Download Chapter 6, Section 3

A. Organic Compounds = compounds containing
carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other
carbon atoms and other elements such as oxygen,
hydrogen, and nitrogen.
1. Carbon forms bonds easily because it has
4 valence electrons.
2. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon
atoms, forming chains that are almost
unlimited in length.
3. All living things contain carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N),
and phosphorous (P).
B. Attack of the Macromolecules! (“Giant
Molecules”)
1. Monomers (building blocks of many carbon
compounds) – created when C, H, O, N, P bond
together to form small molecules.
2. Polymer – large compounds that are formed
by joining monomers together.
a. The process of making a polymer is
called Polymerization.
b. Condensation/Dehydration Reaction –
reaction linking monomers into polymers,
with the loss of water.
c. Hydrolysis – reaction breaking down
polymers into monomers with the
addition of water, reversing a
condensation reaction.
d. Chemical reactions are fueled by
an energy molecule of the cell,
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
3. Some polymