikipedia , lookup
Marine pollution wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on oceans wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Sponsored and Organized by State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), Xiamen University CHOICE-C: Carbon cycling in China Seas-budget, controls and ocean acidification –funded through China National Basic Research Program (“973” Program) Co-sponsored by Joint Institute of Coastal Research and Management (Joint-CRM), Xiamen University and University of Deleware College of Oceanography and Environmental Science (COE), Xiamen University International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Contents INTRODUCTION 3 PROGRAM OF WORKSHOP 1 4 PROGRAM OF WORKSHOP 2 9 TALK AND POSTER INDEX 15 IMPORTANT INFORMATION 21 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 26 ABOUT CHOICE-C 32 ABSTRACTS 35 ADVERTISEMENTS 85 Introduction The Joint International Workshop of OCCOS and CHOICE-C will bring together expertise and successful experience from the first international workshop of OCCOS (Ocean and Climate Changes Observed from Space) held in Dec. 2008 and the first international workshop on coastal ocean carbon cycling in Mar. 2009 primarily associated with the CHOICE-C project (Carbon cycling in China Seas-budget, controls and ocean acidification), a Chinese National Basic Research Program (“973” program) and a SOLAS-endorsed project. The joint workshop on April 3-4 primarily focuses on climate change and ocean carbon by bringing together current knowledge from field observation, remote sensing and modeling. What follows is the 2nd CHOICE-C International Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) Meeting on April 5-6. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the participants for attending these two workshops. We also thank Drs. Shaoling Shang, Jianyu Hu, Zhiyu Liu and Guizhi Wang who helped in the organization of this meeting. Thanks are also extended to the tremendous efforts from Angela Liu and Shuang Yang and to the support from many MEL/COE staff members, especially Vera Shi, Lidan Chen, Mengmei Lin, Qingmei Lin, Heng Zhu, Carrie Lee, Zhaoying Li, Shuiying Huang, Yunxia Li and Wei Chen. The workshops are financially supported by the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography and Environmental Sciences, CHOICE-C project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the international collaborative project “Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology” (“111” Program) cosponsored by the Minstry of Edcuation and National Bureau for Foreign Experts. We would also like to acknowledge the funding support from Xiamen Association for Science and Technology, Seismic (Beijing) Marine Technology Center, Pri-eco Company Ltd., Laurel Technologies, Satlantic Inc. (LinkOcean Technologies Ltd.) and Xiamen Mingta International Trade Co., Ltd. Conveners Dr. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University Dr. Nancy Targett, University of Delaware Dr. Xiao-Hai Yan, University of Delaware Dr. Timothy Liu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA Dr. Jianping Gan, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Dr. Delu Pan, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Local Organizing Committee Dr. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University Dr. Xiao-Hai Yan, University of Delaware Dr. Jianyu Hu, Xiamen University Dr. Shaoling Shang, Xiamen University Dr. Zhiyu Liu, Xiamen University Secretariat Ms. Angela Liu Email: [email protected] Phone: 86-592-218-1127 Ms. Shuang Yang Email: [email protected] Phone: 86-592-218-6029 Ms. Vera Shi Email: [email protected] Phone: 86-592-218-6039 3 Program of Workshop 1 A Joint International Workshop of OCCOS and CHOICE-C April 2, 2011 (Saturday) Time Event 16:00-21:00 Registration at the hotel lobby 18:00-21:00 Dinner at hotels April 3, 2011 (Sunday), Room A-116, Zeng Cheng Kui Building 08:30-08:40 Opening Theme 1: The Ocean & Climate Change Session 1: Climate changes and the ocean's role Chairs: Nancy Targett & Timothy Liu 08:40-09:05 The role of ocean in global climate change Norden Huang, Abs NO: I-01 09:05-09:30 Warm pool and its role in climate change Dunxin Hu, Abs NO: I-19 09:30-09:55 Oceanic fronts, climate change, and carbon flux Igor Belkin, Abs NO: I-02 09:55-10:20 Break & Group Photo 10:20-10:45 Novel results of internal solitary waves in the SCS Jiwei Tian, Abs NO: I-18 10:45-11:05 Simulated response of the Pacific subtropical mode water to global warming and its effect on climate variability Qinyu Liu, Abs NO: CO-02 11:05-11:25 Mathematical methods for quantifying the uncertainties in the assessment and detection of climate changes Samuel Shen, Abs NO: CO-03 4 Session 2: Remote sensing of air-sea interactions and the ocean interior Chair: Zhongping Lee 11:25-11:50 Water cycle observed from space Timothy Liu, Abs NO: I-03 11:50-12:15 Satellite multi-sensor studies of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and deep ocean convection (DOC) Xiao-Hai Yan, Abs NO: I-04 12:15-14:00 Lunch & Poster Session I 14:00-14:20 Air temperature deeply influenced by a typhoon passage in the Korean eastern coast and inland Hyo Choi, Abs NO: CO-01 14:20-14:40 Using ocean color data to represent ocean biology-induced climate feedback in the tropical Pacific: a modulation of El Niño-Southern oscillation Rong-Hua Zhang, Abs NO: CO-04 14:40-15:00 Fertilization potential of volcanic dust in the low nutrient low chlorophyll western north Pacific subtropical gyre - Satellite evidence and laboratory study I-I Lin, Abs NO: CO-05 15:00-15:20 Marine phytoplankton response to typhoon Danling Tang, Abs NO: CO-12 15:20-15:50 Panel Discussion Led by: Nancy Targett, Dunxin Hu, and Timothy Liu 15:50-16:10 Break 5 Theme 2: Observing Carbon from Space Session 1: CO2, particulate and dissolved carbon Chair: Xiao-Hai Yan 16:10-16:35 Present Status of GOCI Yu-Hwan Ahn, Abs NO: I-05 16:35-17:00 Dynamic marine biogeography from space Matthew Oliver, Abs NO: I-06 17:00-17:25 Status of ocean carbon observing from space in China Delu Pan, Abs NO: I-07 17:25-17:45 Evaluation on empirical approaches to estimate seawater pCO2 from space Shaoling Shang, Abs NO: CO-11 18:30-21:00 Welcome reception with culture and art performances April 4, 2011 (Monday), Room A-116, Zeng Cheng Kui Building Session 2: Phytoplankton-biomass, functional group and production Chair: Matthew Oliver 08:30-08:55 Monitoring the ocean biogeochemical cycle using satellites, moorings and floats Toshiro Saino, Abs NO: I-08 08:55-09:20 Ocean color remote sensing for the study of oceanic carbon Zhongping Lee, Abs NO: I-09 09:20-09:40 Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure derived from a 3D ecosystem model and satellite ocean colour algorithm Taka Hirata, Abs NO: CO-06 09:40-10:00 Global declines in surface phytoplankton over the past century Marlon Lewis, Abs NO: CO-07 10:00-10:30 Panel Discussion Led by: Toshiro Saino, Zhongping Lee, and Marlon Lewis 10:30-10:50 Break 6 Theme 3: Coastal Carbon & Ocean Acidification Session 1: Carbon flux & biogeochemical controls Chair: Hongbin Liu & Cindy Lee 10:50-11:15 Impacts of eutrophication on pH of a large river plume and the respiration-enhanced ocean acidification in the hypoxic subsurface waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico Wei-Jun Cai, Abs NO: I-10 11:15-11:40 Plankton food-web structure and biogeochemical fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Michael Landry, Abs NO: I-21 11:40-12:05 Deep ocean fixing of carbon during the process of chemosynthesis George W. Luther, Abs NO: I-11 12:05-12:30 How do settling velocity and particle exchange affect particle fluxes? Cindy Lee, Abs NO: I-12 12:30-12:50 Microbial Carbon Pump and its effects in carbon sequestration in the ocean Nianzhi Jiao, Abs NO: CO-13 12:50-14:00 Lunch & Poster Session II 14:00-14:25 The role of ocean mixing in southern ocean iron-fueled phytoplankton blooms: insight from radium isotopes Matthew Charette, Abs NO: I-13 14:25-14:50 New, more-easily-understood models of phytoplankton productivity Robert Armstrong, Abs NO: I-14 14:50-15:15 Algal blooms and carbon dynamics in Hong Kong waters Paul Harrison, Abs NO: I-20 15:15-15:35 Dynamics and biological consumptions of nutrients and inorganic carbon in the northern South China Sea under the influence of both river plumes and coastal upwelling Minhan Dai, Abs NO: CO-08 15:35-15:55 Break 7 Session 2: Carbon transport and modeling Chair: Jianping Gan & Dale Haidvogel 15:55-16:20 Inter-disciplinary modeling of circulation and ecosystem dynamics on the U.S. east coast continental shelves and estuaries Dale Haidvogel, Abs NO: I-15 16:20-16:45 Modeling impacts of mesoscale eddies on biogeochemical processes in the South China Sea and Gulf of Alaska Fei Chai, Abs NO: I-16 16:45-17:05 Modeling Kuroshio-Seas exchange and its implication in biogeochemical transport in China Sea Jianping Gan, Abs NO: CO-09 Session 3: Ocean acidification – from paleorecord to ecological effect Chair: George T.F. Wong 17:05-17:30 The marine nitrogen cycle in a changing future ocean David Hutchins, Abs NO: I-17 17:30-17:50 Effects of ocean acidification on calcifying algae, diatom and phytoplankton assemblages, with special references to interactive impacts with UV Kunshan Gao, Abs NO: CO-10 17:50-18:20 Panel Discussion Led by: George T.F. Wong, Dale Haidvogel, and David Hutchins 19:00 Farewell dinner 8 Program of Workshop 2 CHOICE-C Progress, Review and Suggestions -2nd CHOICE-C Scientific Advisory Committee Meeting April 5, 2011 (Tuesday), Room A-116, Zeng Cheng Kui Building Time Event 08:20-08:30 Opening Remarks Minhan Dai Session 1: CHOICE-C progress Chair: Dunxin Hu 08:30-09:20 Minutes: Kuanbo Zhou CHOICE-C progress report Minhan Dai Task 1: Air-Sea CO2 exchange & carbonate system in China Seas Chairs: Timothy Liu and Toshiro Saino 09:20-09:40 Minutes: Qian Li Air-Sea CO2 fluxes in China Seas - new observations and synthesis Minhan Dai 09:40-10:00 Carbonate system in China Seas - implications for CO2 source and sink terms Weidong Zhai 10:00-10:20 Remote sensing of marginal sea pCO2 using controlling-factors analysis method: an example in the East China Sea Yan Bai 10:20-10:40 River-shelf-open ocean carbon connections Weidong Zhai / Minhan Dai 10:40-11:00 Break 11:00-11:20 Student mini talks (2-min/two slides max.) 11:20-11:40 Mechanism of N2O production in the South China Sea and Western North Pacific inferred from its N and O isotopic composition Hua Lin Questions & Suggestions 9 Task 2: Biological pump-from carbon biomass, export to carbon burial Chairs: Michael Landry and Cindy Lee Minutes: Bingzhang Chen 11:40-12:00 Export fluxes in China Seas - new observations and synthesis Pinghe Cai 12:00-12:20 Community structure & biological pump in China Seas Bangqin Huang 12:20-13:30 Lunch & Poster Session III 13:30-13:50 Structure and characteristics of the biological pump in China seas Hongbin Liu 13:50-14:10 Phytoplankton species and biomass carbon in China seas Jun Sun 14:10-14:30 Bacterial production & respiration: seasonal and spatial contrasts Bingzhang Chen 14:30-14:50 Community structure inferred from biomarkers in China seas Meixun Zhao 14:50-15:10 Sediment accumulation rates and carbon burial in the northern South China Sea Weifang Chen 15:10-15:30 Organic carbon burial in the past 100 years in the South China Sea off Guangdong Guodong Jia 15:30-15:50 Break 15:50-16:10 Student mini talks (2-min/two slides max.) Shallow-depth dissolution of CaCO3 and BSi in the oligotrophic northern South China Sea Zhimian Cao A high resolution Th-228 study in North Atlantic Ocean Kuanbo Zhou Response of Phytoplankton Community Structure to Mesoscale Eddies in the South China Sea (SCS) Lei Wang Isotope constraints on upper water column nitrogen dynamics in the oligotrophic northern South China Sea Jinyu Yang 16:10-16:30 Questions & Suggestions 10 Task 3: Ocean acidification Chair: David Hutchins 16:30-16:50 Minutes: Dinghui Zou Ocean acidification mediates photosynthetic response of phytoplankton to fluctuation of light Kunshan Gao 16:50-17:10 Responses of the seaweeds to ocean acidification and global warming Dinghui Zou 17:10-17:30 Towards reconstruction of the history of the ocean acidification in the South China Sea Gangjian Wei 17:30-17:45 Student mini talks (2-min/two slides max.) (If you want to present the mini talk, please mention to the chair before the session begins.) 17:45-18:00 Questions & Suggestions 18:30- Dinner 11 April 6, 2011 (Wednesday), Room A-116, Zeng Cheng Kui Building Time Event Task 4: Coastal dynamics, carbon transport and modeling Chairs: Dunxin Hu and Dale Haidvogel 08:30-08:50 Minutes: Zhenyu Sun and Jia Zhu Cross-shelf transport in the East China Sea -observations and modeling Dezhou Yang 08:50-09:10 Mixing in the South China Sea Zhiyu Liu 09:10-09:30 Hydrography of the South China Sea based on CHOCIE-C cruise observations and its possible linkage with nutrients distribution Zhenyu Sun 09:30-09:50 Terrestrial material transport to the Okinawa Trough during typhoon events: direct satellite observations Xianqiang He 09:50-10:10 Ground water discharge of nutrients and carbon into the China seas - a preliminary study Guizhi Wang 10:10-10:30 Break 10:30-10:50 Shelf circulation in China seas: observation, modeling and dynamics Jianping Gan 10:50-11:05 Student mini talks (2-min/two slides max.) (If you want to present the mini talk, please mention to the chair before the session begins.) 11:05-11:20 Questions & Suggestions 12 Session 2: Breakout – task teams discussion with SAC members & Invited Speakers 11:30-14:00 Group 1: Air-Sea CO2 exchange & carbonate system in China Seas SAC Members & invited speakers: Yu-Hwan Ahn, Wei-Jun Cai, Zhongping Lee, Timothy Liu, Toshiro Saino, Xiao-Hai Yan… Discussion leader: Wei-Jun Cai CHOICE-C team members: Task Team 1 Coordinators: Yan Bai, Weidong Zhai and Shaoling Shang Venue: A116 Group 2: Biological pump - from carbon biomass, export to carbon burial SAC Members & invited speakers: Robert Armstrong, Michael Landry, Cindy Lee, George W. Luther, Matthew J. Oliver… Discussion Leader: Paul Harrison CHOICE-C team members: Task Team 2, 3, 8 Coordinators: Pinghe Cai and Hongbin Liu Venue: B206 Group 3: Ocean acidification SAC Members & invited speakers: George T.F. Wong, David Hutchins, Nancy Targett….. Discussion Leader: George T.F. Wong CHOICE-C team members: Task Team 7 Coordinators: Kunshan Gao and Gangjian Wei Venue: Seminar corner on the 6th floor Group 4: Climate change, coastal dynamics and carbon transport and modeling SAC Members & invited speakers: Igor Belkin, Fei Chai, Matthew Charette, Dale Haidvogel, Dunxin Hu, Norden Huang, Jiwei Tian... Discussion Leader: Dale Haidvogel CHOICE-C team members: Task Team 4, 5, 6 Coordinators: Jianping Gan and Xiaogang Guo Venue: B214 13:00-14:00 Lunch (Lunch boxes will be delivered to the discussion venues) 13 Group Report Chair: Minhan Dai 14:00-14:10 Minutes: Guizhi Wang and Zhimian Cao Breakout Report Group 1 Yan Bai 14:10-14:15 Panel recommendation Group 1 Weijun Cai 14:15-14:25 Breakout Report Group 2 Pinghe Cai 14:25-14:30 Panel recommendation Group 2 Paul Harrison 14:30-14:40 Breakout Report Group 3 Kunshan Gao 14:40-14:45 Panel recommendation Group 3 George T.F. Wong 14:45-14:55 Breakout Report Group 4 Jianping Gan 14:55-15:00 Panel recommendation Group 4 Dale Haidvogel Session 3: Future planning Chair: Cindy Lee 15:00-15:20 Minutes: Jun Zhang and Shuang Yang Data Management Haili Wang 15:20-15:40 Synthesis and forecast via observation & modeling integration Jianping Gan 15:40-16:00 CHOICE-C future planning Minhan Dai 16:00-16:20 Break Session 4: Panel recommendation Chair: Minhan Dai Minutes: Guizhi Wang and Kuanbo Zhou 16:20-18:00 Comments/suggestions/recommendations 18:00-18:20 Meeting summary 18:30-20:30 Dinner 14 Talk and Poster Index I Invited Talks NO. Title Presenter Page I-01 The role of ocean in global climate change Norden Huang 35 I-02 Oceanic fronts, climate change, and carbon flux Igor Belkin 35 I-03 Water cycle observed from space Timothy Liu 35 I-04 Satellite multi-sensor studies of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) Xiao-Hai Yan 36 and deep ocean convection (DOC) I-05 Present status of GOCI Yu-Hwan Ahn 36 I-06 Dynamic marine biogeography from space Matthew Oliver 37 I-07 Status of ocean carbon observing from space in China Delu Pan 37 I-08 Monitoring the ocean biogeochemical cycle using satellites, moorings and Toshiro Saino 38 floats I-09 Ocean color remote sensing for the study of oceanic carbon Zhongping Lee 38 I-10 Impacts of eutrophication on pH of a large river plume and the Wei-Jun Cai 39 respiration-enhanced ocean acidification in the hypoxic subsurface waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico I-11 Deep ocean fixing of carbon during the process of chemosynthesis George Luther 39 I-12 How do settling velocity and particle exchange affect particle fluxes Cindy Lee 39 I-13 The role of ocean mixing in southern ocean iron-fueled phytoplankton Matthew 40 blooms: insight from radium isotopes Charette New, more-easily-understood models of phytoplankton productivity Robert I-14 39 40 41 41 Armstrong I-15 Inter-disciplinary modeling of circulation and ecosystem dynamics on the Dale Haidvogel 41 U.S. east coast continental shelves and estuaries I-16 Modeling impacts of mesoscale eddies on biogeochemical processes in 41 Fei Chai 41 the South China Sea and Gulf of Alaska 41 I-17 The marine nitrogen cycle in a changing future ocean David Hutchins 42 42 I-18 Novel results of internal solitary waves in the SCS Jiwei Tian 42 42 I-19 Warm pool and its role in climate change Dunxin Hu 43 43 I-20 Algal blooms and carbon dynamics in Hong Kong waters Paul J. Harrison 44 44 I-21 Plankton food-web structure and biogeochemical fluxes in the equatorial Michael Landry 44 Pacific 15 II Contributed Talks NO. Title Presenter Page CO-01 Air temperature deeply influenced by a typhoon passage in the Korean Hyo Choi 45 eastern coast and inland CO-02 45 Simulated response of the Pacific subtropical mode water to globe Qinyu Liu 45 warming and its effect on climate variability CO-03 Mathematical methods for quantifying the uncertainties in the 45 Samuel Shen 46 assessment and detection of climate changes CO-04 Using ocean color data to represent ocean biology-induced climate 46 Ronghua Zhang 46 feedback in the tropical Pacific: a modulation of El Niño-Southern oscillation CO-05 46 Fertilization potential of volcanic dust in the low nutrient low chlorophyll I-I Lin 46 Taka Hirata 47 western north pacific subtropical gyre-satellite evidence and laboratory study CO-06 Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure derived from a 3D ecosystem model and satellite ocean colour algorithm CO-07 Global declines in surface phytoplankton over the past century Marlon Lewis 47 CO-08 Dynamics and biological consumptions of nutrients and inorganic carbon Minhan Dai 48 Jianping Gan 48 Kunshan Gao 49 Shaoling Shang 50 47 in the northern South China Sea under the influence of both river plumes and coastal upwelling CO-09 Modeling Kuroshio-Seas exchange and its implication in biogeochemical transport in China Sea CO-10 Effects of ocean acidification on calcifying algae, diatom and phytoplankton assemblages, with special references to interactive impacts with UV CO-11 Evaluation on empirical approaches to estimate seawater pCO2 from space CO-12 Marine phytoplankton response to typhoon Danling Tang 50 CO-13 Microbial Carbon Pump and its effects in carbon sequestration in the Nianzhi Jiao 51 ocean 16 50 III Poster Presentations NO. Title Presenter Page PA01 Location of sea surface temperature cooling induced by typhoon in the Danling Tang 52 South China Sea PA02 52 Modeling study of oceanic responses to tropical cyclone wind forcing in Yuhua Pei 52 the tropical Pacific PA03 52 Interactions between atmosphere, ecosystem and marine environment in Tairu Salami 52 Interrelation of certain astrometric parameters of movement of the orbit Andrey 53 of the earth and the periods of sharp change of climatic, hydrographic Kharitonov Nigeria PA04 and tectonic processes in the earth PA05 53 Spatial patterns of trends in sea surface temperature analysis from in situ Okuku Ediang 53 data at east mole, lagos and global warming 53 PA06 Ocean-acidification related observations from remote sensing Danling Tang 53 53 PA07 A comparison of upwelling indices in the Benguela upwelling system Zhaoyun Chen 54 54 PA08 A parameterization of coastal upwelling involving shelf slope conditions Zhaoyun Chen 54 54 PA09 Estimating subsurface temperature anomaly using a self-organizing neural Xiangbai Wu 55 network PA10 The role of poleward energy transport in Arctic temperature evolution Xiao-Yi Yang 55 PA11 Mid-Holocene variability of the East Asian monsoon based on bulk Fengling Yu 55 13 organic δ C and C/N records from the Pearl River estuary, southern China 55 PA12 Pressure gradients in the inner surf and swash zone Autumn Kidwell PB01 Reconstruction of chlorophyll-a concentration in East-China-Sea using Hailun He 56 data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions PB02 Estimate of CO2 flux in the East China Sea using temperature, salinity and 56 Yi Li 56 phosphate concentration PB03 56 Observing the variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration from long Jiawei Chen 57 time series oceanic sunglint radiant ratio PB04 57 Potential of MODIS 500m bands for estimating chlorophyll-a Gang Pan 57 concentration in northern South China Sea: a new algorithm PB05 Estimation on air-sea carbon flux in the polar ocean based on remote 57 Suqing Xu 58 sensing data 58 PB06 Spacebased carbon dioxide fugacity in sea Timothy Liu 58 PC02 Carbonate chemistry in the western South China Sea under the influence Xianghui Guo 59 Rajdeep Roy 59 of mesoscale cyclonic eddy and Mekong River plume PC03 Temporal variation of halocarbons in relation to phytoplankton dynamics Influence of strong wind event on chlorophyll and surface ocean pCO2 in 59 Caiyun Zhang 59 Jie Xu 60 the northern South China Sea during winter PC06 59 Spatial and temporal complexity of potential nutrient limitation in Hong Kong Waters PC07 60 Temporal and spatial variations of Chl a and its implication on the food Li Zou source to clam in the intertidal area of the Yellow River Estuary PC08 58 59 during artificial iron fertilization experiment (LOHAFEX) in South Atlantic PC05 55 The distribution and budget of nutrients in the intertidal area of the Yellow River Delta 17 Li Zou Task 1: Air-Sea CO2 exchange & carbonate system in China Seas NO. Title Presenter Page PD02* Mechanism of N2O production in the South China Sea and Western North Hua Lin 61 Pacific inferred from its N and O isotopic composition PD04* Upper ocean responses to category 5 Typhoon Megi in the North Western 61 Xiaoyan Chen 62 Zhimian Cao 64 Pacific PD08* Dynamics of the carbonate system on the northern South China Sea shelf under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling PD16* Significant nutrient transport from the East China Sea into the South 64 Aiqin Han 67 China Sea in winter PD20* Influence of wind products on the estimation of air-sea CO2 flux Zhaoyang Song 70 PD21* A preliminary analysis of the in situ observation of CO2 flux in the South Shuiqing Li 70 Zhuhua Li 70 70 China Sea PD22* A possible link of wave model with gas transfer velocity --a preliminary study PD26* In situ analyzers for the parameters of the seawater CO2 system Quanlong Li 73 PD44* Observing pCO2 dynamics based on on a Battelle pCO2 monitoring system Xu Dong 81 83 at a coastal site influenced by strong tide off the Hangzhou Bay and the Changjiang estuary PD47* The distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the CHOICE-C winter cruise Kai Wu PD50* Nutrients in China Seas based on in CHOICE-C cruises Lifang Wang PD51* Seasonal distribution of the carbonate system parameters in China seas Liguo Guo PD52* Surface seawater pCO2, air-sea CO2 fluxes and their major controls based Qian Li on CHOICE-C cruises in 2008-2010 Task 2: Biological pump-from carbon biomass, export to carbon burial NO. Title Presenter Page PD01* Phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with particulate Bangqin Huang 60 organic carbon fluxes in the South China Sea and East China Sea PD03* Proportions and variations of the absorption coefficients of major ocean 60 Hui Lei 61 color components in the East China Sea PD05* 61 The preliminary analysis of Asian dust events impact on the concentration Qianguang Tu 62 of Chl-a in the Yellow Sea PD06* 62 Explore microbial intermediated C, N dynamics in low oxygen Shuh-Ji Kao 63 15 environments: application of labeled N and FISH-MAR techniques PD09* Response of phytoplankton community structure to mesoscale eddies in 63 Lei Wang 64 the South China Sea (SCS) PD10* 64 Phosphorus stress of phytoplankton in Chinese coastal waters Yu Mo 65 —determined by bulk alkaline phosphatase activity assays PD11* Unimodal relationship between phytoplankton mass-specific growth rate 65 Bingzhang Chen 65 Cui Guo 65 and size PD12* Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure in the South China Sea in response to the East Asian aerosol input 65 18 NO. Title Presenter Page PD13* Phylogenetic composition and distribution of protists in the hypoxic zone Emma Rocke 66 on the inner Louisiana Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico PD14* Effect of diatom silicon contents on zooplankton grazing and its 66 Hongbin Liu 66 implication to POC flux 66 PD15* Dynamics of picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea Cui Guo 67 67 PD17* A high resolution Th-228 study in North Atlantic Ocean Kuanbo Zhou 68 68 PD18* Investigating organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Yellow Sea Kuanbo Zhou 69 69 PD23* Diversity and abundance of diazotrophic bacterioplankton in the South Yao Zhang 71 China Sea deep basin PD28* 71 Phylogenetic diversity and spatio-temporal distribution of nitrogenase Liangliang Kong 74 genes (nifH) in the northern South China Sea PD36* Daily primary productivity and respiration of phytoplankton assemblages 74 Guang Gao 77 in the South China Sea 77 PD37* Phytoplankton in northern South China Sea Jun Sun 78 PD38* Phytoplankton assemblages in Yellow Sea and East China Sea in summer Jun Sun 78 PD39* The living coccolithophores in China Seas Waters in summer and winter 2009 Jun Sun 79 PD40* Metaproteomic characterization of dissolved organic matter in the water 79 78 and winter of 2009 Dazhi Wang column of the South China Sea PD42* 79 Sources and burial rates of organic matter in the Yellow Sea and East Da-Wei LI 80 China Sea sediments over the last 100 years PD45* Isotope constraints on upper water column nitrogen dynamics in the 80 Jinyu Yang 82 oligotrophic northern South China Sea PD48* 82 Using the Radium quartet to evaluate the submarine groundwater Qian Liu 83 discharge and derived nitrogen to the shelf of Northern South China Sea in winter Task 3: Ocean acidification NO. Title Presenter Page PD07* Effects of CO2 enrichment on phytoplankton community in China Sea waters Jun Sun 63 PD30* Decreased calcification affects photosynthetic responses of Emiliania Kai Xu 74 huxleyi exposed to UV radiation and elevated temperature PD31* CO2-dirven seawater acidification affects photochemical performance of a 74 Yuting Liu 75 green alga PD32* 75 Fluctuating irradiance regulates the effects of CO2-induced acidification Peng Jin 75 on photosynthesis of the coccolithorphore Gephyroscapsa oceanica PD33* Photosynthetic response of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 75 Guiyuan Yang 76 to increased pCO2 and seawater acidity PD34* 76 Phytosynthetic responses to multiple stressors (increased seawater acidity, Yahe Li 76 UV and temperature) of a diatom grown under elevated CO2 concentration PD35* 63 Nitrogen limitation increases the negative effects of elevated CO2 on dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans under different light regimes 19 76 Ying Zhen 77 77 Task 4: Coastal dynamics, carbon transport and modeling NO. Title Presenter Page PD19* Observed Three-dimensional Structure of a Cold Eddy in the Zhenyu Sun 69 Southwestern South China Sea PD24* 69 Analysis on water masses in the northern South China Sea in summer and Jia Zhu 71 winter of 2009 PD25* 71 Seasonal fluxes and source variation of organic carbon transported by Xuchen Wang 72 two major Chinese rivers: The Yellow River and Changjiang (Yangtze River) PD27* Distribution of surface dissolved trace metals in northern South China 72 Deli Wang 73 Sea: Evidence of anthropogenic sources PD29* 73 Comparison of the hydrographical characteristics along the 120°E section Zhida Huang 74 in the Luzon Strait PD41* 74 A comparative geochemical study of the Pearl River system and coastal Harish Gupta 80 rivers (SE China): assessing the contributions of geological and anthropogenic sources PD43* 80 Modeling dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and organic matter in the upper Zhiqiang Yin 81 Zhiqiang Liu 83 reach of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in the context of hypoxia PD46* Variability of Kuroshio in East China Sea derived from remote sensing data 81 Subprojects progress report NO. Title Presenter PE01* Progress report to “Air-sea CO2 flux and its temporal and spatial Minhan Dai variability” (subproject 1) of CHOICE-C PE02* Progress report to “Primary productivity and carbon inventory” Delu Pan (subproject 2) of CHOICE-C PE03* Progress report to “Recycling, export and burial of carbon” (subproject 3) Pinghe Cai of CHOICE-C PE04* Progress report to “Terrestrial carbon input and its impact on the carbon Weidong Zhai cycling in the coastal ocean” (subproject 4) of CHOICE-C PE05* PE06* Progress report to “Carbon exchanges between the continental shelf and Li Li / the open ocean” (subproject 5) of CHOICE-C Xiaogang Guo Progress report to “Ocean acidification-reconstruction and current status” Ganjian Wei (subproject 6) of CHOICE-C PE07* Progress report to “Ecological response to ocean acidification” Kunshan Gao (subproject 7) of CHOICE-C PE08* Progress report to “Simulations and predictions of future carbon budget” Jianping Gan subproject 8 of CHOICE-C * Posters will be displayed throughout the two workshops at the atrium of Zeng Cheng Kui Building. 20 83 Important Information Registration Registration will be open at 16:00-21:00 on April 2, 2011 at lobbies of both Millennium Harborview Hotel and Hilford Hotel, and at 8:00 on April 3 at the workshop venue at Zeng Cheng Kui Building of Xiamen University. PowerPoint files uploading Please upload your PowerPoint file to the symposium computer at the time of registration. Note that we handle Microsoft Office files. Poster display Poster ID# could be found in the “Talk and Poster Index” in this brochure and is available at the poster help desk. We encourage all of the posters be displayed throughout the workshop. Poster boards are 90 cm (width) and 110 cm (height). Information and poster help desk The information desk and poster help desk is located outside the meeting room at the atrium of ZCK Building, and it opens during 8:30-18:00 from April 3 to 6. Internet Wireless internet accesses are available outside the conference venue. Please search for “CHOICE-C”. Accommodation & hotel instructions Rooms are secured at the Millennium Harborview Hotel and Hilford Hotel from April 3 to April 6, 2011. Millennium Harborview Hotel（千禧海景大酒店）is located in downtown Xiamen, which is within walking distance to the oldest major shopping and business district of Xiamen. It is only ~5 minutes driving distance to the meeting venue, with walk distance to the ferry of Gulang Island, and is 20 minutes driving distance from the Xiamen International Airport. More information about the hotel could be found at http://www.millenniumhotels.com/cn/millenniumxiamen/index.html. Hilford Hotel（希尔福酒店）is located in downtown Xiamen, with 5 minutes driving distance to the meeting venue. More information is available at http://www.hilford.com.cn/hilford. Taxi is the most convenient way to get around in Xiamen. The taxi fare charge is 8 RMB for the first 3 km and 2 RMB per km thereafter. There is a 2 RMB fuel surcharge for each ride. Instructions to show to the taxi driver: 请送我到千禧海景大酒店，谢谢！ 地址：镇海路 12-8 号 Please take me to the Millennium Harborview Hotel. Thank you. 21 请送我到希尔福酒店，谢谢！ 地址：思明南路 495 号（博物馆站） Please take me to the Hilford Hotel. Thank you. 请送我到厦门大学曾呈奎楼，谢谢！ 地址：大学路 182 号（厦大医院站往前走 300 米） Please take me to the Zeng Cheng Kui Building of Xiamen University. Thank you. Shuttle buses Shuttles have been arranged between the hotels and the workshop venue (Zeng Cheng Kui Building/ZCK Bldg 曾呈奎楼) every morning and evening. Summary Information of shuttle buses & social events: Date 3-Apr Related Event Time From For Joint Workshop 08:00 Millennium Harbourview Hotel 08:00 Hilford Hotel After Welcome Reception ZCK Bldg Millennium Harborview Hotel 21:30 ZCK Bldg Hilford Hotel 08:00 Millennium Harbourview Hotel 08:00 Hilford Hotel For farewell dinner 18:30 ZCK Bldg After farewell dinner 21:00 Restaurant For Joint Workshop 4-Apr To ZCK Bldg Grand Harbor Restaurant Hilford Hotel Millennium Harborview Hotel For CHOICE-C SAC Meeting 08:00 Millennium Harbourview Hotel 08:00 Hilford Hotel For dinner 18:00 ZCK Bldg Wyndham Restaurant After dinner 20:30 Wyndham Restaurant Hilford Hotel For CHOICE-C SAC Meeting 08:00 Millennium Harbourview Hotel 08:00 Hilford Hotel For dinner 18:30 ZCK Bldg ZCK Bldg 5-Apr 6-Apr ZCK Bldg Bailuzhou Restaurant 21:00 After dinner Millennium Harborview Hotel Restaurant 21:00 Hilford Hotel 22 Other Information Time Zone Time Zone: CMT/UTC plus 8 hours Useful Numbers Telephone country code: +86 Telephone area code: 592 Police: 110 Fire Department: 119 Ambulance: 120 Xiamen No.1 Hospital: 2137327 Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital: 2292120 Local directory assistance: 114 (service in Chinese only) Currency and Bank Information The RMB (Renminbi) is the official currency, also called Chinese Yuan. Only RMB can be used when you are in China. Major credit cards including VISA, MasterCard, and American Express are accepted at some hotels, department stores and restaurants. The universal Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/ucc/ The airport Office of the Bank of China is located on the Departure Level, at which currency exchange service is available. Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Construction Bank of China, and Guangda Bank also provide ATM service in the terminal. There are a few banks on the campus of Xiamen University and near the Millennium Harbourview Hotel. Banking hours and days vary from bank to bank in Xiamen. However, most Chinese banks are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. or 5:30 p.m., and have branches that are open on Saturdays and Sundays. Tipping Tipping is not a part of Chinese custom. A 10 to 15% service charge may be added to your bill at hotels thus no tipping is expected unless you are provided with extra service. It is not necessary to tip a taxi driver unless he/she assists with luggage or provides extra service. Electricity The standard domestic power supply in China is 220 V AC at 50 Hz. The standard sockets are two parallel lines and three lines as shown on the right photo. Insurance No responsibility can be assured for any kind of personal accidents, sickness, theft, or property damage suffered by conference participants. Participants are advised to arrange whatever insurance they consider it necessary. Business hours Typical business hours in government and private offices are from 8:30 to 17:30, and they are closed on Saturday and Sunday. Most shops are open from 9:30 to 21:30 or later, and open seven days a week. 23 Weather Xiamen is a subtropical coastal city. The temperature in April is between 12-25℃, with an average of 19.1℃. The average precipitation in April is about 124 mm. Yahoo’s 5-day Xiamen weather report: http://weather.yahoo.com/forecast/CHXX0140_f.html For more useful and interesting local information, visit http://amoymagic.com/ maintained by Dr. Bill Brown and Sue Brown. About Xiamen Xiamen Island is located on the southeast coastland of China, which is well known as the “Garden on the Sea” with its unique culture and beautiful scenery, excellent weather all year round. Xiamen is a port city and a transportation hub, easily accessible by air, sea or land. Xiamen The Gaoqi International Airport is on the north-eastern tip of the island, 25 km away from Xiamen University. Campus Around The workshop will be in the Zeng Cheng Kui Building of the Xiamen University’s main campus. Xiamen University is a 90-year-old university located in the picturesque setting between the sea and a scenic mountain, with the main campus over 150 hectares and all buildings and facilities within walking distance. Zeng Cheng Kui Building Jiannan Building 24 Yanwu Bridge ZCK Bldg Main campus of Xiamen University Tour to Earth Building The traditional residential buildings in the western part of Fujian Province in south China- Hakka th Earth Buildings are named by the UNESCO as the 8 world wonder. The Hakka were originally th immigrants from northern China who settled in the southern provinces. From the 17 century onwards, population pressures drove them more and more into conflicts with their neighbors. As rivalry for resources turned to armed warfare, the Hakka began building communal living structures designed to be easily defensible. These houses, sometimes called Tulou, were often round in shape and internally divided into many compartments for food storage, living quarters, ancestral temple, armory etc. Among these 300-600-year-old buildings, Wuyunlou, built during the Ming Dynasty over five hundred years ago, is still occupied by residents. 25 List of Participants Name Email Affiliation Ahn, Yu-Hwan [email protected] Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, South Korea Armstrong, Robert [email protected] School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, USA Bai, Yan [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Belkin, Igor [email protected] Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA Cai, Fengyuan [email protected] Xiamen University Cai, Pinghe [email protected] Xiamen University Cai, Wei-Jun [email protected] Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, USA Cao, Zhimian [email protected] Xiamen University Chai, Fei [email protected] School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Charette, Matthew [email protected] Department of Marine Chemistry & Chen, Bingzhang [email protected] Xiamen University Chen, Jiawei [email protected] Xiamen University Chen, Weifang [email protected] Xiamen University Chen, Xiaoyan [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Chen, Jianfang [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Choi, Hyo [email protected] Graduate School, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea Cui, Qianfang [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Dai, Minhan [email protected] Xiamen University Dong, Xu [email protected] Xiamen University Ediang, Okuku [email protected] Marine Division, World Meteorological Organization, Nigeria Feng, Yuanyuan [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Gai, Yingbao [email protected] Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Gan, Jianping [email protected] Marine and Coastal Environment (AMCE) Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 26 Name Email Affiliation Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Gan, Zijun [email protected] South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS Gao, Guang [email protected] Xiamen University Gao, Kunshan [email protected] Xiamen University Gao, Yongli [email protected] South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS Ge, Yong [email protected] Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Guo, Cui [email protected] The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Guo, Liguo [email protected] Xiamen University Guo, Xianghui [email protected] Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei Guo, Xiaogang [email protected] Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Haidvogel, Dale [email protected] Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutger University, USA Han, Aiqin [email protected] Xiamen University Hao, Zengzhou [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Harish, Gupta [email protected] Xiamen University Harrison, Paul [email protected] The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology He, Hailun [email protected] State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA He, Xiangqiang [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Hirata, Taka [email protected] Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan Hu, Dunxin [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Hu, Jianyu [email protected] Xiamen University Huang, Bangqin [email protected] Xiamen University Huang, Norden [email protected] Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis, National Central University (Jhongli) Huang, Tao [email protected] Xiamen University Hutchins, David [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, USA Jia, Cun [email protected] Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Jia, Guodong [email protected] Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS 27 Name Email Affiliation Jiang, Zongpei [email protected] Xiamen University, University of Southampton, UK Jin, Peng [email protected] Xiamen University Kharitonov, Andrey [email protected] Pushkov Insitute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Kidwell, Autumn [email protected] College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Landry, Michael [email protected] Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA Lee, Cindy [email protected] School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, USA Lee, Zhongping [email protected] Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, USA Lei, Hui [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA León Fernández, Violeta Victoria [email protected] Instituto del Mar del Perú, Peru Lewis, Marlon [email protected] Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Canada Li, Chunyuan [email protected] Xiamen University Li, Dawei [email protected] Ocean University of China Li, Li [email protected] Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Li, Qian [email protected] Xiamen University Li, Qing [email protected] Xiamen University Li, Quanlong [email protected] Xiamen University Li, Shuiqing [email protected] Ocean University of China Li, Yahe [email protected] Xiamen University Li, Yi [email protected] State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of Russian Academy of Science (IZMIRAN), Russia Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Li, Zhuhua [email protected] Ocean University of China Lin, Gong [email protected] Xiamen University Lin, Hua [email protected] Xiamen University Lin, I-I [email protected] Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University (Taipei) Lin, Lizhen [email protected] Xiamen University Lin, Wenfang [email protected] Xiamen University Liu, Angela [email protected] Xiamen University 28 Name Email Affiliation Liu, Hongbin [email protected] The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Liu, Jianbin [email protected] Xiamen University Liu, Qinyu [email protected] Physical Oceanography lab, Ocean University of China Liu, Qiong [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Liu, Timothy [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) , USA Liu, Yuting [email protected] Xiamen University Liu, Zhiliang [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Liu, Zhiyu [email protected] Xiamen University Luther, George [email protected] College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Meng, Feifei [email protected] Xiamen University Mo, Yu [email protected] Xiamen University Oliver, Matthew [email protected] College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Pan, Delu [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Pan, Gang [email protected] South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS Pei, Yuhua [email protected] State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Qian, Wei [email protected] Xiamen University Ren, Jianguo [email protected] Ocean Science Program, Earth Science Division, National Natural Science Foundation of China Rocke, Emma [email protected] The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Roy, Rajdeep [email protected] Chemical Oceanography Department, National Institute of Oceanography, India Saino, Toshiro [email protected] Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan Salami, Tairu [email protected] Weather Forecasting Services, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria Shang, Shaoling [email protected] Xiamen University Shen, Samuel [email protected] Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, USA 29 Name Email Affiliation Shi, Vera [email protected] Xiamen University Song, Zhaoyang [email protected] Ocean University of China Sun, Jun [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Sun, Zhenyu [email protected] Xiamen University Tang, Danling [email protected] South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS Targett, Nancy [email protected] College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Tian, Jiwei [email protected] Ocean University of China Tu, Qianguang [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Wang, Danna [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Deli [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Guizhi [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Haili [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Hui [email protected] National Marine Environment Forecast Center, SOA Wang, Lei [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Lei [email protected] Xiamen University Wang, Xuchen [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Wang, Zhangyong [email protected] Xiamen University Wei, Gangjian [email protected] Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS Wei, Guomei [email protected] Xiamen University Wong, George T. F. [email protected] Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica (Taipei) Wu, Kai [email protected] Xiamen University Xie, Yuyuan [email protected] Xiamen University Xu, Dongyu [email protected] Institute of Marine Geology, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources Xu, Jie [email protected] Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Xu, Kai [email protected] Xiamen University Xu, Songli [email protected] Xiamen University Xu, Suqing [email protected] Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Xu, Yanping [email protected] Xiamen University 30 Name Email Affiliation Xu, Yi [email protected] Xiamen University Yan, Xiao-Hai [email protected] College of Marine and Earth Studies, University of Delaware, USA Yang, Dezhou [email protected] Institute of Oceanology, CAS Yang, Guiyuan [email protected] Xiamen University Yang, Jinyu [email protected] Xiamen University Yang, Shuang [email protected] Xiamen University Yang, Xiaoyi [email protected] Xiamen University Yang, Xiqian [email protected] Xiamen University Ye, Chengmiao [email protected] Xiamen University Yin, Kedong [email protected] Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangzhou) Yu, Fengling [email protected] Tectonics Group, Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yu, Kefu [email protected] South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS Zhai, Weidong [email protected] Xiamen University Zhang, Caiyun [email protected] Xiamen University Zhang, Caiyun [email protected] Xiamen University Zhang, Jun [email protected] Xiamen University Zhang, Rong-Hua [email protected] Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, USA Zhang, Xiaoping [email protected] Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA Zhang, Yao [email protected] Xiamen University Zhao, Daochen [email protected] Xiamen University Zhao, Dongliang [email protected] Ocean University of China Zhao, Meixun [email protected] Ocean University of China Zhao, Zhenhua zhzhao@gig. ac.cn Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS Zheng,Ying [email protected] Xiamen University Zhong, Chao [email protected] Xiamen University Zhou, Kuanbo [email protected] Xiamen University Zhu, Dayong zhudy@ tiosoa.cn Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Zhu, Jia [email protected] Xiamen University Zou, Dinghui [email protected] South China University of Technology Zou, Li [email protected] Ocean University of China 31 About CHOICE-C Under the guidelines of the “973” program, we have formed a few committees for CHOICE-C. These include consultative committee appointed by the “973” Program Office at MOST. In addition, a Scientific Advisory Committee composed of internationally well-known scientists in the field has been formulated in order to better implement CHOICE-C and to promote CHOICE-C in the international community. The program structure is illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 CHOICE-C program structure. 32 CHOICE-C Committees 1) Consultative Committee of the “973” Program Gan, Zijun South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xu, Dongyu Institute of Marine Geology, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources Zhao, Zhenhua Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2) Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) Borges, Alberto Vieira Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège, Belgium Cai, Wei-Jun Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, USA Chai, Fei School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA Chao, Jiping National Marine Environment Forecast Center Chen, C. T. Arthur Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University (Kaohsiung) Foreman, Mike Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada Gatusso, Jean-Pierre Laboratoire d'Océanographie, CNRS -UPMC , France Haidvogel, Dale Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutger University, USA Harrison, Paul AMCE Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hu, Dunxin Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hutchins, David Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, USA Landry, Michael Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Califonia, USA Lee, Cindy Stony Brook University, USA Riebesell, Ulf Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR), Germany Tian, Jiwei Ocean University of China Wallace, Douglas Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Germany Wong, George T. F. Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica (Taipei) Yan, Xiao-Hai College of Marine and Earth Studies, University of Delaware, USA 3) Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) At the operation level, a program Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) has been approved by the program office at MOST. SSC members will meet at regular basis throughout the project to make critical decision related to the program operation. CHOICE-C SSC includes the following individuals: Dai, Minhan Xiamen University Gan, Jianping Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Gao, Kunshan Xiamen University Guo, Xiaogang Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Pan, Delu Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Wang, Hui National Marine Environment Forecast Center 33 Wang, Xuchen Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Yu, Kefu South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhao, Meixun Ocean University of China 4) CHOICE-C PIs PI: Dai, Minhan Xiamen University Co-PIs: Pan, Delu Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Cai, Pinghe Xiamen University Zhai, Weidong Xiamen University Li, Li/Guo, Xiaogang Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Wei, Gangjian Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Gao, Kunshan Xiamen University Gan, Jianping Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 34 Abstracts I Invited Talks I-01 The role of ocean in global climate change Norden E. Huang ([email protected]) Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis, National Central University, Jhongli Given that 70% of the Earth surface is covered by the oceans, and that over half of the ocean is more than 3000 meters in depth, the oceans could affect the climate in various ways: The ocean currents constitute a great conveyor belt system to transport heat throughout the global oceans, but primarily polar ward to moderate the large temperature gradient existing on the land surface. The oceans are the main sources of water vapor, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than all the others combined. And oceans also serve as a sink for greenhouse gases as they dissolve and being sequestered in the great depth. Finally, the great heat content of ocean water provides a great heat reservoir. Therefore, without a thorough knowledge of the oceans, it would be impossible for us to construct an accurate model of the climate. Indeed, the existing observational data indicate that there are close correlation between the North Atlantic Ocean surface temperature anomalies and the global surface temperature anomalies from the El Niño phenomena of 2 to 7 years to multi-decadal Pacific Decadal and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillations time scales. This close correlation gives a strong indication that oceans are a crucial factor in affecting the climate change. In this talk, the role of the oceans in affecting the climate condition is reviewed for various time scales covering geological ones depending on the global land mass and ocean relative distribution down to the ocean dynamics scale of El Niño phenomena. This review actually serves as a plea and an urgent call for intensifying ocean research as a crucial part of the global climate studies. I-02 Oceanic fronts, climate change, and carbon flux Igor M. Belkin ([email protected]) Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA Oceanic fronts are most salient elements of ocean structure that occur on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from meters to thousands of km, and from days to millennia. Large-scale fronts are most stable components of this structure, alongside with water masses that these fronts separate. In my presentation, I will review the issue of long-term stability of large-scale oceanic fronts as they are affected by the ongoing climate change. I will also review the role played by oceanic fronts in carbon flux, including carbon sequestration in the deep ocean. Finally, I will link the above issues and consider how the ongoing climate change would impact carbon flux and storage in major large-scale frontal zones of the World Ocean. I-03 Water cycle observed from space W. Timothy Liu ([email protected]) and Xiaosu Xie Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA, USA Water conservation in an atmospheric column over oceans is demonstrated by estimating the time change of water content, the divergence of moisture transport integrated over the depth of 35 atmosphere, surface evaporation and precipitation, using space measurement. We have derived and validated water transport using satellite observations of surface wind-stress, cloud drift winds, and column-integrated water vapor, through a statistical model. We have estimated surface evaporation by traditional bulk parameterization and by direct retrieval from radiances observed by microwave radiometers. We have demonstrated the mass balance over global oceans. The long-term mean of surface water flux agrees with total water discharge from the continent within 20%. The seasonal variation of the flux adjusted for climatological river discharge from continents agrees with ocean mass loss measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) both in amplitude and in phase. The continental water balance over South America was examined through the moisture advection across the coastline and the mean surface flux over the continent is within 5% of historical values. The water influx from the oceans to the continent minus river discharge agrees with the mass change in phase and amplitude of the annual cycle. Examples of oceanic influences on continental rainfall, in the Sahel, in East Asia, and in Southern Great Plain of the United States will be presented. Preliminary results of upper ocean salinity balance, using in situ salinity data archive will also be discussed, in anticipation of spacebased surface salinity measurements. I-04 Satellite multi-sensor studies of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and deep ocean convection (DOC) Xiao-Hai Yan ([email protected]), Young-Heon Jo, Fei Li, and W. Timothy Liu College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA The US National Academy of Sciences-Ocean Study Board identified the improved understanding of the mechanisms behind fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as a near-term priority in the Ocean Research Priorities Plan issued in January of 2007. In response to this near-term priority, a panel of scientists developed a multi-year implementation plan that laid the groundwork for an inter-agency program that would develop the initial components of an AMOC monitoring system and AMOC prediction capability. A US AMOC Science Team, selected in March of 2008, bears the responsibility of accomplishing the program objectives with guidance and oversight from the supporting agencies (NASA, NSF and NOAA). In order to detect the early onset and predict the long-term variability of the climate, it is important to develop an understanding of the physical processes that regulate the deep water formation rate and its contributions to the AMOC. We use remote sensing tools (multi-sensor satellites) to observe and measure deep ocean convection (DOC), the mixing of surface with deep ocean water. The exchange of temperature and salinity between the upper and lower layers of the ocean has an important effect on the currents in the ocean (which are mostly buoyancy driven), and the exchange of heat between the upper layer and the atmosphere. The improved understanding of DOC resulting from this study will allow us to better assess its impact on AMOC (so called Thermal Conveyor Belt) and further, on climate change, and thus help to detect the early onset of rapid climate change. This presentation will provide an overview and summarize the latest developments and research results on characteristic features of DOC in the Labrador Sea based on multi satellite sensors and Argo float measurements. I-05 Present status of GOCI Yu-Hwan Ahn ([email protected]) Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, South Korea GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager), a new conception of the first ocean color observation payload in geostationary orbit, is one of three main payloads on COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite). It was successfully launched at Kourou Space Center in French Guiana by 36 Ariane-5 rocket in June 27, 2010 (KST). Main mission of GOCI are focused to monitor and predict the long and short-term biophysical phenomena and water quality of the surrounded Korean waters. The GOCI coverage area is the 2,500km×2,500km square, and the location of the coverage center is at 36˚N and 130˚E. It covers from the Taiwan strait to the southern Okhotsk basin. GOCI has six visible bands and two near-infrared bands for the purpose of atmospheric correction. Ground Sampling Distance of GOCI is about 500m at the center of the GOCI coverage area. GOCI whole area is mosaicked with 16 (4x4) slots which were taken 2D CMOS with 1413 x 1430 effective pixel array. GOCI also has been developed to observe the coverage area by every hour and planned to observe and transmit 8 times per day. The mission life time of the GOCI is about 7 years after In-Orbit Test (IOT). During the GOCI In-Orbit Test (IOT) campaign, GOCI functional test to verify the operation of HW parts of GOCI, and GOCI radiometric and electronic test were successfully accomplished. For the moment, GOCI geometric performance accuracy test was just finished as the last. In parallel, operation test and verification of GOCI ground processing system equipped in KOSC are on-going without any major issues. In this presentation, we will show the overall status of GOCI including preliminary results of GOCI IOT. I-06 Dynamic marine biogeography from space Matthew J. Oliver ([email protected]) College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Approximately half of primary production on Earth occurs in marine systems, while the other half occurs in terrestrial systems. Although their contributions are approximately equivalent, the major marine primary producers (phytoplankton) turn-over on the time scales of weeks, while the turn-over times of scales of major terrestrial primary producers can be on decade time-scales. Only consistent and global satellite observations can capture the full dynamic of marine biogeographic provinces. We use ocean color and sea-surface temperature to dynamically describe marine biogeographic provinces. These provinces reflect well-known physical boundaries in the ocean as well as known climate cycles and trends. These provinces are also useful as dynamic aggregators of in-situ data and have been useful in locally tuning remote sensing algorithms. Finally, we have used these provinces are to develop dynamic fisheries models to help understand the spatial and temporal distribution of commercially viable species in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. We expect these dynamic provinces to play a large role in marine-spatial planning and ecosystem management. I-07 Status of ocean carbon observing from space in China Delu Pan ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou The advantaged routine ocean observation from space has pushed the satellite application to go widely in the oceanography study with deepened multi-discipline cooperation. In this talk, firstly, some progresses in the estimation of particle and dissolved carbon, and the partial pressure of aquatic CO2 (pCO2) will be present. Due to the highly dynamic and complex water mass interaction in the marginal sea, especial in the East China Sea, the semi-analytic algorithm of water inherent optical properties is promising than the traditional empirical algorithm. Characteristic and parameterization 37 of regional inherent optical properties were figured out with the accumulating field measurements. The absorption and backscattering coefficient of particle and dissolve matter can be retrieved by the semi-analytic algorithms, and further, the particle and dissolve carbon can be estimated by the regional geochemical-optical models. Also, the salinity in the plume regions can be mapped through the good relationship between CDOM and salinity in the ECS which is affected by Changjiang diluted water. The semi-analytic method can be further applied to the satellite-retrieval of pCO2. Based on the analysis of factors and processes controlling the changes of pCO2, quantified models were built up to estimate the specific pCO2 variation caused by the separated factors. By adding up the contributions of specific pCO2 variation with major controlling factors, the total pCO2 variation can be mapped using the satellite-derived products. Finally, the satellite programs and application systems development in China will be introduced with the focus on the carbon observation from space, and some suggestions will be put forward to the carbon observation and multi-discipline cooperation. I-08 Monitoring the ocean biogeochemical cycle using satellites, moorings and floats Toshiro Saino ([email protected]) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Japan 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagwa, 237-0061 Japan Satellites data are proved to be useful for large scale monitoring purpose to observe time-space averaged phenomena. However, if one wants to apply satellite information to describe processes occurring in a region of interest, the satellite data need to be validated during the period of the observation. We developed an in situ Primary Productivity Profiler System (PPPS) which has capability to obtain daily profile of gross primary productivity in the upper 100-200 meters water column to validate satellite data on primary productivity. A field monitoring experiment was conducted in Sagami Bay in order to design a monitoring system of ocean biogeochemistry taking full advantage of the PPPS. Results to be shown include; a time series primary productivity profile with a daily resolution, reconstruction of nitrate profile from T, S, Chl a, reconstruction of past sea surface pCO2 from sediment trap samples, estimation of air-sea gas exchange coefficient from Oxygen-17 anomaly. We started a new time series observation at two stations in the western Pacific subarctic (K2: 47˚N/160˚E) and subtropical (S1: 30˚N/140˚E) gyres to study responses of ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycles to Asian monsoon in two contrasting oceanographic conditions. The PPPS is in operation at S1 site since Nov. 2010. Some initial results will be given in the talk. I-09 Ocean color remote sensing for the study of oceanic carbon Zhongping Lee ([email protected]) Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, USA Distribution and variation of carbon in the atmosphere and ocean play important roles in modifying our climate. For the vast global oceans, at least for the upper layer, remote sensing via ocean color satellite sensors is the only feasible tool to achieve high spatial and temporal observations. Since the launch of the Coast Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), it is well demonstrated that photosynthesis by phytoplankton (measured as primary production) in basin scale, an important process to draw down atmosphere CO2, can be adequately estimated from satellite measured ocean color radiance; so as to particulate organic carbon (POC). Historically, ocean color remote sensing (OCRS) has been focused on the retrieval of chlorophyll concentration, and usually employs empirical color-ratio algorithms. Because such a practice cannot distinguish other optically active constituents, OCRS is now gradually shifting to a system centered on the retrieval of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and employs analytical or semi-analytical algorithms. These recent advancements in ocean optics and OCRS, along 38 with their applications for the estimation of oceanic carbon, are presented. Key words: ocean color remote sensing, photosynthesis, POC I-10 Impacts of eutrophication on pH of a large river plume and the respiration-enhanced ocean acidification in the hypoxic subsurface waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico Wei-Jun Cai ([email protected]) Department of Marine Sciences, the University of Georgia, USA Ocean acidification caused by fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake from the atmosphere has acidified seawater (reducing pH) and threatened to change ocean ecosystems and biogeochemistry. In coastal oceans, it has been suggested that natural variability and eutrophication, rather than ocean acidification, may have dictated the CO2 system and the associated pH changes. However, it is also expected that these two major environmental stressors may interact to have synergistic effects although the mechanisms and magnitudes of the interactions are unclear. I will present results from several CO2 research cruises from the Mississippi River plume and northern Gulf of Mexico and try to make a comparison with those from the Changjiang/East China Sea. I will show that biological production is the dominant process causing very high pH in the freshwater plume and that ocean acidification and eutrophication-induced hypoxia have acted in concert to lower the pH of the hypoxic bottom water greatly on the continental shelf impacted by the nutrient-laden Mississippi River. The combined effect is greater than the sum of the components, due to a synergism between respirationand fossil-fuel-derived CO2, which reduces seawater buffering capacity. The effect leads to carbonate under-saturation and greater denitrification and thus may have both positive and negative feedbacks on ocean acidification and coastal hypoxia. I-11 Deep ocean fixing of carbon during the process of chemosynthesis George W. Luther ([email protected]) College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, USA Both diffuse flow and high temperature hydrothermal vents emit large quantities of reduced sulfur, largely in the form of hydrogen sulfide. In diffuse flow areas, sulfide is taken up by host macrofauna, which have microbial endosymbionts. The endosymbionts oxidize hydrogen sulfide with oxygen and use the chemical energy from this reaction to fix carbon dioxide into biomass and into outer hard part material to cover the soft biomass. Some macrofauna are tubeworms with polysaccharide based tubes, and other macrofauna are snails and clams which have calcium carbonate shells that form at circumneutral pH. Although the shells are thin, the organisms still grow and thrive under deep ocean conditions. Further study of these deep sea organisms should give insight into how surface dwelling organisms, which form calcium carbonate shells, can adapt to lower pH waters. A brief discussion on the physical chemical reasons why it is difficult to reduce carbon dioxide will be given. Comparison of the chemistry, determined by in situ electrochemical methods, with the ecology of different hydrothermal diffuse flow areas in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean will follow. I-12 How do settling velocity and particle exchange affect particle fluxes Cindy Lee ([email protected]) School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, USA Sinking particles are traditionally considered to be the most important vehicle by which the biological pump sequesters carbon in the ocean interior. Yet the measured flux of these particles is less than 39 oxygen utilization rate below the euphotic zone. Since dissolved organic carbon (OC) contributes only 10–20%, at a global scale, to OC remineralization rates, particle fluxes must be underestimated or unaccounted sources of OC must exist. Very slowly settling particles may be one such source. Particle settling velocity is thought to be a key influence on vertical fluxes and OC remineralization, although little is known about its spatio-temporal variability. Because settling velocities are dependent on particle size and density, they are affected by plankton community structure. The extent to which sinking particles disaggregate and exchange with surrounding material also affects the efficiency of particulate OC export and appears to be affected by plankton community structure. Analyses of organic biomarkers of sinking and suspended particles from the Mediterranean Sea (Abramson et al., 2010) showed that these two particle types were very different and remained consistently so with depth, suggesting that exchange between them was limited. This difference was particularly pronounced during the high flux periods in spring. During the low-flux summer period, particle compositions were more similar, possibly indicating greater exchange at these times. In separate experiments near the Canary Islands using sediment traps that separate particles by settling velocity, we (Alonso et al., 2010) found in experiments near the Canary Islands that during at least half of the −1 year, more than 60% of total particulate OC collected was in slowly settling particles (0.7–11 m d ). Analyses of organic biomarkers showed that these slowly settling particles have the same degradation state, or are even fresher than rapidly sinking particles. Thus, if slowly settling particles dominate the exportable OC pool, most organic matter would be respired in surface waters, acting as a biological source of CO2 susceptible to exchange with the atmosphere. In the context of climate change, if the predicted changes in phytoplankton community structure occur (replacement of diatoms by smaller phytoplankton cells induced by an increase in ocean stratification and nutrient depletion), slowly settling particles would be favored, affecting the strength of the biological pump in the ocean. I-13 The role of ocean mixing in southern ocean iron-fueled phytoplankton blooms: insight from radium isotopes 1 Matthew A. Charette ([email protected]) and Pieter van Beek 2 1 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 2 LEGOS, Toulouse, France An important feature of coastal margin and island systems in the high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the Southern Ocean is greatly enhanced levels of productivity during the austral summer. This "island effect" has been hypothesized to be due to iron release from the island and shelf systems into the surrounding waters, thus allowing primary production to occur in these otherwise barren HNLC zones. The precise release mechanisms and the magnitude of dispersion and fate of any released Fe remains unclear. However, in terms of lateral dispersion and vertical mixing of Fe containing water into the euphotic zone, the use of natural radio-tracers represent a powerful tool to track these inputs and their transport to adjacent waters. The large-scale input of radium isotopes along the coastline is akin to a purposeful tracer release, with the short-lived radium isotopes providing the rate of dispersion based on their decay as they mix away from the source. To this end we have used radium isotopes to identify the pathways and rates of supply of iron fueling phytoplankton blooms in three Southern Ocean environments: downstream of the Antarctic Peninsula and Crozet and Kerguelen Plateau regions. Our studies have generally focused on evaluating rates of vertical and horizontal Fe input. The vertical source is derived from deep water Fe mixed to the surface via enhanced mixing due to interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) or tidal flows with the shallow bathymetry of the plateaus. Horizontal sources include island runoff combined with diffusive input from plateau sediments carried by subsurface horizontal advection into the bloom region. 40 I-14 New, more-easily-understood models of phytoplankton productivity Robert A. Armstrong ([email protected]) School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, USA In modeling marine phytoplankton growth, two distinct but related quantities must be predicted: the first is photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll, the second is phytoplankton growth rate. The connection between these two quantities is the chlorophyll:carbon (chl:C) ratio. Most currently-used models of photosynthesis are not capable of predicting the essential interaction between light and nutrients and the different temperature dependencies of light reactions and dark reactions, both of which are essential for predicting chl:C ratios. In contrast, a model structure proposed by Geider et al. (1997, 1998) is capable of representing both the interaction between light and nitrogen and the temperature-dependence of photosynthesis and, in doing so, has provided a sound basis for an optimality-based formulation of chl:C ratio (Armstrong, 2006). This model formulation was highly successful in predicting column productivities in the PPARR3 comparison of photosynthesis models. However, the Armstrong (2006) model is cumbersome analytically, impeding intuition; it is also inefficient computationally. I will discuss a further modification to the Geider et al. model that allows the light/nutrient interaction to assume alternative functional forms, leading to a model that is both easier to understand and more computationally efficient. The new enhancement also produces descriptions of the photosynthesis-light interaction that have hitherto not been considered. One of this new class of models also allows closed-form solutions of photosynthesis over finite depth intervals, which should make their use in General Circulation Models (GCMs) more computationally efficient. The new models have been tested against former models using the laboratory data set of Harrison et al. (1998), and have also been used to predict productivity using the PPARR3 data set. I-15 Inter-disciplinary modeling of circulation and ecosystem dynamics on the U.S. east coast continental shelves and estuaries Dale Haidvogel ([email protected]) Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, USA Over the past several years, inter-disciplinary understanding of coastal and estuarine dynamics and ecosystems has advanced considerably. This progress has been due in large part to the development and application of novel new modeling technologies. Here we illustrate this progress with examples drawn from several multi-institutional projects conducted along the U.S. East Coast and within its adjacent estuaries. Topics include circulation modeling using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), simulation of larval growth and dispersal using coupled individual-based models, and regional applications of the ROMS Generalized Stability Theory package. I-16 Modeling impacts of mesoscale eddies on biogeochemical processes in the South China Sea and Gulf of Alaska 1 1 1 1 2 3 Fei Chai ([email protected]) , Peng Xiu , Huijie Xue , Lei Shi , Yi Chao , Francisco Chavez , and Richard 4 Barber 1 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, USA 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA 3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA 4 Duke Marine Lab, Duke University, USA 41 Numerous mesoscale eddies occur each year in the South China Sea (SCS) and Gulf of Alaska (GoA), but their statistical characteristics and impact on biogeochemical cycles have never been substantially investigated. A Pacific basin-wide three-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been developed and the results for the SCS and GoA are used to quantify the eddy activities and the subsequent biogeochemical responses during the period of 1993-2007. Based on sea level anomaly (SLA), the Okubo-Weiss method is used to identify eddies and a connectivity algorithm is used to track eddies in this study. In order to evaluate the model performance, the modeled results are compared with the satellite derived SLA. On average, there are about 32.9+2.4 eddies in the SCS simulated by the model and 32.8+3.4 eddies observed with the satellite each year. There are 13.9+3.0 eddies in the GoA simulated by the model and 13.6+2.7 eddies derived from the satellite SLA. The impacts of mesoscale eddies to the biogeochemical processes are evaluated with the model results. This study suggests that mesoscale eddies in the SCS are important sources of nutrients (nitrate and silicate) to the euphotic zone, which plays a significant role in regulating the biogeochemical cycle in the SCS. The iron transport from the coast to the Gulf will be estimated with the model results. This study suggests that mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Alaska are important sources of iron to the euphotic zone, which plays a significant role in regulating the biogeochemical cycle in the Gulf of Alaska. I-17 The marine nitrogen cycle in a changing future ocean David A. Hutchins ([email protected]) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, USA Global change processes such as ocean acidification, sea surface warming, and increased stratification are likely to have large consequences for future marine nitrogen biogeochemistry, and for the microbes that are responsible for carrying out many critical parts of the ocean’s nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle may respond strongly to these simultaneous global changes through increases in global N2 fixation and denitrification, with conceptual and quantitative models projecting increases in both processes by as much as 50% over next 100 years. In contrast, lower pH could result in potentially large decreases in ammonium oxidation (nitrification), leading to a possible “bottleneck” in the nitrogen cycle. Such an unbalanced nitrogen cycle would force the buildup of large amounts of ammonium in the ocean, thus potentially driving changes in phytoplankton community structure and strongly favoring regenerated production by the microbial foodweb over nitrate-supported new production specialists like diatoms. Culture experiments that have examined the effects of increased CO2 on elemental ratios of phytoplankton suggest that for most cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, at higher pCO2 C:N and N:P ratios will either remain at Redfield values or increase substantially. Natural plankton community CO2 manipulation experiments show much more mixed outcomes, with both increases and decreases in C:N and N:P ratios reported. Although many details still remain to be understood, it seems certain that the marine nitrogen cycle will undergo dramatic and fundamental changes over the next century as it responds to the anthropogenically- altered chemistry and physics of a rapidly changing ocean. I-18 Novel results of internal solitary waves in the SCS Jiwei Tian ([email protected]) Ocean University of China, Qingdao Three moorings were deployed along the latitude 21°6"N in the deep basin of northern South China th nd Sea (SCS) from 20 March to 12 August, 2010. These moorings consisted of current and temperature measurements. 132 internal soliton waves(ISW) were detected during this experiment including 84 type-a waves and 48 type-b waves. Based on the long time observation, some characteristics of the 42 ISW in the SCS were obtained. First, most of the ISWs occurred during the spring tide which are the days around the 1st and 15th each month according to the Lunar calendar. Second, the ISWs looked like to appear at the same time at the same place every day indicating the tide generation mechanism. Third, the mean phase speed of type-a wave was larger than type-b wave in deep water but they were almost equivalent on the continental shelf. In addition, we observed the phenomenon that the transformation between type-a waves and type-b waves for the first time. The transformation seems like take place when the phase of K1 and M2 barotropic tide was same. The period of the transformation was about 13.2 days and 11 transformations were observed during our experiment indicating that this is a common phenomenon in SCS. This long time and high temporal resolution observation allows us to analyze the monthly and seasonal variations of the ISWs. The stronger stratification in summer resulted in a larger phase speed of ISWs in SCS. Owing to a stronger stratification and shallower mixed layer at the Luzon strait, the ISW had a larger amplitude in June and July. I-19 Warm pool and its role in climate change Dunxin Hu ([email protected]) and Shijian Hu Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao The warm pool (WP) is commonly defined as the part of the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans with SST 7 2 higher than 28~29℃, which occupies a large surface area of about 2.5×10 km and a volume 6 3 approximately 2.0×10 km of the upper 80 m. WP supplies the atmosphere with moisture and heat, releasing latent heat and leading to strong convection and heavy rainfall in excess of 2-3 m per year. Being the sources of fresh water and heat of the global thermohaline circulation, WP plays an essential role in global climate system and has been the subject of many studies of oceanographers and meteorologists, including TOGA-COARE program and the very recently launched NPOCE (Northwestern Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment) program. Previous studies indicate that WP possesses significant seasonal to inter-decadal variabilities, modulating ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle and EAM (East Asian monsoon). In addition, it is also found that WP acts as a key player in the interaction between ENSO and IOD (Indian Ocean dipole). In the past several decades, the global ocean has been warming to some extent. The heat content of 23 the world ocean increased by ~2×10 Joule between the mid-1950s and mid-1990s, representing a volume mean warming of 0.06°C. Against the backdrop of global warming, the response of the ocean, especially of the WP, has become a hot scientific problem to be understood. Recent investigations reported that with climate shifts in the mid-1940s, mid-1970s, and mid-1990s rapid changes of the Pacific status took place. It is observed that in the past half a century the western Pacific WP freshened by 0.34 psu and the amplitude of El Niño events was enhanced. Based on observation analysis, the amplitude of the heat content variations in either the upper 400 m or 700 m of the WP area in the western Pacific is increased. In terms of the cause in the process we came to the conclusion that an oceanic quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) may play essential role and ENSO play the second role. And what is more, East Asian summer monsoon and hence summer rainfall in China seem highly correlated to the heat content in the WP area too. 43 I-20 Algal blooms and carbon dynamics in Hong Kong waters 1 1 Paul J. Harrison ([email protected]) , J. Xu and HB Liu 1 2 2 Division of Environment, Division of Life Sciences, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, HK The Pearl River Estuary is a sub-tropical estuary and the second largest in China based on discharge volume from the Pearl River. Processes in the estuary vary spatially and temporally (wet vs dry season). In the wet season, the SW monsoon winds push the Pearl River estuarine plume into Hong Kong waters and hence eutrophication impacts are the result of a combination of nutrient loads from the Pearl River plus local sewage discharge. Eutrophication is not as severe as one would expect from these very high nutrient loads since this estuary shows a remarkable capacity to cope with excessive nutrients. Physical processes such as river discharge, tidal flushing, turbulent dispersion, wind-induced mixing, estuarine circulation and a shallow water column play important roles in controlling the production and accumulation of algal blooms and the potential occurrence of hypoxia. Superimposed on the physical processes of the estuary are the chemical and biological processes involved in the production of algal blooms. For example, the 100N:1P ratio of estuarine waters indicates that phosphorus potentially limits the amount of algal biomass (and potential biological oxygen demand) in summer. The photic zone is only 2 to 5 m and large algal blooms occur in summer due to thermohaline stratification. Chl ranges from 5 ug/L in eastern waters and up to >50 ug/L in southern waters in summer and the algal blooms are composed mainly of fast-growing chain forming diatoms. Microzooplankton grazing consumes a large part of the phytoplankton (typically about 50%). Bacteria consume only a small portion of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Victoria Harbour. Recent experiments indicated that the small size fraction of the DOC is more bioavailable than the large size fraction and that viruses appear to play an important role in controlling bacterial production and contributing to the DOC pool. I-21 Plankton food-web structure and biogeochemical fluxes in the equatorial Pacific Michael R. Landry ([email protected]) and Michael R. Stukel Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, USA Evidence exists for decadal-scale variations in chlorophyll, primary production and/or zooplankton biomass in many regions of the oceans. Nonetheless, we generally lack sufficient understanding of trophic structure and food-web fluxes to evaluate differences within and among systems or to serve as baselines for documenting and predicting effects of future climate changes. For the eastern equatorial Pacific, a large and globally significant player in ocean-atmosphere carbon cycling, we illustrate how the results of experimental process studies have been combined with inverse modeling to examine some of the details of plankton trophic pathways. The results provide well-constrained estimates that partition production and fates of major phytoplankton taxa, the roles of micro- and mesozooplankton in carbon and silica cycling, and the depth distributions of growth and loss processes within the euphotic zone. Detailed field-based process studies complement the temporally and spatially expansive observations that can be done remotely, for example by satellites or drifter arrays, and provide the basic data needed to develop and parameterize models that link long-term ecosystem responses to trends in physical forcing. 44 II Contributed Talks CO-01 Air temperature deeply influenced by a typhoon passage in the Korean eastern coast and inland Hyo Choi ([email protected]) Gangneung-Wonju National University, Japan The variations of air temperatures before and after the passage of a typhoon-TY21W (Rusa) were investigated in the coastal inland and sea using a 3D-Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)-2.2 with FNL initial meteorological data on August 29 ~ September 2, 2002. On August 29, 2002 with no the influence of the typhoon, maximum air temperatures were 27℃at Gangneung city, the Korean eastern coast and 34℃ at Wonju city in the 100 km west. Sea surface temperature in Gangneung coastal sea was 23℃ at 1600 LST, August 29, but 25.5 ℃ on August 28. Since the typhoon made a landfall in the southwestern part of Korea with a maximum sustained wind speed of 32 m/s at 1530 LST, August 31, precipitation amount at Gangneung city was 870 mm/day with a maximum value of 100.5 mm/hr at 2100 LST ~ 2200 LST. Maximum air temperatures at 1600 LST, August 31 were 23℃ at Gangneung city and 24℃ at Wonju city, showing the decreases of ‿4℃ and ‿10℃, respectively. The decreases of air temperatures near the ground surface in the coast and further inland up to 23 ~ 24℃ should be significantly affected by extremely severe cold rain shower made by great cloud clusters of 9km ~ 100m height toward the ground surface of the city, due to a huge amount of water supply by the typhoon itself and by cooling down and condensation of moistures intruded from the East Sea of Korea under a strong cyclonic circulation of the typhoon toward the coastal basin and further the steep mountain top. Simultaneously, as sea surface temperature on August 31 was not detected by GOES satellite, due to cloud clusters and it was 22℃ on September 1, they could be also partially attributed to the decrease of sea surface temperature through the advection of relatively cool moist air masses on the sea surface toward the coast and further inland area of about 150km area away from the coast. CO-02 Simulated response of the Pacific subtropical mode water to globe warming and its effect on climate variability 1 Qinyu Liu ([email protected]) , Yiyong Luo 1 2 Physical Oceanography Lab, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 2 Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA Based on a set of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models, the solutions between a present-day climate and a future, warmer climate are compared. Under the warmer climate scenario, the North Pacific subtropical Mode Waters (NPSTMW) are produced on lighter isopycnal surfaces and are significantly weakened in terms of their formation and evolution. These changes are due to a more stratified upper ocean and thus a shoaling of the winter mixing depth resulting mainly from a reduction of the ocean-to-atmosphere heat loss over the subtropical region. In the opposite, the South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (SPESTMW) is significantly increased in volume. This is because, although the MLD becomes shallower in most parts of the South Pacific, but it becomes deepen in southeast subtropical Pacific and the increased MLD horizontal gradients in SPESTMW formation area, a result of intensified southeast trade winds, plays a major role for increasing SPESTMW under global warming. The weakened NPSTMW will induce STCC weakens, leaving behind banded structures in SST warming with the characteristic northeast slant as the response of SST to warm climate. The increased volume of the SPESTMW possibly contributes to a minimum warming in the thermocline of the western equatorial Pacific under global warming scenarios. 45 CO-03 Mathematical methods for quantifying the uncertainties in the assessment and detection of climate changes Samuel Shen ([email protected]) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, USA This lecture will describe the mathematical methods of estimating the errors in the optimal assessment of the past climate change, quantifying the uncertainties in the climate change detection, and analyzing the main uncertainty sources for climate predictions. Empirical orthogonal functions are extensively used to deal with spatial inhomogeneity. Temporal non-stationarity and model nonlinearity will be discussed. Detailed error analyses of the annual mean global and regional averages of the surface air temperature since 1861 will be presented. CO-04 Using ocean color data to represent ocean biology-induced climate feedback in the tropical Pacific: a modulation of El Niño-Southern oscillation Rong-Hua Zhang ([email protected]) Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, USA The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties can be modulated by many factors; most previous studies have focused on physical aspects of the climate system in the tropical Pacific. Ocean biology-induced feedback (OBF) onto physics and bio-climate coupling have been a subject of much recent interests, but with strikingly model dependent and even conflicting results. Current satellite data are able to resolve the space-time structure of oceanic signals both in biology and physics and thus can be used to quantify their relationship. Here we use the biological signature from satellite ocean color data to estimate interannual variability of the attenuation depth of solar radiation (Hp), a field linking ocean biology and physics. Then we apply a singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to the Hp and sea surface temperature (SST) data to derive an empirical model for Hp, which allows for a non-local, SST-dependent, and spatially-temporarily varying representations of Hp variability and ocean biology-induced heating effects. As a test bed, the effects of ocean biology-induced climate feedback on interannual variability in the tropical Pacific are examined by incorporating the derived empirical Hp model into a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model (HCM) of the tropical Pacific. It is shown that the OBF has significant effects on ENSO amplitude and oscillation periods, which can be explained in terms of a negative feedback. Applications of the empirical Hp model to other climate models to represent OBF are discussed. CO-05 Fertilization potential of volcanic dust in the low nutrient low chlorophyll western north Pacific subtropical gyre - Satellite evidence and laboratory study I-I Lin ([email protected]), Chuanmin Hu, Yuan-Hui Li, Tung-Yuan Ho, Tobias Fischer, Chi-Wei Huang, Jingfeng Wu, D. Allen Chu, George T. F. Wong, Dong-San Ko, and Jen-Ping Chen Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei The fertilization of atmospheric aerosols, which promotes ocean biogeochemical activities in the low productivity waters of the earth, plays an important role in global iron, nitrogen, and carbon-biogeochemical cycling. Through the aerosol deposition process, macro and micro nutrients, such as N, P, and Fe, become available and stimulate ocean biogeochemical responses. For several decades, research on the aerosol nutrient supply has focused on desert dust. Meanwhile, it has been suggested that volcanic dust is a much-neglected aerosol source which may also provide nutrients to stimulate ocean biogeochemical responses. Research on volcanic fertilization is still in its infancy, and 46 very little real world evidence has been obtained. This is especially true for the Low Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (LNLC) waters, since most current results report on findings over the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) waters. In May 2003, the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands erupted for the first time in recorded history. As it strategically locates in one of the most oligotrophic LNLC ocean deserts on Earth, i.e., the western North Pacific subtropical gyre, this motivated us to use satellite remote sensing and laboratory experiment to search for evidence of volcanic fertilization over the LNLC waters. Our results based on the 2003 Anatahan event suggest that through provision of Fe and P, volcanic aerosols could indeed make significant contribution to stimulate biogeochemical activity in the LNLC water. CO-06 Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure derived from a 3D ecosystem model and satellite ocean colour algorithm Taka Hirata ([email protected]) Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan In order to investigate effects of climate on phytoplankton dynamics, we have developed a satellite algorithm and a 3D ecosystem model for the global oceans. The satellite algorithm is based on the diagnostic pigment analysis using high performance liquid chromatography data taken worldwide, and applied to ocean colour data (SeaWiFS) collected over 10 years. It derives diatoms in addition to other eight functional types. The model developed is the Marine Ecosystem Model integrating the Optimum Nutrient Uptake Kinetics (MEM-OU), which replaces Michaelis-Menten Kinetics, and separates diatoms from other types of phytoplankton. The model is coupled with the ocean global circulation model, COCO, with 1x1 degree spatial resolution, and is run to hindcast the period of 1998-2007 in phase with monthly satellite data by SeaWiFS. Towards our ultimate goal, the model and satellite estimates are firstly compared to each other to analyze at which spatial (or temporal) scales the ecosystem model gives robust result. For this purpose, an intensity-scale comparison between model and satellite is done by applying the two-dimensional discrete Haar wavelet analysis. The results are compared with key phytoplankton dynamics derived from the Principal Component Analysis, and we discuss a model skill in context of climate effects on phytoplankton dynamics. CO-07 Global declines in surface phytoplankton over the past century Marlon Lewis ([email protected]), Daniel Boyce and Boris Worm Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Canada In the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass at local, regional and global scales since 1899. We observe declines in eight out of ten ocean regions, and estimate a global rate of decline of 1% of the global median per year. Our analyses further reveal interannual to decadal phytoplankton fluctuations superimposed on long-term trends. These fluctuations are strongly correlated with basin-scale climate indices, whereas long-term declining trends are related to increasing sea surface temperatures. The use of multiple data sources in the evaluation of climate-scale trends is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the need for rigorous calibration and validation of climate data sets. 47 CO-08 Dynamics and biological consumptions of nutrients and inorganic carbon in the northern South China Sea under the influence of both river plumes and coastal upwelling 1 1 1 Minhan Dai ([email protected]) , Aiqing Han , Zhimian Cao , and Jianping Gan 2 1 State Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Division of Environment and Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK River plumes, typical of large freshwater discharges, may extend into the adjacent continental shelf hundreds of kilometers away from the estuarine mouth and become critical areas of land-ocean interaction. Both the high nutrient discharge within the river plume and the low turbidity of its lower reach are favorable for phytoplankton growth and result in enhanced biological activity. River plumes are, thus, frequently sites of phytoplankton blooms in coastal seas. On the other hand, coastal upwelling, resulting from prevailing upwelling-favorable winds and shelf topography and characteristic of many shelf systems brings CO2-rich and high nutrient deep waters to the surface that may potentially stimulate the biological productivity and lowers the surface water CO 2 content. Adding in more complexity is the interaction between the plume and upwelling, in that the wind-driven upwelling circulation can be further altered by the buoyancy from the river plume, whereas the plume itself is also shaped by the circulation over the shelf. Such plume-upwelling interaction governs nearshore circulation in a number of coastal seas, adding difficulties in elucidating biogeochemical processes therein. This presentation will examine the dynamics of both nutrients and the carbonate system in the northern South China Sea, a unique coastal system under the co-influence of river plumes and coastal upwelling in summer. Based primarily on the examination of field data, we examine on how significant the river plume and the coastal upwelling may shape the dynamics of nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity. Using a three-end member mixing model, we are also to examine in a semi-quantitative way the relative importance between physical mixing and biological metabolism in modulating the carbonate system and nutrients, thereby demonstrating a practical approach to distinguish different physical and biogeochemical processes in the river dominated margin systems with complex mixing schemes. This talk will also highlight the contrasts in terms of nutrient consumption rates between the plumes and upwelling regions. CO-09 Modeling Kuroshio-Seas exchange and its implication in biogeochemical transport in China Sea Jianping Gan ([email protected]) Marine and Coastal Environment Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) are linked together by Taiwan Strait to form China Sea (CS). Characterized by shelf sea in the ECS and semi-enclosed marginal sea in the SCS, and separated from the Pacific Ocean by respective shelf break and Luzon Strait, the circulation in the CS is mainly driven by the south-east Asia monsoonal winds but largely modulated by its exchanges with the western Pacific Ocean through the variation of western boundary current, Kuroshio. The intrusion of Kuroshio not only provides momentum that alters the intrinsic circulation in ECS shelf and SCS basin, but also imports the chemical constituents from western Pacific that changes biogeochemical properties in CS waters. Combined the results obtained from a newly developed three dimension, high resolution CS circulation model with our recent inter-disciplinary field measurements, we investigate time-dependent, three dimensional variability and dynamics of water exchanges between Kuroshio and CS along the continental margin in the ECS and across the Luzon Strait in the SCS, as well as their biogeochemical implications in CS. Subsequently, the relative importance of Kuroshio intrusion and intrinsic circulation arising from monsoon forced flow-topography interaction on 48 physical-biogeochemical properties in CS are discussed. CO-10 Effects of ocean acidification on calcifying algae, diatom and phytoplankton assemblages, with special references to interactive impacts with UV Kunshan Gao ([email protected]), G. Gao, Z. Ruan, YP Wu, K. Xu, GY Yang, G. Li, W. Li, P. Jin, YH Li, SW Chen, XJ Wu, Y. Zheng State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Calcifying algae: Previous studies showed that increased CO2 concentration and associated seawater acidification decrease calcification in some macroalgal (Gao et al. 1993) and planktonic (e.g., Riebessel et al. 2000) calcifiers. However, little is known on how calcifying algae respond to solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm). UVR may act synergistically, antagonistically or independently with ocean acidification to affect their calcification processes. Recently, we showed (Gao et al. 2009) that when the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi calcified less under lowered pH levels (pHNBS of 7.9 and 7.6; pCO2 of 804 and 1759 ppmv) (leading to thinned coccolith layers), the cells became more sensitive to UVR. Exposure to UVR resulted significant inhibition of both photosynthesis and calcification. The combined effects of UVR and seawater acidification resulted in inhibition of calcification rates by 96% and 99% and that of photosynthesis by 6% and 15%, at pH 7.9 and 7.6, respectively. This differential inhibition of calcification (C) and photosynthesis (P) leads to significant reduction of the C/P ratio. Seawater acidification enhances the transmission of harmful UVR by about 26% through a reduction of the coccolith layer by 32%. Our data indicate that the impact of a high CO2/low pH ocean on E. huxleyi enhances the detrimental effects of UVR on the major phytoplanktonic calcifier. We also showed (Gao and Zheng 2010) that, the articulated coralline alga Corallina sessilis Yendo grown at elevated CO2 (1000 ppmv) for more than a month under solar radiation calcified less and even lesser in the presence of UVR. PAR+UVR, in contrast to PAR alone treatment, inhibited the growth, photosynthetic O2 evolution and calcification rates by13%, 6% and 3% at the low (380 ppmv) and by 47%, 20% and 8% at the high CO2 concentrations, respectively, reflecting a synergistic effect of CO2 enrichment with UVR. UVR induced significant decline of pH in the CO 2-enriched cultures due to its harmful impact on the photosynthetic carbon removal. The contents of key photosynthetic pigments, Chl.a and phycobiliproteins decreased, while UV-absorbing compounds and carotenoids increased under the high pCO2/low pH condition. Nevertheless, UV-induced inhibition on photosynthesis increased when the ratio of PIC/POC decreased under the high CO2-acidified seawater, reflecting a UV-protective role played by the calcified layer. Both UVA and UVB negatively impacted the photosynthesis and calcification, however, the inhibition caused by UVB was about 250–260% higher than that by UVA. The results imply that coralline algae may suffer from more damages caused by UVB when they calcify less and less with progressing ocean acidification. Diatoms The ongoing OA due to increased CO2 is likely to have an impact on non-calcifying phytoplankton via its effects on inorganic carbon speciation and consequent down regulation of CO 2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), and on the overall energetics of the cell through its impact on electrochemical potentials. We showed (Wu et al. 2010) that, in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (CCMA 106), after acclimation (>20 generations) to ambient (LC, 390ppmv) and elevated CO2 (HC, 1000 ppmv) conditions (with corresponding pH values of 8.15 and 7.80, respectively), growth and photosynthetic carbon fixation rates of the HC-grown cells were enhanced by 5% and 12%, respectively, and dark respiration stimulated by 34% compared to the LC-grown cells. The half saturation constant (Km) for carbon 49 fixation (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) increased by 20% under the low pH and high CO2 condition, reflecting a decreased affinity for HCO3 or/and CO2 and down-regulated carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM). When grown under N-limited conditions, its growth rate decreased by 38% and 30% in HC and LC condition, respectively; at the same time, organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) increased by 53% and 21% in the HC and LC-grown cells, respectively, with the C/N ratio increased from 5.7 to 6.9. In Cylindrotheca closterium f. minutissima, the CCM was also down-regulated, but growth was not stimulated at the elevated CO2 (Gao et al. in preparation). In Thalassiosira pseudonana (CCMP1335) grown at 1000 ppmv CO2, the activity of both extracellular and intracellular carbonic anhydrace (CA) was decreased by about 50% with decreased growth rate by about 4% (significant) (Wu 2010, doctoral thesis); and its CCM was also down-regulated. In the HC-grown diatom cells, the electron transport rate from photosystem II (PSII) was photoinhibited to a greater extent at high levels of PAR, and it took longer time for them to acclimate to solar radiation in the presence or in the absence of UVR. Phytoplankton Assemblages (based on data from the grow outs during 3 cruises) CO2 perturbation experiments during the cruises (summer and winter, 2009-2010), using a CO2 enrichlor (Ruihua, Wuhan) and 30 L water-jacketed tanks, showed that, short-term (12 h) CO2 enrichment enhanced by 9-50% (different stations) the daily photosynthetic carbon fixation by the surface phytoplankton assemblages in the Southern and Eastern China Seas; however, long-term (>7 days) grow-out experiments led to decreased daily photosynthetic carbon fixation by up to 21%. Solar UV radiation reduced the daily photosynthetic carbon fixation by 11-18%. On the other hand, the production of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) decreased under the high CO2 level in both the short and long term grow-out experiments, the CO2-induced acidification reduced the daily PIC production by 43-74% (different stations). Phytoplankton dominant species shifted from cyanobacteria to diatoms. CO-11 Evaluation on empirical approaches to estimate seawater pCO2 from space Shaoling Shang ([email protected]), Gong Lin, Guomei Wei, Weidong Zhai, Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Empirical approaches for the large scale estimation of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the seawater are typically based on satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl) concentration. However, using phytoplankton absorption (Aph), instead of Chl, as a superior metric of phytoplankton pigmentation is becoming increasingly accepted, especially from the remote sensing point of view. Here by using an in situ dataset collected in the South China Sea, we test how empirical approaches perform in this water, with and without introducing of Chl and Aph. CO-12 Marine phytoplankton response to typhoon Danling Tang ([email protected]) South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Typhoon’s activities have been strengthening in both intensity and spatial coverage in the past several decades along with climate Change. The Pacific Ocean also experienced obvious increases in the number and proportion of super-hurricanes with increasing SST over the past 35 years. However, our knowledge about the impact of typhoons upon the marine ecosystem is very scarce. The present paper studies the impact of typhoon on marine phytoplankton and variability of sea surface temperature (SST) related with typhoon, base on satellite remote sensing and in situ observations; this paper also introduces research projects on loss evaluation and typhoon disaster management. 50 CO-13 Microbial Carbon Pump and its effects in carbon sequestration in the ocean Nianzhi Jiao ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen The known biological mechanism for carbon sequestration in the ocean is the biological pump which is based on particulate organic carbon sinking process. In contrast, the newly proposed “Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP)” is based on microbial generation of recalcitrant organic matter (RDOM) which can stay in the water column for thousands of years, constituting carbon sequestration in the ocean. Three pathways for RDOM generation are involved in the MCP: Direct production of RDOM from microbial cells; Derived production of RDOM from particulate organic matter; Residual RDOM after microbial modification of the bulk DOM. It has been estimated that about 25% of the ocean RDOM is of bacterial origin, which belongs to the direct pathway of the MCP. The rest two pathways are also thought to contribute significantly to the MCP production of RDOC. Interactions between the biological pump and the MCP as well as influences of environmental factors on the efficiency of the MCP will be illustrated. In addition, impacts of the MCP on climate changes will also be discussed. 51 III Poster Presentations PA01 Location of sea surface temperature cooling induced by typhoon in the South China Sea Xiaoxia Yang, Danling Tang ([email protected])* Research Center for Remote Sensing of Marine Ecology & Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Dynamics, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Typhoons can induce cooling wakes at the ocean surface, causing low sea surface temperature (SST) along their tracks. In this study, multi-satellite data are used to investigate the location of the cooling wake induced by 92 typhoons passing through the South China Sea (SCS) from 1998 to 2009. Analysis of the sequential merged microwave SST data revealed that, 64 typhoons (69.6%) induced SST cooling of more than 2℃, 43 typhoons (46.7%) generated SST cooling on the right-hand side of the track, 8 typhoons (8.7%) induced SST cooling on the left-hand side of their tracks, and 13 typhoons (14.1%) induced cooling wakes behind their tracks. Cooling wakes induced by typhoons mainly located within 100km along the side of typhoon tracks. It is showed that cold core eddies, particularly strong cold eddies, existed in the pre-typhoon oceanic environment, may play a significant role in setting the strength and location of SST cooling induced by typhoons. Key words: cooling wake of typhoon; sea surface temperature; cold eddy; South China Sea PA02 Modeling study of oceanic responses to tropical cyclone wind forcing in the tropical Pacific Yuhua Pei ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou The active role of tropical cyclone (TC) induced mixing may play in the climate system has been of an increased interest recently. However, this contribution has not been adequately represented in most ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling studies. In this preliminary work, we use an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to examine detailed physical processes that modulate the upper ocean thermocline structure. The TC wind field is first isolated by a locally weighted regression (call as LOESS) method using 6-hour satellite wind data from the Cross-Calibrated, Multi-Platform (CCMP) satellite scatterometer product. Then, the extracted TC wind forcing are incorporated into the OGCM to take into account the related effects; the total wind forcing to the ocean is explicitly separated into its climatoligical part and TC part: τ=τclim+τTC. Various numerical experiments with or without TC part are conducted to quantify the extent to which this forcing can modulate the upper ocean thermocline structure in the tropical Pacific. Comparisons with Argo data, it is found that TC wind forcing can have significant local effects on upper ocean thermal structure, acting to cool the sea surface and deepen the mixed layer. The mixing is the principal cause of the subsurface warming, and the other detailed physical processes are discussed. PA03 Interactions between atmosphere, ecosystem and marine environment in Nigeria Tairu Salami ([email protected]) Data Management and Dissemination Team, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Nigeria Over the past decades we have witnessed extra-ordinary natural and anthropogenic ally-driven changes in Ocean Biogeochemical composition. Most of atmospheric and oceanic climatic variability have been related to interaction between Ecosystem, Atmosphere and Marine environment. Between 2004-2006 we studied the Interconnection and Teleconnection between ecosystem atmosphere and marine environment. We noted that critical input of nutrients by Riverine and increase in Green 52 house gases caused significant changes in Biogeochemical properties of ocean around Lagos area of Nigeria. In turn, the feedback to local communities has resulted in changes in their economies and diets. More practical issues will be presented. PA04 Interrelation of certain astrometric parameters of movement of the orbit of the earth and the periods of sharp change of climatic, hydrographic and tectonic processes in the earth Andrey Kharitonov ([email protected]) Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of Russian Academy of Science (IZMIRAN), Russia The analysis of available representations about the role of galactic factors in global changes of the climat, environment and biosphere of the Earth is carried out in the paper. The Pechersky paleomagnetic inversions time scale to 550 million years, the experimental data about change of level of waters of the World Ocean for the last of 180 million years, the paleotectonic data for 4.6 billion years has been used as the initial data. The data was analyzed by a spectral method of the maximum entropy. As a result of the mathematical analysis four basic periodicity corresponding 185±35, 25±10, 3±1 million of years, shown in various geophysical processes are allocated. By results of the analysis of the allocated periodicity in the various geobiophysical data the possible model of geophysical changes which are connected with periodic influences of Space factors to the Earth (change of the value of the galactic magnetic field, change of concentration of the ionized hydrogen, galactic space rays) at movement of the Earth on the Galactic orbit, in the course of its evolutionary development has been formulated and discussed. PA05 Spatial patterns of trends in sea surface temperature analysis from in situ data at east mole, lagos and global warming Okuku Ediang ([email protected]) Marine Division, World Meteorological Organization, Nigeria Marine weather observers have since 1988 been making sea surface temperature observations at East mole station, about 2 kilometers from the Coast. The station uses the rubber sea temperature bucket thermometer and makes observations on hourly basis, sea surface temperature has influence on Lagos coastal weather and it is important especially for coastal fishermen, offshore oil and gas industries, shipping vessels, coastal recreational and port handling facilities. Some evidences of global warming in Nigeria have been observed using sea surface temperature (SST) for the period of 1989-2008 which statistically analyzed, results shows that the Nigerian coastal waters is warmest in April and Coldest in August. The period 1989-2008 mean yearly data of sea surface temperature (SS1) show some of the teleconnections with global warming. The attempt in this paper is however to highlight the features of sea surface temperature over the Lagos coastal waters. Indicating the global warming is evident in the environment of Nigeria Coastal line. PA06 Ocean-acidification related observations from remote sensing Qingyang Sun 1, 2 1,2 , Danling Tang ([email protected])* 1 Research Center of Remote Sensing of Marine Ecology & Environment, Laboratory of Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China 2 Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 53 Ocean acidification, a consequence of ocean absorbing a third of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere, is poised to affect biogeochemical cycles and seawater chemical system. Traditional research means such as field and in situ sampling are precise and reliable but inherently limited in spatial and temporal resolution. This paper discussed an indirect method of observing ocean acidification using a range of remotely sensed products including air-sea CO2 fluxes, total alkalinity, suspended calcite (also known as particulate inorganic carbon), particulate organic carbon, and calcification rates. An Experimental Ocean Acidification Product Suite system is introduced to be a first attempt. Precision of satellite products and feasibility of the method are discussed, and some periscopical issues which need future developments are presented at last. Remote sensing, considering its great advantages and successful applications on climate change, will be an important tool in future ocean acidification observation. Key words: Ocean acidification, satellite remote sensing, carbon dioxide, ocean carbon cycle PA07 A comparison of upwelling indices in the Benguela upwelling system 1,2 2,1 2 3 Zhaoyun Chen ([email protected]) , Xiao-Hai Yan , Young-Heon Jo , Lide Jiang , Yuwu 1 Jiang 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, USA 3 NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, NOAA Science Center, USA SST W Comparisons of upwelling indices between UI and UI , defined as sea surface temperature (SST) difference multiplies upwelling area, and offshore Ekman transport respectively, are conducted to study the spatial and temporal variations of the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). The comparisons SST W present the advantages and disadvantages of using UI and UI to scale the upwelling intensity using the chlorophyll-a concentration as a referential upwelling enhanced relative biomass proxy. The SST W causes for the discrepancies of UI , UI and Chl-a in the BUS area are also discussed. Furthermore, we estimate the contribution from the wind effects to the total upwelling intensity in Hondeklip and Cape Columbine based on the results. PA08 A parameterization of coastal upwelling involving shelf slope conditions 1,2 2,1 2 3 Zhaoyun Chen ([email protected]) , Xiao-Hai Yan , Young-Heon Jo , Lide Jiang , Yuwu 1 Jiang 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, USA 3 NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, NOAA Science Center, USA Coastal upwelling is closely related to the Ekman transport off many coasts, and different wind stresses and directions can lead to distinct upwelling intensities. The slope of the continental shelf also plays an important role in Ekman transport which should be reflected in the upwelling intensity. Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model is used to simulate idealized coastal upwelling to derive the probable relationship of upwelling intensity associated with wind stress and shelf slope. In order to verify the model results, the upwelling systems in Canary off northwestern Africa, California off western North America, Benguela off southwestern Africa and New Jersey coast off eastern North America are analyzed to derived the relationship between upwelling intensity and the slope of the continental shelf, using sea surface temperature (SST) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and wind stress from NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT). Upwelling 54 regions with scope of 2° along the latitude off each coast are conducted to analyze the variation of upwelling intensity. The upwelling areas with lower sea surface temperature are automatically separated from the ambient seawater using Fuzzy c-Means Clustering method, and make it possible to quantify the magnitude of upwelling intensity from sea surface temperature (SST) images. Our primary purpose for this study is to find the effect of shelf slope on the coastal upwelling intensity. PA09 Estimating subsurface temperature anomaly using a self-organizing neural network 1,2,3 Xiangbai Wu ([email protected]) 2,1 , Xiao-Hai Yan , Young-Heon Jo 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, USA 3 College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Non-linear self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network are widely used for feature cluster, parameter estimations in climate, ocean and environmental sciences, and it’s generally recognized as a ’black-box’ type of model and suited for empirical relationship in geosciences study especially for which physical mechanisms not well understood. Ocean subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) is important parameters that controlled by many dynamical processes. Preliminary results are presented here to report an attempt to estimate ocean STA using SOM neural network trained from the sea surface signal (Argo and GODAS SSTA, SSHA, SSSA). The results indicate that SOM neural network can be used for ocean subsurface temperature estimation using sea surface data, though it trends to somehow underestimate STA. STA features in high latitude area are more likely preserved than low latitude area, which means with strict error analysis this method may be useful in monitor high latitude subsurface processes such as deep water formation. Neural network trained from basin scale works better than that from global scale for local STA estimation. Based on SOM neural network, remote sensing sea surface data can be applied to estimate STA. Keywords: Subsurface temperature anomaly, self-organizing mapping, neural network PA10 The role of poleward energy transport in Arctic temperature evolution Xiao-Yi Yang, John C. Fyfe, and Gregory M. Flato The observed evolution of Arctic troposphere temperature is the combined effect of many processes including the poleward transport of atmospheric energy. In this study we quantify the relationship between poleward energy transport and decadal temperature variations in the Arctic free-troposphere. Time series of Arctic free-troposphere mean temperature show a decade of maximal cooling centered in the late eighties, followed by a decade of pronounced warming centered in the late nineties. We show that about 25% of the decadal cooling trend can be ascribed to decreasing poleward energy transport into the Arctic, and about 50% of the decadal warming trend was due to increasing poleward energy transport. These changes were reflected throughout the free-troposphere, were associated with changing intensity of the polar meridional circulation cell, and were dominant in the autumn and winter seasons. By contrast, the last decade has been fairly neutral in terms of temperature and energy transport change. 13 PA11 Mid-Holocene variability of the East Asian monsoon based on bulk organic δ C and C/N records from the Pearl River estuary, southern China 1,2* 3 1 4 Fengling Yu ([email protected]), Yongqiang Zong , Jeremy M. Lloyd , Melanie J. Leng , Adam D. 2 3,5 6 Switzer , Wyss W.-S. Yim , Guangqing Huang 55 1 Department of Geography, University of Durham, UK Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 3 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, HK 4 NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, UK 5 School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Science Park, HK 6 Guangzhou Institute of Geography, 100 Xian Lie Road, Guangzhou 2 Understanding the mid-Holocene dynamics of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) is integral to modelling the Holocene development of the global climate system. Thus the mid-Holocene EAM history was 13 reconstructed using bulk organic carbon isotopes (δ C), total carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) from a sediment core (UV1), at a mean resolution of 10 years, from the 13 Pearl River estuary, southern China. Sedimentary δ C, C/N and TOC are potentially good indicators of changes in monsoonal precipitation strength, eg sediments buried during a period of high 13 precipitation exhibit a high proportion of terrigenous sediments, and have low δ C and high C/N, and vice versa during a period of low precipitation. Results suggest a general decreasing trend in monsoonal precipitation from 6650-2215 cal yr BP due to the weakening insolation over northern hemisphere most likely related to the current precession circle. Superimposed on this trend are apparent dry-wet oscillations at centennial to millennial timescales most likely in response to solar 13 activity. Mismatches between δ C and results from the Dongge Cave in southern China at 13 millennial-timescale oscillations may indicate that the δ C from the Pearl River estuary reveals 18 changes in precipitation over a broader area than the δ O from Dongge Cave. 13 Key words: East Asian monsoon history, Holocene, solar forcing, bulk organic δ C, C/N, Pearl River estuary, China PB01 Reconstruction of chlorophyll-a concentration in East-China-Sea using data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions Hailun He ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou We use the Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF) technique to reconstructs the chlorophyll-a concentration from the three-level product of the MODIS-Aqua satellite. The monthly mean chlorophyll-a concentration in the East-China-Sea from 2003 to 2009 is obtained. The results show climatology chlorophyll-a concentration of the reconstructed data has mainly dependence on the water depth. Seasonal mean of the chlorophyll-a concentration reveal that in the winter, the relative high chlorophyll-a in the total marginal sea of East-China-Sea is observed, this is because the wind stirring and ocean convection bring the nutrient in the deeper ocean to the upper ocean, and promote the biological growth; later in the spring, the high chlorophyll-a concentration is observed because the biological growth is more activated due to the SST increase; next in the summer, the near surface nutrient supply is no longer abundant, the chlorophyll-a in the marginal sea of East-China-Sea decrease, but the area near the Changjiang (Yangtze River) show extreme large value because the runoff carries a lot of nutrient; at last, the autumn acts as a intermediate season between the summer and winter. Finally, we analysis the Empirical Orthogonal Functions of the chlorophyll-a anomaly. PB02 Estimate of CO2 flux in the East China Sea using temperature, salinity and phosphate concentration Yi Li ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, 56 State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou Based on the equation derived by Tsunogai et al.(1999), we estimate the air-sea CO2 flux in the East China Sea using temperature, salinity, phosphate concentration and wind speed. The results match well with direct measurements: the estuary zone absorbs CO2 from atmosphere in spring, summer and winter while the Kuroshio water is a source all year round. In addition, the correlation between the flux and related parameters show that wind speed dominates the flux pattern in winter. PB03 Observing the variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration from long time series oceanic sunglint radiant ratio Jiawei Chen ([email protected]) College of Oceanography and Environmental science, Xiamen University, Xiamen CO2 is a low-concentration, but important component of the Earth’s atmosphere. This gas ignores solar shortwave radiation, but absorbs electromagnetic radiation in infrared spectrum from the earth’s surface, and adds heat to the atmosphere. Consequently, CO 2 plays an important role in climate and climate change. Since the Industrial Revolution, CO2 concentration increases from 280ppmv to 380ppmv due to human activities. This CO 2 increase has a significant effect on global climate, ecology and economy. In recent years, scientists have paid more attention to this important topic. 0.63-μm is located in visible region with high radiant transmissivity. 3.74-μm is a CO2 absorption band, whose transmissivity is less affected by water vapor in the atmosphere than other CO 2 absorption regions in thermal infrared spectrum. This study selects the two bands to structure a two-dimensional scatter plot. In this plot, the upper bound of sunglint scatter signal is considered as the purist atmosphere. Compared to the simulative distribution line of sunglint blackbody radiation, the upper bound slope is less than the theoretical due to the absorption effect of atmospheric CO 2, and this radiant ratio is hypothesized as the indicator of the CO 2 concentration. This research selects South China Sea to be the study area, and measures monthly average K (the reciprocal of the radiant ratio) of the selective sunglint images. Meanwhile, 1.607-μm is selected to plot instead of 3.74-μm as a result of its maximum sensitivity to CO2 near surface. Whether from interannual or season perspective, both the 1.607-μm/0.63-μm and 3.74-μm/0.63-μm K curve are correlate well with the in-situ CO2 data from Yonagunijima Station (http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg/). Besides, from March to May in each year, the effects of the monsoon conversion and the subtropical high’s moving lead to the water vapor variations, therefore, both the 1.607-μm/0.63-μm and 3.74-μm/0.63-μm K curve appear an unusual valley during this period. In general, Qualitative observing the variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration from the method of the sunglint radiant ratio is feasible. This study is of great significance for the remote sensing observations of atmospheric CO2, however, removing the effect of water vapor is necessary when quantitative analysis. PB04 Potential of MODIS 500m bands for estimating chlorophyll a concentration in northern South China Sea: a new algorithm Gang Pan ([email protected]) South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color products have been used by scientists worldwide to study and understand global and regional ocean variability and changes. Standard MODIS ocean color algorithm (OC3M) utilize 1 km resolution bands 9 (443nm), 10 (488nm), and 12 (547nm) to produce chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) products. The spatial resolution reduced their effectiveness for monitoring the marine environment. Furthermore, the DN (digital number) of some daily Chl-a images were -1, but the nature color images have good quick-look, which 57 maybe due to these emission bands with bad radiance value. Fortunately, in MODIS reflectance bands, two of the 500m bands (bands 3, 4) and one 250m band (band 1) have center wavelengths in the visible spectrum, making it possible to use them for ocean color analyses, while the increased spatial resolution of these bands suggests their application to marine environment studies. Based on blue-green band ratio and normalized index, a new Chl-a algorithm was developed using 500m bands of MODIS data. The approach has been tested for and applied to the north part of South China Sea. Many in situ data, which collected from 3 open cruises (August-September in 2007-2009, respectively), were also used to validate the algorithm. Very significant spatial variability of Chl-a in South China Sea is observed. PB05 Estimation on air-sea carbon flux in the polar ocean based on remote sensing data Suqing Xu ([email protected]), Liqi Chen, Qiang Sun, Haiying Chen, Hong Ling, Changgui Lu, Heng Sun Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen Based on the underway measurements obtained from CHINARE in arctic for many cruises, the empirical relationships between pCO2 in surfer sea water and relative controlling factors were deduced and then was applied to produce the pCO2 field data by relative remote sensing data. The atmospheric CO2 data was produced by infrared microwave arithmetic and revised by the vertical CO 2 profile obtained by captive balloon in polar region. The yearly air-sea carbon flux distribution was then estimated combining other remote sensing data including sea surfer temperature, chlorophyll, wind speed, sea ice and the uptake of atmospheric CO2 was calculated as well. Key words: arctic, remote sensing, captive balloon, air-sea carbon flux. PB06 Spacebased carbon dioxide fugacity in sea W. Timothy Liu ([email protected]) and Xiaosu Xie Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA, USA The alarmingly rapid increase of global atmospheric carbon dioxide content has been well documented but the distributions of surface sources and sinks have not been sufficiently known. Ocean-atmosphere exchange in carbon dioxide depends on the difference in fugacity (partial pressure) of carbon dioxide between sea and air, and a transfer velocity. Transfer velocity is largely parameterized in terms of surface wind stress. Fugacity in air is believed to change much less than in sea. Fugacity in sea fCO2sea is measured largely on ships; they are not sufficient to characterize spatial and temporal variability. The fCO2sea has been related to sea surface temperature and ocean color (productivity) in the past using cruise data, but these two parameters are not sufficient to account for the variability. The fCO2sea is also known to be dependent on surface salinity, but salinity measurement is also very sparse. Ocean dynamics is also a significant factor. We are adding dynamic topography (sea level change measured by radar altimeter) and surface salinity (from SMOS and Aquarius), to retrieve fCO2sea. The correlation coefficients between climatological annual cycle of fCO2sea and the four oceanic parameters change from positive to negative over various regions and seasons. A single universal linear or polynomial regression, as derived in previous studies, would not work over global ocean across all seasons. Using more than one regression would create adverse boundary discontinuity problem. Using one of the most advanced statistical techniques, the support vector regression, with location and time (season) as input parameters, we have developed an universal model for continuous and global coverage. We are producing weekly maps of fCO2 sea over global ocean and are evaluating the accuracy, and are now exploring proper remedies of the deficiency. 58 PC02 Carbonate chemistry in the western South China Sea under the influence of mesoscale cyclonic eddy and Mekong River plume Xianghui Guo ([email protected]) Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei Distributions of carbonate system parameters were surveyed in the western South China Sea (SCS) influenced by a cyclonic eddy and the Mekong River plume in September of 2007. The eddy was -1 centered at 111˚E, 12.5˚N with diameter > 160 km. DIC and TAlk were 100-150 and 60-80 mmol kg higher and pH was 0.1-0.2 lower in the eddy than the ambient waters outside the eddy at 25-100 m. In vertical direction, the eddy was evident from surface till 300 m and the isopleths were uplift by ~ 80 m. Outside the eddy, the Mekong River plume characterized by low salinity (S<33.3), low DIC (<1900 -1 -1 mmol kg ) and low TAlk (<2200 mmol kg ) covered the upper 50-70 m, while it was not observed or compressed to the upper 5-10 m in the eddy. There were two mixing processes in the upper 100 m of the western SCS, one of which was the mixing between the Mekong River water and the SCS surface water. The other was mixing between the SCS surface water and the SCS salinity-maximum water. The extrapolated riverine DIC and TAlk from the conservative mixing lines in the plume were 856 and 873 -1 mmol kg respectively, which were comparable to the measurements. Compared with the northern SCS, the western SCS had less influence by the west Philippine Sea water. With a simple box model and TAlk budget, the estimated ratio of Mekong River water in the upper 100 m was 0.4% in the eddy and 0.8% outside the eddy. The water was dominated by the SCS salinity-maximum water in the eddy and the SCS surface water outside the eddy. As a result of the eddy pumping, average DIC and TAlk -1 increased by 131 and 53 mmol kg and pH lowered by 0.19 relative to the reference stations outside the eddy. In the upper 25 m, the ratio of the Mekong River water increased to 0.9% in the eddy and -2 1.6% outside the eddy. Net community production in the eddy was estimated to be 0.29-0.52 g C m -1 d , which was higher than the new production of the northern and central South China Sea without eddy. PC03 Temporal variation of halocarbons in relation to phytoplankton dynamics during artificial iron fertilization experiment (LOHAFEX) in South Atlantic Rajdeep Roy ([email protected]) Chemical Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, India In recent times artificial iron fertilization experiment called (LOHAFEX) has received huge media attention mainly due to limited knowledge and understanding of oceanic systems among different sections of societies. Apart from the efficacy of these experiments, one thing most talked about is the emission of different trace gases which could offset the possible benefits of large scale carbon sequestration. Here we present latest observations on halogenated trace gas from LOHAFEX which shows no strong trends between fertilized and no fertilized path thus confirming no significant change in halocarbon fluxes due to enrichment. Significant relationship was also observed between different halocarbons and phytoplankton pigments suggesting their possible production by phytoplankton. PC05 Influence of strong wind event on chlorophyll and surface ocean pCO2 in the northern South China Sea during winter Caiyun Zhang ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen This paper examined the influence of strong wind event on chlorophyll-a (Chl) and surface ocean pCO2 59 based on satellite measurement and in situ observation in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during northeast monsoon in 2006-2007. The satellite data included sea surface temperature (SST) derived from TRMM TMI, Chl data from MODIS/Aqua and ocean wind vector from QuikSCAT. It was shown that the strong wind event occurred frequently and intermittently in the NSCS during winter. The short-term variability of chl has high positive and negative relationship with wind stress and SST, respectively. After a strong northeastern wind event occurred in the mid December 2006, the mixed layer deepened by 30m, SST decreased by 2.5°C and salinity increased by 0.3. Furthermore, the Chl 3 concentration and sea ocean pCO2 increased by 0.25mg/m and 50uatm. This suggests that strong wind event could enhance the upper ocean mixing and weaken vertical stratification, then bring the rich-nutrient and rich-CO2 deep water into the surface, and thus result in the increase of Chl concentration and sea ocean pCO2 in the NSCS. Further studies were also suggested to investigate the impact of frequently strong wind event on the sea-air CO2 flux in the SCS during winter monsoon. PC06 Spatial and temporal complexity of potential nutrient limitation in Hong Kong Waters Jie Xu ([email protected]), Paul J Harrison Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK There is a need to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient limitation to decide which nutrients should be removed during sewage treatment in Hong Kong. Nutrient enrichment bioassays were conducted in three representative stations in winter of 2005 and summer of 2006, as well as nutrient depletion experiments. The results from both methods agreed with each other, indicating that there were temporal and variations in nutrient limitation. In summer, phytoplankton biomass was potentially P-limited in Hong Kong waters due to the influence of N-rich Pearl River discharge and rainfall, while N was the potential limiting nutrient in eastern and southern waters due to the invasion of the N-poor oceanic water and Si in Victoria Harbour due to the input of sewage effluent with high NH4 and PO4. Hence, different seasonal sewage treatment strategies should be considered for nutrient removal. PD01* Phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with particulate organic carbon fluxes in the South China Sea and East China Sea Bangqin Huang ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Phytoplankton pigments, community composition and biomass were determined using HPLC in the South China Sea (SCS) and East China Sea (ECS) during the two cruises in Jul.-Sep. 2009 and Dec.2009-Jan.2010, respectively. Temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton and their relationships with particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes were examined between the two seasons and the two China marginal Seas. In the ECS, the phytoplankton biomass was higher in summer than in winter in coastal region, while there was not significant variation in shelf and Kuroshio area. Higher diatoms occurred in coast while higher pico-phytoplankton (Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes) in shelf in summer, meanwhile the Haptophytes_4 and Prasinophytes were higher in winter. In the SCS, the phytoplankton biomass was higher in winter than in summer in shelf and basin. Lower Diatoms, Haptophytes_4 and Prasinophytes, while higher pico-phytoplankton was observed in summer than in winter. The primary production (PP) was higher in summer than in winter in the ECS, while it was converse in the SCS, that PP was lower in summer than in winter. There were also significant relationships between Diatoms TChl a and PP in both of the cruises. 60 Significant relationship was found between phytoplankton pigment ratio (Fp ratio, Claustre, 1994) and POC fluxes in summer in transect PN of ECS, while there was less relationship in SCS. Results also showed that Fp ratio was not significant correlated with ThE ratio. PD02* Mechanism of N2O production in the South China Sea and Western North Pacific inferred from its N and O isotopic composition Hua Lin ([email protected]), Minhan Dai, Shuh-Ji Kao State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important green house gas, playing a significant role in the global climate system. The world ocean is believed to be a net natural source of atmospheric N 2O, while the dominant production pathway for N2O still remains unclear. In this presentation, we examined N2O concentrations and the dual stable isotopic composition of N 2O in the South China Sea (SCS) and Western North Pacific (WNP) to study the mechanisms of N2O production and its impact on the atmosphere. The lowest concentrations of N2O in SCS were found in the surface water, while the highest value was observed at approximate 800 m, where the dissolve oxygen (DO) minimum zone was located. N2O were supersaturated in the surface water, which indicated that the SCS were important source for 15 18 atmosphere N2O. Profiles of the N and O of N2O in SCS showed similar trends with depth in different stations: the lowest values were found in the surface water, and then the values increased 15 with the depth, the highest values, were observed in the deep water. The observation of N and 18 O values in near surface waters of SCS were less than atmospheric N2O, which might be attributed to the remineralization and bacterial nitrification progresses, while during these processes, the fixed 15 18 lighter N could be transformed as a form of N2O and return to atmosphere. N and O values of N2O in the deep water of SCS were similar to deep water in WNP, revealing that the N2O in the deep water of SCS come from deep water in WNP. Comparing to the areas in the DO minimum of Arabian 15 18 Sea and Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP), where the enriched values of N and O of N2O were due to strong effect of denitrification, the relatively ‘heavy’ N2O had not been observed in the SCS and WNP, implying that the process of denitrification was not prominent in our study area. PD03* Proportions and variations of the absorption coefficients of major ocean color components in the East China Sea 1, 2 Hui Lei ([email protected]) , Delu Pan* Zhang 1, 2 2 2, 3 4 2 , Yan Bai , Bangyi Tao , Jun Sun , Lin Zhang , Xuan 2 1 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 2 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 3 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 4 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao The East China Sea (ECS), one of the largest continental seas, features dynamic hydrology and complex optical characteristics that make ocean color remote-sensing retrieval difficult. The distributions and proportions of the light absorption coefficients of major ocean color components based on two large-scale investigations in the ECS are presented, showing the features in typical summer and winter seasons. The absorption coefficient distributions of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM), non-algal particle (aNAP), and pigment of phytoplankton (aphy) show a decreasing trend from the coast to the outer shelf. An extremely high aNAP value patch at 440 nm [aNAP(440)] is present in the coast caused by 61 the vertical mixing. According to the aCDOM distribution at 440 nm [aCDOM(440)], the Changjiang River Plume shows an abnormal southeastward direction in the August of 2009. The chlorophyll-specific phytoplankton pigment absorption (a*phy) is much higher in winter than in summer, which cause serious overestimated results when applying the global averaged a*phy into remote-sensing algorithms for chlorophyll concentration retrieval. The cell size of phytoplankton groups in the ECS affects a*phy evidently especially in the outer shelf. The proportion of aCDOM(440) is dominant, and comprises over half of the total seawater absorption on the shelf in summer, while aNAP(440) covers about 64% of the ECS coastal area in winter. A seasonal and regional division of the characteristics of the seawater absorption coefficient in ECS is extracted and reported for the first time, which can be used to establish the regional remote-sensing algorithms. PD04* Upper ocean responses to category 5 Typhoon Megi in the North Western Pacific 1,2 Xiaoyan Chen ([email protected]) , Delu Pan *1,2 1,2 2 , Xianqiang He , Yan Bai , and Fang Gong 2 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 2 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou Category 5 typhoon Megi was the most intense typhoon in 2010 of the world. It lingered in South China Sea (SCS) for 5 days and caused a significant phytoplankton bloom detected by the satellite image. In this study, we investigated the ocean biological and physical responses to typhoon Megi by using chlorophyll-a(chl-a), sea surface temperature(SST), sea level anomaly(SLA), sea surface wind 3 measurements derived from different satellites and in-situ data. The chl-a concentration(>3 mg/m ) increased thirty times in SCS after typhoon passage in comparison with the mean level of October 2008, as there was almost no typhoon passing through SCS during that time. With the relationship of wind stress curl and upwelling, we found that the speed of upwelling was over ten times during typhoon than pre-typhoon period. Moreover, the mixed layer deepened about 20m. These reveal that the enhancement of chl-a concentration was triggered by strong vertical mixing and upwelling. Along the track of typhoon, the maximum sea surface cooling (6-8℃) took place in the SCS where the moving speed of typhoon was only 1.4-2.8m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 20m pre-typhoon. However, the SST drop at the east of Philippines is only 1-2℃ where the moving speed of typhoon was 5.5-6.9m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 40m pre-typhoon. So the extent of SST drop was probably due to the moving speed of typhoon and the depth of mixed layer. In addition, the region with the largest decline of sea level anomaly can indicate the location where the maximum cooling occurs. PD05* The preliminary analysis of Asian dust events impact on the concentration of Chl-a in the Yellow Sea Qianguang Tu ([email protected]), Delu Pan, Zengzhou Hao, Fang Gong State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceangraphy, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou Asian dust contenting nutrients and microelements can transport to the East China Sea (ECS), even far to the North Pacific region, particularly during the spring season when the dust storm events are frequent and maximal from the inland Asia. The large quantities of dust deposition could affect the marine ecosystem significantly, especially on the phytoplankton populations. In this study, the coupling between satellite-derived aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and chlorophyll concentration (Chla) from MODIS in the northern Yellow Sea were present for three dust storm events in 2008. The coupling is significant at monthly and weekly timescales. Although the monthly coherence may be due 62 to the other covarying factors, the coupling at weekly and daily timescales supports the hypothesis that the episodic atmospheric delivery of nutrients and microelement stimulates the growth of phytoplankton. However, the AOT of dust regions usually overflow or failure for the MODIS AOT retrieval algorithm base on the cloud free sky, and the dust is usually taken as cloud. In the next step, we will develop a dust detection algorithm to retrieve the AOT and particle sizes of dust over ocean, and then estimate the dust deposition flux and to quantify the ocean biogeochemical response to Asian dust events. PD06* Explore microbial intermediated C, N dynamics in low oxygen environments: application of 15 labeled N and FISH-MAR techniques 1 1 2 2 Ting-Chang Hsu , Song-Yun Hsiao , Jin-Yu Terence Yang , Minhan Dai , Shuh-Ji Kao 1,2 ([email protected]) 1 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Rationale: There is an increasing awareness regarding the effects of massive anthropogenic nitrogen inputs on the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. However, it is unclear that the acceleration of the nitrogen input via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition will lead to an enhancing or diminishing feedback to global warming. Oxygen minimum zone waters constitute ~ 0.1% of the ocean volume, yet, account for 20% to 40% of the total global oceanic N. To accommodate the food supply for huge population, China emits remarkable amounts of bio-available nitrogen to the ocean via atmospheric deposition and riverine discharge. A large area of aquatic environment along the China coast and major estuaries suffer from seasonal eutrophication and anoxia. Understanding of the nitrogen-carbon interactions, especially a comprehensive knowledge of the microbial intermediated carbon and nitrogen (C, N) transformation processes, and feedbacks to warming climate is urgently needed to mitigate eutrophication and anoxia. 14 An approach combining isotope paring technique (IPT) with C-carbon tracer allows us to explore 15 microbial intermediated C, N dynamics in low oxygen aquatic environment. The N-labeled nitrogen method based on IPT will be used to trace the major nitrogen cycle processes. In addition, FISH-MAR will be applied to identify different bacteria groups and their carbon sources simultaneously by using 14 14 either C labeled bicarbonate or C labeled organic substance as tracers. The relative importance of every individual process that drives nitrogen removal and transformation, and which process is substrate-controlled that regulates the total export of nitrogen and carbon will be quantified. PD07* Effects of CO2 enrichment on phytoplankton community in China Sea waters Yuanyuan Feng, Wei Tian, Jun Sun ([email protected])* Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao A series of shipboard natural phytoplankton community incubation experiments were conducted in South China Sea and East China Sea during CHOICE-C cruises in summer 2009, fall 2010, and winter 2010. Different concentrations of CO2 (190ppm CO2 for some stations, 380ppm CO2 and 750ppm CO2) and air mixture were bubbled into the incubation systems to examine the effects of CO 2 on phytoplankton community of China Sea waters. Elevated pCO2 significantly increased particulate organic carbon (POC) production and phytoplankton biomass at most stations, especially for coastal stations. The most interesting results from the experiments were the changes of phytoplankton community structure by changing CO2 concentrations. In diatom dominated coastal waters, increased CO2 concentration greatly favored the growth of bigger sized and chain-forming diatoms. In oligotrophic waters of South China Sea, iron enrichment significantly promoted the growth of diatoms. 63 However, CO2 enrichment favored the growth of dinoflagelletes more than that of diatoms. For some stations, the community even shifted to dinoflagellets dominated after pCO2 increase. Our results indicated that the future trend of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment will have potential important influence on China Sea phytoplankton assemblage and further impact the biogeochemistry in this area. PD08* Dynamics of the carbonate system on the northern South China Sea shelf under the influence of both a river plume and coastal upwelling Zhimian Cao ([email protected]), Minhan Dai* State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Coastal seas are distinguished by two processes-river plumes and coastal upwelling. The plume-upwelling interaction governs nearshore circulation and modulates the associated biogeochemical processes. In this study, we examined the dynamics of the carbonate system on the northern South China Sea (NSCS) shelf influenced by both a river plume and summer coastal upwelling. The plume waters extended from the mouth of the Pearl River estuary to the middle shelf and were characterized by low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TAlk), and a high aragonite saturation state (arag). In contrast, the upwelled water occupying the nearshore area was distinguished by high DIC and TAlk and a low arag. While the dynamics of the carbonate system were largely shaped by physical mixing through plume and upwelling processes, DIC consumption via the organic carbon production was observable in both the river plume and the coastal upwelling areas and contributed to the elevated arag during their pathway. By applying a three end-member mixing model to DIC data, we estimated the net community productivity in the plume water and the -2 -1 -2 -1 upwelled water to be 36±19 mmol C m d and 23±26 mmol C m d , respectively. We also attempted to link such biologically mediated DIC variations to the carbonate saturation on the NSCS shelf, contending that at present natural factors associated with the river plume and the coastal upwelling largely modulate the dynamics of the carbonate system on the NSCS shelf, whereas anthropogenic stressors such as ocean acidification currently play a relatively minor role. PD09* Response of phytoplankton community structure to mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea (SCS) Lei Wang ([email protected]), Bangqin Huang, Jun Hu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Two anti-cyclonic and a cyclonic eddy in their flourishing stage were target acquired using remote sensing and in situ hydrographic observation in the South China Sea (SCS) in Feb.-Mar. 2004 and in August 2007, respectively. Both of the anti-cyclonic eddies displayed similar phytoplankton TChl a biomass compared with the reference area. But the phytoplankton community structures were significantly different between the two eddies as results of their different origins. The eddy formed by the Kuroshio intrusion was dominated by prochlorophytes, however the Haptophytes was predominance in another eddy. For the cyclonic eddy in the western SCS, although the TChl a concentration at the deep chlorophyll a maximum layer (DCML) of the eddy was 1.5- fold higher than at the control stations, there were no remarkable enhancements in the eddy euphotic zone integration. As the DCML rose to 25m at the eddy core, three distribution patterns of different phytoplankton communities were sorted by their vertical feudal distinction. Diatoms, Haptophytes_3, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes had significant contrast between eddy core and controls. Interestingly, the TChl a biomass was lower below the DCML at the eddy core than outside in the same depth. It might be influenced by the upwelling cold water, both in temperature restriction and low biomass deep water diluting. 64 PD10* Phosphorus stress of phytoplankton in Chinese coastal waters —determined by bulk alkaline phosphatase activity assays Yu Mo ([email protected]), Bangqin Huang State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Six field investigations indicated that phytoplankton suffered from P stress at different levels in Chinese coastal waters. The Yangtze River estuary, Pearl River estuary and their adjacent sea areas were more serious P stress than other regions; P stress of South China Sea (SCS) was significantly higher than East China Sea (ECS). Mesoscale physical processes influenced P stress of phytoplankton, the P stress in plume was much higher than other regions, while P stress could be recovered during upwelling events. In SCS, alkaline phosphatase activity represented the order of plume area, basin area, shelf and slope area and else coastal area, it’s significantly higher in summer than in winter; in ECS, it represented the order of plume area, slope area, shelf area and else coastal area. P stress of ECS was started in spring, lasted in summer, relieved in autumn and unpresented in winter. PD11* Unimodal relationship between phytoplankton mass-specific growth rate and size Bingzhang Chen ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen We used three data sets, which are from lab experiments, field 14C uptake, and dilution experiments, respectively, to investigate the relationship between phytoplankton mass-specific growth rate and cell size. After temperature correction, all data sets suggest that this relationship might be described by a unimodal quadratic curve with the modal size (the size corresponding to the maximal growth rate) ranging from 2 to 5 micron. Nutrient enrichment does not change the qualitative nature of the relationships, and we conclude that inherently low maximal growth rates of picophytoplankton, not ambient nutrient effects, play the major role in determining the positive relationships over the size range where phytoplankton size is below the modal size. Temperature-corrected phytoplankton grazing mortality rate is positively correlated with phytoplankton average size, but the proportion of daily primary production consumed by microzooplankton is negatively correlated with cell size, suggesting a reduced grazing effect as size increases. The unimodal relationship between phytoplankton growth rate and cell size is consistent with theoretical considerations and might reflect an adaptive response of phytoplankton to varying extents of nutrient limitation and grazing effect in marine systems. PD12* Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure in the South China Sea in response to the East Asian aerosol input 1 1, 3 4 1 5 6 Cui Guo ([email protected]) , Jianzhen Yu , Tung-Yuan Ho , Bingzhang Chen , Lei Wang , Shuqun Song , 2 1, 2, * Liangliang Kong , Hongbin Liu 1 2 3 Division of Environment, Division of Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK 4 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 5 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 6 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 65 Recent studies have regarded atmospheric deposition as an increasingly important source of nutrients to the ocean. However, little is known about how phytoplankton communities respond to atmospheric deposition in the South China Sea where aerosol loading is among the highest levels in the world. By conducting a series of microcosm bioassays, we demonstrated the detailed response of the marine phytoplankton community structure to East Asian aerosol deposition in the South China Sea. Generally, input of East Asian aerosols with high nitrogen (N) and trace metal contents could lead to both positive and negative effects on the phytoplankton community, both structurally and physiologically. High levels of these aerosols profoundly increased total phytoplankton biomass, relieved phytoplankton nutrient limitation, enhanced the physiological conditions (e.g., photosynthetic efficiency) and shifted phytoplankton assemblages from being dominated by picoplankton to microphytoplanton, especially diatoms. However, under low levels of aerosol loading, the composition shift and biomass accumulation were not apparent, suggesting that the stimulation effects might be counterbalanced by enhanced grazing mortality. Trace metal toxicity of the aerosols is also an important negative factor to phytoplankton growth, especially picocyanobacteria. Moreover, the magnitude and duration of the deposition event, as well as the hydrographic and tropic conditions of receiving waters are also important factors when predicting the influence of an aerosol deposition event. PD13* Phylogenetic composition and distribution of protists in the hypoxic zone on the inner Louisiana Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico Emma Rocke ([email protected]), Hongmei Jing, Hongbin Liu Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK The community structure and phylogeny of protists, which are affected by severe hypoxia on the inner Louisiana shelf was explored through a clone library and sequencing approach. The hypoxic zone in this area can persist for several months in the summer, until there is strong mixing of the ocean waters. Until the present, the effects of hypoxia on the microbial community are virtually unknown. Three representative stations, including both the surface layer and sub-pycnocline layer, located on the inner Louisiana shelf near the Atchafalaya and Mississippi River Plumes were chosen for our study. A phylogenetic analysis of a total 145 sequences, generated from six 18S rDNA clone libraries demonstrated a clear dominance of dinoflagellates in the sub-pynocline layer in the first two stations (AB5 and 10B), and in both layers at the more western station closest to the Atchafalaya River plume (station 8C). A cluster of unique sequences, which could not be attributed to any known cluster with enough certainty in Genbank emerged, signifying unique local species assemblages in the Gulf of Mexico. Distinct populations were observed at each location and depth, suggesting that a more complex interaction between hypoxia and other forces is affecting the protist communities in this area. A cluster analysis among the sampled communities showed two significant clusters grouping station 10B and the two outer stations (AB5 and 8C). Given that station 10B is located furthest from each river plume, this suggests that the outermost stations could be affected by the Atchafalaya and Mississippi River plumes, analysis of which is still underway. This study concluded that the effects of hypoxia on protists are complex and unique to each environment, and more studies need to be done in order to properly illustrate the effects of hypoxia on the protist community in marine coastal areas. PD14* Effect of diatom silicon contents on zooplankton grazing and its implication to POC flux Hongbin Liu ([email protected]), Feng Zhu, Mianrun Chen Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK Diatoms are one of the most important primary producers in ocean, especially coastal waters. A 66 common perception is that they contribute significantly to vertical POC flux through sinking of dead cells, aggregates and zooplankton fecal pellets. Studies show that zooplankton on diatom diet usually produce fecal pellets that sink faster than those on other diets. The silicon contents of diatoms vary among different species and among each species growing at different environmental conditions and physiological status. However, no research has been done to investigate the effect of diatom silicon contents on zooplankton grazing and fecal pellet production. We conducted a series of experiments using the same diatom species with different silicon contents to feed copepods. Preliminary results show that copepods strongly preferred cells with low silicon content over high silicon-containing cells. At the same time, fecal pellet production rate was significantly higher for copepods fed by highly silicified cells. Consequently, copepod growth rate, egg production rate and hatching success were compromised under high silicon diatom diet. Our findings may revise the role of diatom in planktonic food web and POC flux. PD15* Dynamics of picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea 1 Cui Guo ([email protected]) , Hongbin Liu 1 1, 2, * 3 4 , Shuqun Song , Liping Zheng , Bingzhang Chen 2 2 Division of Environment, Division of life science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK 3 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 4 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Dynamics of picoplanktonic population distribution in the East China Sea, a marginal sea in the western North Pacific Ocean, were studied during two “CHOICE-C” cruises in August 2009 (summer) and January 2010 (winter) using flow cytometry. Fifty-three dilution experiments were also conducted during the two cruises to investigate the coupling of growth and microzooplankton grazing among picophytoplantkon populations. A great seasonal and spatial fluctuation of picoplankton abundance was observed in the East China Sea due to its diverse hydrographic conditions. Seasonally, picoplankton were less abundant in winter than in summer, which is a consequence of low temperature. Spatially, each population occupies a specific ecological niche: Prochlorococcus is largely confined to the warm oligotrophic off-shore stations and absent in the coastal zone; while Synechococcus was more abundant in the mesotrophic shelf stations; and picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria were widely spread in the whole region. This distribution pattern was significantly correlated with temperature and total Chlorophyll a level. Besides the bottom-up controls of the environment, the correlated picoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing suggests that top-down control also played an important role. Both of the growth and grazing rates were higher in summer than in winter, and showed a decreasing trend from near-shore to off-shore region. Negative correlations between cell abundance and growth rate could be observed in all picophytoplanktonic populations. In some occasions, picophytoplantkon abundances were also negatively correlated with grazing mortality. PD16* Significant nutrient transport from the East China Sea into the South China Sea in winter 1 1 1,2 1 Aiqin Han ([email protected]) , Minhan Dai , Shuh-Ji Kao , Qing Li , Hua Lin 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Research Center of Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) are two major marginal seas in Western Pacific interconnected through Taiwan Strait. The ECS is characterized by high primary productivity 67 attributable at least partially to the large nutrients input from Changjiang. By contrast, the SCS is overall oligotrophic in nature. This study is sought to examine nutrients transport in winter through the China Coastal Current (CCC) driven by the prevailing northeast monsoon, which is a very well known winter current in China seas. The significant of which in transporting nutrients from colder East China Sea to refuel the winter production of subtropical shelf with warmer temperature at the northern SCS (NSCS) has not been evaluated. Our field observations in both the ECS and NSCS were conducted from Dec. 25, 2008 to Jan. 9, 2009. We observed contrast nutrient (NO2+NO3, N; PO4, P; SiO4, Si) concentration and distribution over the shelf zone between the ECS and NSCS. The concentrations of N, P and Si were 4.6-9.5 M, 0.3-0.5 M and 6.5-15 M, respectively in the ECS shelf, which were much higher as compared to those in the NSCS shelf (<1.1 M for N, 0.08-0.36 M for P and 1.2-6.5 M for Si). However, Chl a in NSCS shelf ranged -3 -3 0.6-2.0 mg m , noticeably higher than that over the ECS shelf (0.3-0.5 mg m ). In addition, nutrient concentration in the long strip coastal current water were monitored as high as 15-35 M, 0.5and 15-40 M for N, P and Si, respectively, which is ~10 times higher than those in the NSCS shelf. Using the southward water volume transport of 0.7±0.2 Sv based on prior researches (Wyrtki 1961; Wang et al., 2003), our first order estimation of nutrient fluxes through a boundary transect of NSCS 10 8 (or southern Taiwan Strait) were (2.5±0.7)×10 mol N/month, (10.4±3.0)×10 mol P/month and 10 (2.9±0.8)×10 mol Si/month. Assuming that the primary production in the NSCS is P limited, such a 8 nutrient flux carried by CCC could support an organic carbon production of (9.1±2.6)×10 mol 9 7 C/month. Compared to the winter riverine fluxes of ~2.9×10 mol N/month, ~4.1×10 mol P/month 8 and ~7.1×10 mol Si/month, this nutrient flux by CCC was overwhelming. Though such estimations of CCC carried nutrient transport are very preliminary, however, cold water temperature and prevailing wind in winter could make this transport efficient, moreover, the circulation pattern in winter SCS could also facilitate off-shelf export. Further study in conjunction with a 3-D coupled physical-biogeochemical model is underway. PD17* A high resolution Th-228 study in North Atlantic Ocean 1,2 Kuanbo Zhou ([email protected]) , Ken Buesseler 1 1 1 Henderson , Stephanie Owens and Steve Pike 1,* 1 1 , Matthew Charette , Paul Morris , Paul 1 Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen High resolution measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) export are mandatory to well define the carbon attenuation within the twilight zone. Th-228(t1/2=1.9y), with the aid of our newly developed non-destructive method via RaDeCC system, is now becoming a more promising tracer for POC flux in the twilight zone. In this study, particulate and dissolved Th-228 were collected through a large volume McLane in-situ pump during the US GEOTRACES Cruise in October, 2010. Based on our preliminary analysis, particulate Th-228 in small particles (1-53m) varied from 0.01±0.003 to 0.49±0.014 dpm/100L. Dissolved Th-228 activities were generally higher, ranging from 0.02±0.006 to 0.65±0.027 dpm/100L. Both particulate and dissolved Th-228 were elevated in the upper ocean (0-500m) and bottom water, compared to the mid-water. Interestingly, a belt of high particulate Th-228 was found between 250-500m. We assumed that the higher Th-228 activities were induced by the larger amount of supply from Ra-228 in the surface and bottom water, although evidences from surface scavenging and bottom re-suspension were still seen. Compared with Ra-228 profiles from previous study, disequilibria between the Th-228 and Ra-228 were commonly observed within the upper 1000m, and the Th-228 deficit was more obvious in the very surface (0-100m) which could be caused by the surface biological scavenging. High particulate Th-228 level was also found in 500-2000m in Station 1 which corresponding to the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). 68 Our future work will focus on the measurement of Th-228 in large particles (>53m) and Th-228 flux calculation in the twilight zone, which will help us to deduce a detailed picture of particle export in the twilight zone in North Atlantic Ocean. PD18* Investigating organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Yellow Sea Kuanbo Zhou ([email protected]), Minhan Dai, Feifei Meng, Pinghe Cai and Weidong Zhai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) were investigated in Yellow Sea (YS) during a China-SOLAS cruise in April, 2006. DOC concentrations were higher (> 110mol C/L) in the northern YS and nearshore area, as compared to the Southern YS and the offshore area. Similar with DOC, POC concentrations were also relatively high (>12mol C/L) in the northern YS and nearshore area. However, the POC maximum (22.5mol C/L) was observed in the central southern YS while DOC reached its highest value of 135mol C/L in the very nearshore areas. Such distinctive distribution patterns might reflect the different physical/biogeochemical controls on POC and DOC. DOC was predominantly controlled by the physical mixing, but signals of DOC addition from surface algal production and removal from bottom remineralization were also seen. POC was greatly regulated by the in-situ production as evidenced that biogenic contribution to POC could be >65%. To estimate the vertical POC export fluxes, Thorium-234 was also analyzed at three stations in the central YS by using a modified MnO2 precipitation technique which was optimized for high turbidity 234 238 234 waters. Th/ U disequilibria were observed throughout the water column, and Th deficit was generally larger in the surface and bottom than that in the mid-water which presumably indicated the intensive surface algal production and bottom re-suspension. As the potential influence from the bottom re-suspension, the downward POC flux should be considered as the combination of net POC fluxes from in-situ production and re-suspension-induced POC fluxes. The ratio between net downward and total POC fluxes was estimated by using a binary mixing model. It was negligible in the upper euphotic zone (0-30m) but could be higher than 30% in the bottom. Net POC export flux from the euphotic zone and also the whole water column (0-70m) was calculated by the multiplication of a 234 Steady-State Th flux and bottle C/Th ratio with the consideration of re-suspension effect. In 0-30 m, 2 2 it ranged from 16.2±1.0 to 63.8±1.0 mmol C/m /d with an average of 43.4±1.0 mmol C/m /d(n=3). In 2 2 0-70 m, POC flux varied from 26.4±1.2 mmol C/m /d to 52.0±1.6 mmol C/m /d with an average of 2 37.3±0.9 mmol C/m /d. The net horizontal POC and DOC export to East China Sea (ECS) were also calculated as 0.57×10 11 and 2.57×1011 mol C/yr, respectively, which were significantly higher that previous estimations. This study suggested that the organic carbon flux exported from YS might represent as high as 60 % of what was exported from ECS into the open ocean. PD19* Observed Three-dimensional Structure of a Cold Eddy in the Southwestern South China Sea 1 2 1 1 Jianyu Hu , Jianping Gan , Zhenyu Sun ([email protected]) , Jia Zhu , and Minhan Dai 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Division of Environment and Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK The dynamic structure of an ocean eddy in the eddy-abundant South China Sea has rarely been captured by measurements and has seldom been discussed in the literature. In the present study, in situ current, hydrographic measurements and concurrent satellite altimeter observations primarily based on a week-long cruise allowed the three-dimensional structure and physical properties of a cold 69 eddy in the southwestern South China Sea to be analyzed and presented. The underlying forcing mechanism for the formation of this cyclonic cold eddy was found to be tightly associated with the recirculation in a coastal baroclinic jet that had separated off the Vietnamese coast. The eddy was significantly influenced by a co-existing, anti-cyclonic warm eddy in the separated jet. With relatively steady intensity and radius, the cold eddy endured for two weeks after its swift formation in late August and prior to its quick dissipation in mid-September. This cold eddy was horizontally and vertically heterogeneous. Asymmetric currents with much stronger magnitude were found on its southeastern flank, next to the warm eddy, where a front in the pycnocline was responsible for the sharp decrease in the cold eddy’s intensity in the water below. The distributions of temperature, vorticity and vertical velocity in the cold eddy were spatially asymmetric and not overlapping. The intensity of the cold eddy gradually decreased with the depth and the eddy extended downward for more than 250 m with a vertically tilted central axis. The upward velocities around the center of the eddy and the downward velocities to the southwest and to the east of the center jointly formed the upward domes of isotherms and isohalines in the central part of the cold eddy. PD20* Influence of wind products on the estimation of air-sea CO2 flux Zhaoyang Song ([email protected]) and Dongliang Zhao Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao As the main sink of CO2 released into atmosphere, ocean plays an important role in mitigating the greenhouse effect and adjusting the global climate. Many studies focus on the estimation of air-sea CO2 flux by using of the partial pressure differences and gas transfer velocity parameterized by wind speed. The lack of a firm relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocity as well as different time-scale wind data is considered to be main factors that hinder accurate estimation of CO 2 fluxes. In this study, the influence of different time-scale, which is 6-hourly,daily and monthly mean wind products on the estimation of CO2 flux is discussed based on NCEP/NCAR, ECMWF, QSCAT/NCEP blended data and CCMP data. It is found that the net annual CO 2 flux estimated by 6-hourly mean wind data is larger by about 30% than that estimated by daily mean wind data. Southern Hemisphere is more capable in absorbing CO2 than Northern Hemisphere. PD21* A preliminary analysis of the in situ observation of CO2 flux in the South China Sea Shuiqing Li ([email protected]) and Dongliang Zhao Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao Air-sea gas exchange plays a key role in the global climate change and biogeochemical research. The direct flux measurement by eddy correlation method have gained increasing focus as it provides a more practical way to study the gas exchange at the air-sea interface. The air-sea fluxes including momentum, heat and gas was measured on a fixed platform in the South China Sea. In this study, the air-sea CO2 flux is estimated from the coincident fluctuations of vertical wind and concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. The influence of different averaged timescales on calculating the CO2 flux is investigated. The effect of environmental parameters such as wind, wave, temperature and depth of oceanic mixed layer is also discussed in this study. PD22* A possible link of wave model with gas transfer velocity --a preliminary study Zhuhua Li ([email protected]) and Dongliang Zhao Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao Gas transfer velocity is an important parameter in the estimation of the air-sea gas flux. It has been 70 recognized that gas transfer velocity is proportional to a quarter exponent of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy which involves many factors such as wind, wave, current and temperature etc. However, since it is difficult to obtain the dissipation rate in practical application, wind speed is usually chosen to parameterize gas transfer velocity instead, which leads to great uncertainty by this kind of relationships. In this study, it is investigated the possible link between the dissipation rate and the wave energy dissipation function in the wave model. Based on buoy data and SWAN wave model, it is found that the wave energy dissipation function of Hasselmann model is generally less than that of Phillips model. The relationship between the dissipation function and dissipation rate is discussed by introducing the Kolmogorov length scale. PD23* Diversity and abundance of diazotrophic bacterioplankton in the South China Sea deep basin 1 1 2 Yao Zhang ([email protected]), Zihao Zhao, Jun Sun, and Nianzhi Jiao 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao The South China Sea (SCS) is an oligotrophic subtropical marginal ocean with a deep basin and a permanently stratified central gyre. Upwelling and nitrogen fixation provide new nitrogen for primary production in the SCS. This study aimed at molecular characterization and quantification of the diazotroph community in the SCS deep basin, which is characterized by frequent mesoscale eddies. The diazotroph community, based on nifH gene diversity, had components closely related to sequences from open ocean, estuarine, coral reef and coastal upwelling systems. Rarefaction analysis suggested that by using a 98% similarity operational taxonomic unit definition, the nifH sequence diversity in the samples was almost covered by the 522 nifH clones obtained. The majority of the nifH sequences recovered fell into two clusters: the alpha- and gamma-proteobacterial groups. Free-living symbiont cyanobacterium Richelia was recovered from one surface sample, while unicellular cyanobacterial groups A and B were not detected in our libraries. Trichodesmium thiebautii was 2 detected with an average density of 10 trichomes per liter in the euphotic water, while Richelia intracellularis was observed sporadically under the microscope. Quantitative PCR probe-primer sets were designed and used to quantify the two proteobacterial groups, revealing abundances up to 4 5 10 -10 nifH gene copies per liter, with the highest abundances in the photic zone. The diazotroph community in the SCS deep basin had a relatively low diversity and a distinct spatial heterogeneity of diversity. Depth distributions of the major diazotrophs suggest that diazotrophic proteobacteria are a significant component of the plankton biomass in this oligotrophic marginal ocean ecosystem. PD24* Analysis on water masses in the northern South China Sea in summer and winter of 2009 Jia Zhu ([email protected]), Jianyu Hu, Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Based on the CTD data conducted in the summer and winter cruises of 2009, the thermohaline properties along sections in the northern South China Sea (SCS) are discussed and the structure of water masses are analyzed for each cruise with methods of Hierarchical Cluster and Fuzzy Cluster. The classified result shows that there are 6 and 5 water masses in summer and winter respectively: ① the Nearshore Diluted Water Mass (F) (summer), the Nearshore Cold Water Mass (C) (winter); ② the Surface Water Mass (S); ③ the Surface-Subsurface Mixed Water Mass (M); ④ the Upwelled Water Mass (only in summer) (W); ⑤ the Subsurface Water Mass (U). ⑥ the Subsurface Intermediate Mixed Water Mass (UI). The analysis classifies systemically the water mass structure in the northern South China Sea. The major conclusions are summarized as below: (1) As affected by the flood of Zhujiang River and Hanjiang River, the Nearshore Diluted Water Mass distributes southeastward in the 71 summer of 2009. (2) The salinity maximum value of 34.87 appears in winter, which is attributed to the intrusion of Kuroshio. (3) Results demonstrate that the intrusion happens through the Luzon Strait in the salinity maximum layer in summer and winter of 2009. The phenomenon indicated that water from the Pacific entered into the SCS through the north part of the Luzon Strait both in summer and winter, while water from the SCS entered into the Pacific through the South part of the strait. Key words: Water mass, Northern South China Sea PD25* Seasonal fluxes and source variation of organic carbon transported by two major Chinese rivers: The Yellow River and Changjiang (Yangtze River) 1, 2 2 3 3 Xuchen Wang ([email protected]) , Haiqing Ma , Ronghua Li , Zhensu Song , and Jinping Wu 1 Department of Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA 2 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 3 Lijing Yellow River Hydrographic Station, Lijing 4 Datong Changjiang Hydrographic Station, Datong 4 World major rivers play a dominant role in transporting large amount of terrestrial organic matter to the ocean each year, thus affecting the carbon budget, cycling and biogeochemical processes in the river-dominated marginal seas. Here, we present the results of a one-year study carried out in 2009 to investigate the seasonal fluxes and source variation of organic carbon transported by two large rivers in China, the Yellow River and Changjiang. Our data indicate that during 2009, the Yellow River 4 5 6 5 transported 3.20 x 10 t DOC, 3.89 x 10 t POC, 1.51 x 10 t PIC and 1.34 x 10 t PN into the Bohai Sea; 6 6 5 5 and Changjiang delivered 1.58 x 10 t DOC, 1.52 x 10 t POC, 3.06 x 10 t PIC and 2.25 x 10 t PN into the East China Sea, respectively. The total terrestrial OC transported by the Yellow River and 5 6 Changjiang were 4.2 x 10 tC/yr and 3.1 x 10 tC/yr in 2009, comparable to the top major rivers in the world. The dominate input of the terrestrial organic matter occurred during the high discharge period from June to July for the Yellow River and from June to August for Changjiang, which accounted for 36% and 44% of DOC, and 86% and 72% of POC transported by the two rivers in 2009. The Yellow River transported much higher concentrations of inorganic carbon than organic carbon, while a reverse trend was found for Changjiang, indicating the contribution of different terrestrial carbon sources along the different drainage basins of the two rivers. Using radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope measurements, we identified the sources of organic carbon transported by the two rivers. DOC (-25.6‰ to -32.1‰) and POC (-23.1‰ to -25.6‰) 13 transported by the two rivers had similar and typical terrestrial organic matter C mean values but 13 14 DOC in both rivers appeared to be more depleted in C than POC. In comparison, the values of C measured for both DOC and POC, showed distinct differences between the two rivers. POC 14 transported by the Yellow River were extremely old with C ages ranging from 4,110 to 8,040 years, 14 while the DOC was relatively younger (400 to 1,070 years). The C ages of DOC in Changjiang (305 to 1570 years) were comparable to the values of the Yellow River DOC, but the POC (815-1060 years) was much younger than that of the Yellow River. These age differences of DOC and POC found in the two rivers clearly indicate the contribution of different sources of OC to the two rivers. The very old POC carried by the Yellow River was primarily derived from the quaternary loess and weathering of old rocks mainly in the middle reach of the river. The relative young aged POC in Changjiang and DOC in both rivers suggest a mixture of both old and a large fraction of recent-fixed modern terrestrial organic materials. The sources of OC transported by the two rivers also showed strong seasonal 14 changes. The C ages of both POC and DOC decreased from winter to the spring and summer due to the contribution of recent-fixed OC from freshwater plankton and terrestrial plants. Using an isotopic mass balance approach, we estimated that at least 7% and 34%, and 31% and 42% recent-fixed labile 72 OC had been added to the POC and DOC pools in April and July in the Yellow River; 31% and 60% recent-fixed OC were contributed to the DOC pool in April and July in Changjiang. Although the transformation and fate of these labile and refractory terrestrial OC transported by the Yellow River and Changjiang have not been well studied, our study suggests that the seasonal changes in the age and structure of organic matter transported by the two rivers could have important influence not only to the biogeochemical and ecosystem processes in the estuaries and adjacent coastal waters, but also to the carbon budget and cycle in the East China Sea as well. PD26* In situ analyzers for the parameters of the seawater CO2 system Quanlong Li ([email protected]), Yanzhong Dai, Fengzhen Wang, Dongxing Yuan and Minhai, Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Based on the spectrophotometric pH measurement, we developed four in situ analyzers to determine the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total alkalinity (TA), pH and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of surface seawater. These analyzers were integrated into an autonomous submersible system. The properties of the system were tested in the laboratory, a seawater tank and the field. The results showed that the precisions of the system for pCO2, TA, pH and DIC were ±0.5% (in laboratory), ±1.3 µmol/kg (in tank), 0.0008 (in laboratory) and ±4.3 µmol/kg (in tank), respectively, and the accuracies were 2 µatm±2.0% (in field), 11.9±5.0 µmol/kg (in tank), 0.002±0.005 (in tank) and 0.4±9.7µmol/kg (in tank) in comparison with the data obtained by standard analytical method, respectively. The system was deployed at sea for one month, showing its capability for a long-term deployment. PD27* Distribution of surface dissolved trace metals in northern South China Sea: Evidence of anthropogenic sources Deli Wang ([email protected])*, Xiqian Yang, Wenfang Lin, Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen A suite of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Co, Al, Ni, V, Cu and Mn) were at the first time measured along a transect from Pearl River Estuary until the ocean basin in surface waters of northern South China Sea (NSCS) via R/V Dongfanghong-2 during August 2009. All samples were taken following a simple underway towed fish sampling system onboard, and analyzed in lab for dissolved trace metals by using Chelex-100 resin column solid phase extraction method. The concentrations in these surface seawaters ranged as following: Cd: 70-150 pmol/l, Co: 60-200 pmol/l, Al: 20-135 nmol/l, Ni: 1.2-4.0 nmol/l, V: 18-26 nmol/l, Cu: 0.3-1.0 nmol/l, and Mn: 3.0-13.0 nmol/l respectively. A significant enrichment of dissolved Cd, Co, Al and Mn outside of Pearl River Estuary suggested of an anthropogenic sources of these metals (including riverine outflow, sedimentary releases and atmospheric input) during August 2009 sampling period, while small enrichments of dissolved Cu, Ni and V nearshore and lowest levels offshore suggested that autochthonous processes (e.g., biological uptake, and particle adsorption/ desorption) also dictated the cycling of these metals in NSCS. Besides lateral transport of water masses from central basin also diluted dissolved metal concentrations in NSCS. Principal component analysis further revealed sources and processes influencing the cycling of metals in NSCS: anthropogenic inputs as the dominant sources (accounting for 83.8% of the total variance), and biological activities and particle adsorption/desorption as the autochthonous processes (accounting for 12.8% of the total variance) controlling the total dissolved metal pool in NSCS. This research will contribute to our understanding of anthropogenic influences from Asia continent on nearby marginal seas, and even open ocean. 73 PD28* Phylogenetic diversity and spatio-temporal distribution of nitrogenase genes (nifH) in the northern South China Sea Liangliang Kong ([email protected]), Hongmei Jing, Hongbin Liu The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the West Pacific. In its warm and permanently stratified surface seawater, primary production is limited by nitrogen, thus N2 fixation by diazotrophs is thought to be an important nitrogen source. In this study, we examined the diversity and abundance of diazotrophs via the distribution of nitrogenase genes (nifH) in the upper water column (< 150 m) in the South China Sea. Diverse nifH gene sequences were identified by cloning analysis of 9 samples collected in summer and winter along a transect from coastal water influenced by Pearl River plume to oligotrophic deep ocean. The nifH community was dominated by γ-proteobacteria (126 out of 303 sequences, 41.6%), followed by 76 cyanobacteria nifH sequences (25.1%). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that Chl a concentration, which implied the trophic condition, significantly affected the nifH phylotypes distribution (p < 0.05). Vertical and horizontal distributions of different diazotrophic cyanobacteria were quantified using a SYBR green qPCR assay consisting of 2 previously published and 2 newly designed primer sets targeting to major diazotrophic cyanobacteria, including Trichodesmium spp., unicellular cyanobacteria group A (UCYN-A), group B (UCYN-B) and symbiotic cyanobacteria Richelia sp. (Het-1). Trichodesmium was the most abundant and possibly most 6 -1 important nitrogen fixer, with up to 1.1×10 gene copies l , followed by UCYN-A, UCYN-B and group 3 -1 Het-1 with ~10 gene copies l . The growth of cyanobacteria diazotrophs might be limited by the excessive inorganic nitrogen from the Pearl River plume and from the vertical mixing with deep water in winter. On the other hand, abundant proteobacteria diazotrophs detected in this area may provide another potential source of fixed nitrogen. PD29* Comparison of the hydrographical characteristics along the 120°E section in the Luzon Strait Zhi-da Huang ([email protected]), Jian-yu Hu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Using CTD data of three cruises along the 120°E section in the Luzon Strait in 2009 and 2010, we analyze the characteristics of temperature and salinity along this section. Moreover, we obtain the eastward component of geostrophic current using dynamical calculation with a reference to 1200 m. The observations showed that: The subsurface and intermediate Kuroshio water intruded the SCS mainly through the central part of Luzon Strait during August 13-15 in 2009; The surface and subsurface Kuroshio water intruded the SCS mainly through the northern part of Luzon Strait while the intermediate Kuroshio water intruded the SCS mainly through the central part of Luzon Strait during January 27-30 in 2010; There seemed no direct Kuroshio water intrusion during May 19-20 in 2010; The total volume transports through the Luzon Strait were 0.08 Sv eastward, 7.56 Sv westward and 8.97 Sv westward during August 13-15 of 2009, January 27-30 of 2010 and May 19-20 of 2010, respectively. Key words: temperature; salinity; geostrophic current; Kuroshio; Luzon Strait PD30* Decreased calcification affects photosynthetic responses of Emiliania huxleyi exposed to UV radiation and elevated temperature Kai Xu ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, V. E. Villafañe, and E. W. Helbling State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Changes in calcification of coccolithophores may affect their photosynthetic responses to both, 74 ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) and temperature. We operated semi-continuous cultures of Emiliania huxleyi (strain CS-369) at reduced (0.1 mM, LCa) and ambient (10 mM, HCa) Ca2+ concentrations and, after 148 generations, we exposed cells to six radiation treatments (>280, >295, >305, >320, >350 and >395 nm by using Schott filters) and two temperatures (20 and 25ºC) to examine photosynthesis and calcification responses. Overall, our study has demonstrated that: (1) Decreased calcification resulted in a down regulation of photoprotective mechanisms (i.e., as estimated via non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), pigment contents and photosynthetic carbon fixation; (2) Calcification (C) and photosynthesis (P) (as well as their ratio) have different responses related to UVR with cells grown under the high Ca2+ concentration having a better performance as compared to those grown under the low Ca2+ level; (3) Elevated temperature increased photosynthesis and calcification of E. huxleyi grown at high Ca2+ concentrations whereas the opposite was observed in low Ca2+ grown cells. Therefore, a decrease in calcification rates in E. huxleyi is expected to decrease photosynthesis rates and producing also a negative feedback, further reducing calcification. PD31* CO2-dirven seawater acidification affects photochemical performance of a green alga Yuting Liu ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, Juntian Xu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Increased CO2 and associated acidification in seawater, known as ocean acidification, decrease calcification of most marine calcifiers. However, less has been documented on how marine macroalgae would respond to the chemical changes caused by ocean acidification. We hypothesized that increased acidity and CO2 would lower the threshold above which PAR becomes excessive by down-regulating algae’s CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Juveniles of Ulva prolifera derived from the zoospores had been grown at ambient (390 ppmv) and elevated (1000 ppmv) for 80 days before the hypothesis was tested. We showed, here, that the CO2-induced seawater acidification increased the quantum yield under low level of light, but induced higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under high light. At the same time, the PAR level at which photosynthesis became saturated was reduced and photosynthetic affinity for inorganic carbon decreased in the high-CO2-grown thalli. These findings indicate that ocean acidification, as an environmental stress, reduced the threshold above which PAR becomes excessive. The down-regulated CCMs, reflected as the increase in photosynthetic affinity for CO 2, could have saved energy that contributed to lower the threshold. PD32* Fluctuating irradiance regulates the effects of CO 2-induced acidification on photosynthesis of the coccolithorphore Gephyroscapsa oceanica Peng Jin ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, V. E. Villafañe, and E. W. Helbling State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations affects photosynthesis in most planktonic calcifiers. It is known that the response of coccolithphores to increased pCO2 is different in high or low light levels. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of CO 2-induced acidification and mixing on the coccolithphore Gephyroscapsa oceanica to test our hypothesis if the ocean acidification is dependent on levels of light and if it is controlled by light-regulated processes. In our study, high and low-CO2 acclimated cells were put into two systems, one fixed and one rotating, which provided fluctuating radiation levels. Overall, our study demonstrated that only under moderate mixing rates, the carbon fixation rates of HC were 60% higher than those under LC, while in the faster or lower mixing rates, they were much lower than LC, and no significant UVR-induced inhibition were observed 75 -2 −1 in the rotating system. In the lowest PAR level of 36 μmol photons m s under P treatment in fixed system, the ocean acidification showed positive effects, in which the photosynthetic rates of HC were significant higher than LC (p<0.05), while in the other PAR levels, it showed negative effects. We also found that UVA can enhance photosynthetic rates under mixing conditions, while UVB showed a opposite effect. Taken all together, these results suggest that ocean acidification has positive or negative effects that are dependent on the light conditions (including mixing), thus leading to a new point to examine the overall effects of ocean acidification on phytoplankton. PD33* Photosynthetic response of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to increased pCO2 and seawater acidity Guiyuan Yang ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao* State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen The ongoing increase of atmospheric CO2 and its continuous dissolution into seawater have been acidifying the oceans. The chemical changes associated with ocean acidification may affect phytoplankton physiology and marine biological CO 2 pump. We hypothesized that increased pCO2 and seawater acidity may influence diatom’s photosynthetic machinery. Growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana under elevated CO2 level of 1000 ppmv (decreased pH by 0.3 unit) for 20 generations was enhanced by 4.6%, which parallels increased photosynthetic carbon fixation by 25%, compared to that grown under ambient CO2 level. Photosynthetic pigments, maximal photochemical quantum yield, electron transport rate, non-photochemical quenching and the effective absorption cross-section of PSII remained unchanged under the high CO2 condition. When exposed to excessively high level of PAR, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching responded similarly in the low and high CO 2 grown cells, which contrasts to the enhanced photoinhbition of electron transport rate previously found in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown at the same elevated CO2 level. While photosynthetic affinity for CO2 was lowered in the high-CO2 grown cells. We tentatively conclude that the saved energy due to the down-regulated CO2 concentrating mechanism in T. pseudonana did not contribute to cause additional light stress as found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, though both growth of both species was stimulated by the enriched CO 2 concentration. PD34* Phytosynthetic responses to multiple stressors (increased seawater acidity, UV and temperature) of a diatom grown under elevated CO2 concentration Yahe Li ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, Virginia E. Villafañe and E.Water Helbling State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen The increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations accompanied by lower pH in the surface oceans, substantial shifts in temperature and enhanced in ultraviolet radiation are all predicted as a result of anthropogenic activity, but litter is known about the combined effects of the these factors. The Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells were cultured aerated with ambient air (390 ppmv) and CO2-enriched air (1000 ppmv) for at least 20 generations to investigate the effect of CO2 the algae, and in order to access the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and temperature on this algae, we exposed the cells to three different artificial radiations (PAB: 280-700 nm, PA: 320-700 nm, P: 400-700 nm) at different temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C), respectively. This study showed that the present of UV-A (320-395 nm) and UV-A+UV-B (295-320 nm) accelerated the effective quantum yield (ΦpsⅡ) decreases during the exposure for 1 h compared to only treated with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The cells acclimatized to elevated CO2 conditions shown more tolerance to UVR, and the photosynthetic carbon fixation also was enhanced no matter with or without the present of UVR. And the higher temperature (25°C) reduced the negative effect of UVR, that is the higher temperature the 76 less damage induced by UVR. Aside, we determined the photosynthesis irradiance curves at the end of the exposure for 1 h under all treatments and also calculated the parameters such the initial slope (α), the maximum electron transport rate (rETRmax) and the light saturation parameters (Ek). The parameters have been increased by the elevated CO2 but have been decreased by the UVR. However, the effect of temperature on the parameters is unconspicuous. But in one word, increasing in CO 2 levels may decrease the sensitivity to UV radiation and too high or too low temperature would decrease the ΦpsⅡ and the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate. PD35* Nitrigen limitation increases the negative effects of elevated CO2 on dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans under different light regimes Ying Zheng ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, Mario Giordano State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen We carried out the experiments on dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans, which were cultivated under two different CO2 condition (380ppm and 1000ppm) and two different nitrogen condition (low -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 to 1 μmol·L ), under four light regimes (100 μmol·m ·s , 500 μmol·m ·s and two different frequency fluctuating lights). The growth rate and variable fluorescence parameters were measured were measured during the 6-hour-experement period, the latter were also obtained during the light –exchanging period. Fluctuating light increase the growth rate only in nitrogen-replete condition. CO2 has no significant effects on growth for the nitrogen-replete, however, the negative effects of CO2 can be seen under nitrogen-limited condition. For the nitrogen-replete cells, when they were exposed under low light (constant and low-light period of M15), CO2 increase subtly their yield values, whereas the yield significantly reduced by CO2 under high light condition. The status was different under nitrogen-limited condition, only negative effects can be seen regardless of different light regimes. And the degree of this reduction increased along with the exposure, even reaching up to 50% under high light regime. We conclude that nitrate deficiency can worsen the negative effects of CO 2. High frequency light fluctuation made the algae more sensitive to high CO2 and nutrient deficiency. PD36* Daily primary productivity and respiration of phytoplankton assemblages in the South China Sea Guang Gao ([email protected]), Kunshan Gao*, Kai Xu, Ying Zheng State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Different methods are used to estimate ocean primary productivity. To incubate samples for 6h or less time and calculate daytime primary productivity by integrating daytime radiation, or incubate samples for 12h. To estimate daily primary productivity, we also need take dark respiration at night into account. In addition, popular incubation bottles at present are made up of Polycarbonate, which are UVR-opaque. In order to compare the deviation between different methods and investigate the effects of solar UVR on primary productivity. We carried out the experiments u on board during the winter cruise (5 - 26 January) and the autumn cruise (22 October-25 November) in 2010 in the South China Sea. The daytime carbon fixation was determined through exposing surface seawater samples for 6 h (9:00-15:00) under 6 different solar radiation intensity or incubate samples for 12h from sunrise to sundown. Daily carbon fixation was determined by incubating samples for 24h. We used quartz bottles in all incubation, and got PAR or PAR+UVR treatment by covering or uncovering 395nm film. It was found that the value of carbon fixation was incubated for 24h < 12h < calculated from P-E curve (incubated 6h) and UVR reduced carbon fixation at all stations both at winter and autumn cruise. During winter and autumn cruise, the ratio of 12h to that calculated from P-E curve (incubated 6h) was 0.65±0.03~0.75±0.05,0.60±0.07~0.90±0.09under PAR; 0.69±0.05~0.75±0.04,0.47±0.06~0.86±0.11 77 under PAR+UVR; the ratio of 24h to 6h is 0.40±0.03~0.58±0.07,0.39±0.04~0.70±0.10 under P, 0.47±0.03~0.59±0.04, 0.27±0.05~0.63±0.16 under PAB; the ratio of 24h to 12h is 0.62±0.04~0.85±0.06,0.59±0.06~0.83±0.16 under P, 0.62±0.04~0.79±0.05,0.58±0.11~0.74±0.19 under PAB, respectively. It indicated ocean primary productivity was overestimated when incubation time was 6h or less, especially with traditional vessels. PD37* Phytoplankton in northern South China Sea Wei Ma, Shuqun Song, Wei Tian, Jun Sun ([email protected]) * Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao We were presented that the phytoplankton species composition and cell abundance data based on the investigation in northern South China Sea (17~23ºN ,108~119ºE) which was carried out by CHOICE-C. Netz-phytoplankton (summer & winter) and the surface water phytoplankton were identified in by Utermöhl method, in which diatom were predominant. Trichodesmium thiebautii, a nitrogen-fixation species, was widely distributed in the survey area, and mainly concentrated in the northeast of Hainan coastal zone and Luzon strait in summer. It was found that the coastal waters of Eastern Guangdong was the area of highest phytop1ankton abundance, followed by the Pearl River estuary and coastal water of its southwest both in summer and winter, while highest phytop1ankton abundance located on coastal in the surface water in autumn. And we gave a comparison with historical data of phytoplankton in survey area. PD38* Phytoplankton assemblages in Yellow Sea and East China Sea in summer and winter of 2009 1 2 1 1 Shujin Guo , Minhan Dai , Zhiliang Liu , Jun Sun ([email protected]) * 1 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Phytoplankton assemblages in Yellow Sea and East China Sea in the summer and winter of 2009 were investigated by Utermöhl method. Our result shows that the phytoplankton community in Yellow Sea and East China Sea was mainly composed of Bacillariophyta, followed by Dinophyta, and there were also a few species belonging to Cyanophyta, Chrysophyta and Chlorophyta. In summer, the dominant species were Thalassionema nitzschioides and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens while in winter they were Paralia sulcata and Thalassionema nitzschioides. Both the cell abundance and species richness in survey area were higher in summer than in winter. In summer, a total of 218 taxa which belong to 75 genera of 5 phyla were identified and cell abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 0.037 to 266.9 -1 -1 cells·ml with an average of 7.25 cells·ml , of which Bacillariophyta ranked the first ranging from -1 -1 0.037 to 264.0 cells·ml averaged at 6.22 cells·ml , followed by Dinophyta, ranging from 0.037 to 66.0 -1 -1 cells·ml with an average of 1.84 cells·ml . In winter, a total of 180 taxa which belong to 66 genera of -1 4 phyla were identified and cell abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 0.044 to 17.822 cells·ml -1 with an average of 1.832 cells·ml , of which Bacillariophyta ranked the first ranging from 0.044 to -1 -1 17.822 cells·ml with an average of 1.697 cells·ml , followed by Dinophyta, ranging from 0.044 to -1 -1 1.422 cells·ml with an average of 0.155 cells·ml . Phytoplankton cell abundance was concentrated in surface water and reduced rapidly downwards in summer, while in winter, the cell abundance distributed almost equally in different depths as a result of the thick mix layer. Horizontally, the cell abundance was relatively high in inshore and low in offshore, and high value appeared in the area adjacent to Changjiang estuary. 78 PD39* The living coccolithophores in China Seas Waters in summer and winter 2009 Jian Zhang, Xin Li, Shaofei Jin, Jun Sun ([email protected]) * Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Based on the samples carried out in the Yellow Sea, the East Sea and the South China Sea in th st th th summer(20 July to 1 September) and winter(23 December to 5 February) 2009, the living coccolithophores species composition and cell abundance was analyzed by polarizing microscope, and their spacial distribution are described here. In summer, 21 species of the coccolithophores were found in the survey area with the dominant species Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Umbellosphaera tenuis and Florisphaera profunda. the cell abundance that calcited was in 3 3 3 0.23×10 cells/L~17.62×10 cells/L, with an average of 2.84×10 cells/ L. Most of the stations were dominated by the Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, respectively 36.77% and 32.90%. They were mostly distributed in the 35m and 50m water layer. Florisphaera profunda distributed mostly in depth waters, in the 50m to 200m. The water column integral of the coccolithophores was in 3 5 2 5 2 7.82×10 ~ 19.12×10 cells/m , with an average of 2.39×10 cells/m . In winter, 20 species of the living coccolithophores were found in the survey area with the dominant species similar to that of summer 3 cruise. The cell abundance was 0.12 ~ 35.35×10 cells/L and the water column integral of the 3 5 2 5 2 coccolithophores was in range of 7.82×10 ~ 19.12×10 cells/m , with an average of 2.39×10 cells/m . PD40* Metaproteomic characterization of dissolved organic matter in the water column of the South China Sea Da-Zhi Wang ([email protected]), Hong-Po Dong, Zhang-Xian Xie, Min-Han Dai, Hua-Sheng Hong State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/ Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen We characterized dissolved organic matter (DOM, <0.7µm in size) collected from the surface (10-m and 75-m) and bathypelagic (3000-m) layers in the South China Sea using the shotgun proteomic approach. A total of 182 proteins matched by 286 unique peptides were identified from the three DOM samples. The protein number in large DOM (0.2-0.7µm size fraction, LDOM) was significantly greater than that in small DOM (5 kD-0.2µm size fraction, SDOM). However, no remarkable difference was observed in protein number between the surface and bathypelagic SDOMs. The sources of dissolved proteins were diverse in surface DOM covering various bacterial and phytoplankton groups as well as the Oomycetes while the Archaea, Proteobacteria and some phytoplankton groups were the major contributors to bathypelagic DOM. Proteins involved in cytoskeleton, energy production and conversion, posttranslational modification, protein turnover and chaperones presented high abundance in surface LDOM while proteins involved in translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis were more abundant in bathypelagic LDOM. Proteins involved in transport and metabolism, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis and photosynthesis were detected abundantly in the 75-m LDOM. A urea ABC transporter assigned to amino acid transport and metabolism was the most abundant protein in the 10-m SDOM while methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase involved in energy production and conversion dominated the protein profiles in the 75- and 3000-m SDOMs. Our results demonstrate that the dissolved proteins in the water column are diverse and dynamic, with each layer characterized by unique proteins, and only a very minor amount of proteins from the surface are protected and transferred to deep sea. Preservation of some specific dissolved proteins in the DOM is a result of synergism among many factors. Nanogels and microgels might act as a physical barrier in protecting dissolved proteins from degradation as well as inherent molecular protection Key Words: dissolved organic matter; metaproteomic; 79 PD41* A Comparative Geochemical Study of the Pearl River System and Coastal Rivers (SE China): Assessing the contributions of Geological and Anthropogenic Sources 1 1 Harish Gupta ([email protected]) *, Minhan Dai , Shuh-Ji Kao 1,2 and Deli Wang 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 2 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei Geochemical investigation of the large rivers allow the erosion processes at global scale to be addressed and particularly gives important information about the biogeochemical cycles of the elements, weathering rates, physical erosion rates and CO2 consumption by the acid degradation of continental rocks. The Pearl River and coastal rivers of south-eastern coast of China are the major sources of fresh water, sediments and nutrients to the South China Sea. However the geochemical characteristics of these rivers and fluxes of different river-born material are not well constrained. This study aims to investigate the sources and processes controlling the chemical fluxes of dissolved and particulate matter from this densely populated large geographical region, characterized by mixed lithology and subject to sub-tropical climate. We reports a new set of geochemical data from three branches of the Pearl River system (Xijiang, Beijiang and Dongjaing) and other coastal rivers (such as Hanjiang, Rongjiang, Luohe, Tanjiang, Nalonghe, Nanliujiang, Qinjiang and Jianjiang) draining to the 6 2 3 SCS. All together these rivers drain, an area of >0.5×10 km and annually discharge about 400 km of fresh water. The Xijiang (the mainstream of the Pearl River System) and most of its tributaries mainly flow through carbonate dominate region (world’s largest carbonate province) and thus characterized by high total dissolved solid concentrations. In contrast clastic sedimentary, metamorphic and rocks of magmatic origin constitute most parts of the Beijiang, Dongjiang and the other coastal Rivers, thus these rivers are mostly diluted and characterized by relatively high Na, K and Si content. Among the river bottom sediments, those collected from Xijiang show higher Ca and Mg content whereas rest of the rivers show higher Na and K concentrations. However the SO4 and NO3 contents in all of the rivers are invariably high. A positive correlation exists (except Beijiang) between Na normalized molar ratios of SO4 and NO3, suggesting towards a common pollution source. Coal formations, widely distributed in the upper middle parts of Xijiang and pyrite present in other sedimentary rocks may also serve as dominate source of SO4 across the region. Presence of higher SO4 content suggests a possible role in elevating silicate and carbonate weathering. A mass balance calculation indicates that the dissolved loads of these rivers were mainly controlled by chemical weathering, followed by anthropogenic and atmospheric inputs. PD42* Sources and burial rates of organic matter in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea sediments over the last 100 years Dawei Li ([email protected]) 1,2 Zhao 12 * 1,2 3 3 4 , Tiantian Ge , Weifang Chen, Chih-An Huh , Minhan Dai , Meixun 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 2. Institute of Marine Organic Geochemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 3. Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 4. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Long chain n-alkanes, alkenones (A), brassicasterol (B), dinosterol (D), branched-GDGTs, and crenarchaeol have been analyzed in 6 short sediment cores from the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Crenarchaeol and ∑A+B+D are marine biomarkers, and their mass accumulation rates (MARs) reveal increased burial of marine organic matter (MOM) over the last 100 years in all 6 sediment cores, especially in recent 50 years. The long chain n-alkanes and branched-GDGTs are 80 terrestrial biomarkers, and their MARs also reveal increased burial of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) over the last 100 years in 5 cores. The BIT index [the ratio of branched-GDGTs to (branched-GDGTs and marine crenarchaeol)] and the TMBR index [the ratio of odd long chain n-alkanes to (odd long chain n-alkanes and ∑A+B+D)] were calculated to evaluate the relative contribution of TOM in these marine sediment cores. BIT values varied between 0.02~0.18, with relatively steady values between 1880 A.D. and 1950 A.D., followed by a gradual decrease during the last 60 years. TMBR values varied between 0.06~0.47, with a decreasing trend over the last 100 years. Although their absolute values are different, both the BIT and TMBR indexes suggest that the buried organic matter in these sediments has been predominated marine origin and the MOM contribution has been increasing over the last 60 years. Key Words: MOM, TOM, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, BIT, TMBR PD43* Modeling dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and organic matter in the upper reach of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in the context of hypoxia Zhiqiang Yin ([email protected]) and Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Hypoxia in the upper reach (i.e. from Guangzhou to Humen) of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) has been of big environmental concerns given that the Pearl River Delta region is one of the most dynamic economic regions in the world. There have been numerous studies that have shown that the persistent hypoxia upstream PRE is caused by increasing inputs of ammonia and organic pollutants. In order to better assess in a quantitative way the processes modulating the hypoxia in this area, we developed a 1-D physical-biogeochemical model to study the dissolved oxygen (DO) budgets in winter and summer, and to explore the contributions of related physical and biogeochemical processes in DO dynamics. The model featured two major oxygen consumption pathways, oxic mineralization and nitrification. Six variables including DO, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved and particulate organic matter and salinity were considered. The model was calibrated and validated to different sets of field data, and the results were in reasonable agreement with the observations. We showed that oxic mineralization and nitrification were mainly balanced by aeration in both winter and summer. However, advective-dispersive transport and primary production played minor roles in DO budget in the study area. Regarding DO depletion processes, oxic mineralization was the largest DO consumer in winter, which consumed 60.8 % of DO, while the rest 39.2 % of DO was consumed by nitrification. In summer, however, nitrification dominated DO depletion and consumed 5 times more DO than oxic mineralization. The influence of salinity on nitrification was also explored and discussed. Results indicated that in the upper reach of the PRE, nitrification was significantly controlled by salinity. PD44* Observing pCO2 dynamics based on on a Battelle pCO2 monitoring system at a coastal site influenced by strong tide off the Hangzhou Bay and the Changjiang estuary Xu Dong ([email protected]), Jingshun Chen and Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sicence, Xiamen University, Xiamen We report time-series observations of surface water pCO2 based on a Battelle pCO2 monitoring system installed on a surface buoy deployed at a coastal site off the Hangzhou Bay and the Changjiang estuary (30.5503°N, 122.3678°E). Hangzhou Bay is known as one of semi-closed bays with the highest tidal amplitude in the world. The site is also characterized by estuarine mixing with fresh water discharged from Changjiang and Qiantang Rivers. Our observations were carried out between late July and late October, 2010. Our observation showed 81 a large surface water pCO2 variation ranging 178- 929 μatm with the average of 685±120 μatm. As expected, the atmospheric pCO2 changed in a smaller range of 366-418 μatm (average ~ 382±9 μatm). This three month data set allowed for an examination of pCO2 dynamics at different time scales. At the diurnal time scale, surface water pCO2 varied between 343 and 871 μatm with the salinity change of 17.7-26.2 and the surface sea temperature change of 21.9-27.5 °C. The weekly pCO2 variation ranged 527~796 μatm with the salinity change of 19.2-25.0 and the surface sea temperature of 22.1-27.1 °C. Monthly, pCO2 changed from 619 μatm in August to 677-755 μatm in September and October with the monthly average surface sea salinity and temperature of 22.8 and 26.6 °C in August, 21.3 and 26.0 °C in September, 19.9 and 22.6 °C in October. We reasoned that the above variations of surface water pCO2 were mainly controlled by biological metabolisms and the mixing between different end members with different pCO2 values among the Changjiang River, Hangzhou Bay water and East China Sea (ECS) water. It is interesting that the amplitude of the pCO2 variations at the weekly time scale were in overall agreement with the Spring-Neap tidal cycle in the Hangzhou Bay. PD45* Isotope constraints on upper water column nitrogen dynamics in the oligotrophic northern South China Sea 1 1,2 3 1 4 Jinyu Yang ([email protected]), Shuh-Ji Kao , Kon-Kee Liu , Minhan Dai , Wen-Chen Chou , 5 6 Hui-Ling Lin and Haojia Ren 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 3 Institute of Hydrological Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 4 Institute of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 5 Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 6 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA 2 Particulate nitrogen (PN) dynamics in the oligotrophic north South China Sea (around the SEATS Station) was explored by examining the isotopic compositions of suspended PN in the top 200 m over 15 3 years and sinking PN collected by sediment traps. The PN inventory and its mean δ NPN (2.0 to 5.3 ‰) of upper 100 m reveals significant seasonality with higher values when mixed layer is deeper 15 highlighting the significance of physical-driven bottom-up nitrate supply. The annual mean δ NPN of 15 upper 100 m is 4.2 ± 1.0 ‰, which is lower than subsurface δ NO3, suggesting a detectable input from nitrogen fixation. In contrast, lower 100 m PN inventory remains relatively constant throughout a 15 year with significant seasonality (mimicking mixed layer depth) and persistently higher δ NPN (when comparing with top 100 m). Based on the dynamic relationship between upper and lower 100 m in 15 inventory δ NPN, we speculated the downward transfer efficiency of particulate N-fixation signal is 15 weak regardless of high N-fixation activities in surface. The δ NPN values of trapped material collected 15 from 374-447 m range from 3.3 to 7.3 ‰ agreeing well with δ NPN in lower 100 m in terms of amplitude and temporal variation. Such consistency further implies PN sourced from N-fixation recycles predominantly in water column <500 m. By using a one-dimensional mass and isotope -2 -1 balance model, we derive a N-fixation input of ~20 mmol N m y , which accounts for ~5% of new production, suggesting that N2 fixation plays a minor role in new nitrogen at SEATS Station. Keywords: Nitrogen Isotope, Suspended Particle, Sediment Trap, South China Sea 82 PD46* Variability of Kuroshio in East China Sea derived from remote sensing data Zhiqiang Liu ([email protected]), Jianping Gan Division of Environment & Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, HK We investigate the spatial and temporal surface variability along the entire Kuroshio Current in the East China Sea (ECS) using 16-year (1993-2008) surface geostrophic currents derived from satellite altimetry data. Our analysis is based on physically sensible definitions of the axis, width, along- and cross-stream transports. The Kuroshio mainly flows along the 200 m isobath. Its width narrows from ~218 km in the winter towards ~207 km in the summer while the transport increases from a minimum of ~14.5 Sv value in the autumn to a maximum transport of ~26.6 Sv in summer. The width, surface flux, and the magnitude of the along-stream velocity of the Kuroshio are positively correlated along its track and have relatively large values in the central ECS. The shoreward intrusion that crosses the shore-side boundary of the Kuroshio chiefly occurs near the southwest of Kyushu where an 1.8 Sv portion of the Kuroshio veers towards the Tsushima Strait throughout the year. The surface shoreward intrusion in the other part of the Kuroshio is generally weak and most of the transport that deviates shoreward from the core (around the 200 m isobath) of the Kuroshio recirculates within the stream. The net surface Ekman transport along the stream contributes to the surface shoreward intrusion, the intrusion in isolated portion of the ECS shelf is, nerveless, determined by the local geostrophic current. The spatial structure of the intrusion is mostly controlled by the interaction of the stream-shelf topography between the 200 m isobath and the shore-side boundary. The intrusion exhibits strong inter-annual variability. The transport across the shore-side boundary of the Kuroshio reflects the true water exchange between the stream and the ECS shelf. It is considerably different from the transport across the 200 m isobath. PD47* The distribution of dissolved organic carbon in China seas in the winter of 2009 Kai Wu ([email protected]), Kai Wu, Fei-Fei Meng and Junhui Chen Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen We examined the distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the China Seas based on a CHOICE-C winter cruise between Dec. 23, 2009 and Feb. 5, 2010. The highest DOC concentrations upto 102 mol/L were observed in the Pearl River plume. DOC concentrations were up to 95 mol/L in the Changjiang plume. Surface DOC concentration in the East China Sea (ECS) ranged 78-95 mol/L in the nearshore water, 60-66 mol/L in the shelf water, and 67 - 69 mol/L in the offshore waters influenced by the Kuroshio. Surface DOC concentration in the NSCS ranged 70-102 mol/L in the nearshore water, and 61-78 mol/L in the shelf and basin water. Such DOC distribution patterns were primarily reflective of the influence from the river input and intrusion of Kuroshio waters into the shelf regions. One of the consequences of such Kuroshio intrusion was that DOC concentrations of the shelf water in the NSCS were much higher than that of the shelf water in the ECS. In the vertical horizon, DOC was mostly well mixed. PD48* Using the Radium quartet to evaluate the submarine groundwater discharge and derived nitrogen to the shelf of Northern South China Sea in winter Qian Liu ([email protected]), Minhan Dai State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen Naturally occurring chemical tracers are used to assess the magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in winter 2008 in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), an oligotrophic shelf with 83 influence of both China Coastal Current and downwelling driven by the prevailing northeast monsoon. 3 -1 -1 Our groundwater discharge estimation was 345 m m d (normalized to the shoreline ) based on the 226 223 228 mass balance of Ra along with the water exchange rate estimated using Ra : Ra ratios in the inner shelf (50 km from the coastal lines and an average mixed layer depth of 20 m). We then used an 224 223 228 hourly time series of multiple radium isotopes ( Ra, Ra, and Ra) to quantify SGD rates as a 3 -1 -1 comparison to the mass balance results, which ranged 68-699 m m d . This wide range of SGD rates suggested the variability of groundwater input with tidal pumping. Our Ra-determined SGD and associated nitrogen flux represented ca. 16-20% and 50-62% of the riverine water and N flux in this winter. However, this nitrogen flux is small in comparison with the contribution from China Coastal Current along the shelf. Converting the nitrogen flux carried by SGD into the concentration of inner 3 shelf in South China Sea (with water volume: 66 km , residence time: 17 days), we would obtain the -3 nitrogen concentration of 12-16 mmol m . However, the measured N concentrations were lower than -3 -3 1 mmol m but with relative high Chl a in the range of 0.6-2.0 mg m in the NSCS, suggesting that much of the nitrogen flux derived from SGD was consumed by phytoplankton. 84 原生态公司作为美国Picarro公司核心代理商和Coastal公司的独家代理商，为您提供温室气体研究、稳定性同位素分析、 食品安全、空气质量梱测、生态学研究，以及气象观测、应急响应、军事防御等领域的世界顶尖仪器以及系统解决方案。 Picarro分析仪—— Coastal 气象站—— 痕量气体浓度及C、N、H、O同位素比率测量 专业的气象站，适用于任何恶劣环境…… ppb 级的灵敏度, 可确保精度、准确度，无事实漂移 快速、连续、原位在线测量，无需人工值守 大的动态量程，高度线性 野外、实验室两用，无后续耗材 几分钟即可上手操作，无需与业人员 对背景气体、环境温湿度、压力以及震动丌敏感 ZENO 数据采集器 （32 位微处理器，18 位模拟数值转换器） 全球范围内选配最适传感器，现货供应 任何恶劣环境均能正常工作，寿命周期＞20 年…… CM-CRDS 碳同位素分析仪 G5101-i N2O同位素分析仪 L2120-i 水同位素分析仪 二十多年来，Coastal 一直与注亍气象系统研制不开发，为 世界范围内的军方、航空、科研、应急、农业等机构提供最适合 的气象观测系统。 “Without the advances made by Picarro, these autonomous measurements would not have been possible.” –by Colm Sweeney, NOAA's ESRL 更多产品信息，请前往 www.pri-eco.com 联系电话：010-51651246 010-88121891 85 有关公司代理的海洋仪器设备和物探仪器设备的简 劳雷工业公司长期致力亍海洋调查仪器及地球物理 的应用研究、系统集成、软硬件新产品开发、市场营销、 要资料请参阅公司的网页 售后技术服务、以及工程技术咨询服务。长期活跃在科学 www.laureltechnologies.com.cn。 调查、资源勘探、工程梱测和环境保护领域，在北京、上 联系电话：010-58790099 海、成都、香港、美国均设有分公司/代表处/及维修站。 电子邮箱：[email protected] 用最先进的科学技术手段和最新的应用科学方法为市场 传真：010-58790989 劳雷工业公司系统集成成果简介 和客户提供完整的技术方案，推动前沿学科的快速发展一 劳雷工业公司除了日常的市场营销、售后服务、工程 直是公司的戓略方针。联合市场上的活跃用户和世界上的 知名仪器生产厂家及科研院所，采用资源共享、风险分担、 技术咨询服务以外，近年来把重点放在系统集成、软硬件 研发和现场试验幵行的模式，劳雷工业公司成功地向市场 新产品开发的业务上，取得了良好的成果。 推出了许多首创的勘探调查仪器系统，向中国的海洋调查 *本公司不中科院海洋所合作，亍 2010 年 12 月成功地 研究和应用地球物理用户提供了成千上万的仪器系统，幵 在西太平洋北纬 8°6000 米水深海域成功地布放了深海 帮助、支持他们完成了许多重大国家科学顷目和工程顷目。 潜标系统，为西太平洋海洋环流不气候试验（NPOCE） 科学的发展，技术的创新，用户的成功是劳雷工业公司的 顷目采集长期数据 长期团队目标。 *三峡大坝水下安梱系统 *为中海油公司配置的有缆潜标系统 公司经营的主要产品可分为以下三大领域： *为中海油公司提供的深海潜标系统 一、物理海洋学、海洋地球物理、海洋测绘、海洋 *为国家海洋监测中心提供数据传输浮标； 科学研究、水下工程调查仪器设备； *为海洋大学提供深海潜标系统感应传输方案； 二、勘探地球物理、开发地球物理、工程质量梱测仪器 *为海洋所新船提供五种测量仪器、绞车方案及设备； 设备； *为海洋测绘所提供船用绞车、多波束测深仪方案及设备; 三、与用工业设备。 *为海洋测绘所提供与用测绘小艇。 厦门名大科技有限公司 厦门名大科技有限公司是集贸工技亍一体的与 学吸附仪，德国 Merck 各种溶剂、色谱柱、水质分 业实验室仪器及耗材供应商、服务商，从品质管理 析仪及各种实验耗材，美国 Bio-rad 凝胶成像、梯 到研究开发、从基础型到大型工业化提供全面、优 度 PCR、电泳及各种蛋白试剂，德国 Kruss 表面张 质的全套解决方案。我们所提供的产品和服务被广 力接触角仪等。 泛应用亍高校实验室、研究所、政府梱测机构以及 公司本着以人为本，科技创新的精神从 2008 电子、化工、机械、制药、食品等多种工业领域。 年便着力亍实验室软硬件开发及改造，陆续推出如 全自动化学反应系统、无线温度监控系统、全自动 公司目前已是多个世界知名品牌仪器产品在福 建省内的总代理戒授权经销商，主要经营产品如下： 试剂添加平衡系统、环境监测类软件设计等，提供 美国 Waters 液相色谱、液质联用仪，德国 Bruker 样品前处理、样品制备及分析、实验数据精确分析 X 射线衍射仪 、X 射线能谱仪 X 荧光光谱仪 ，美 和管理的全面软硬件解决方案，可为用户提供量身 国 Micromeritics 比表面分析仪、颗粒分析仪、化 定制的自动化管理系统。 86 NOTES NOTES
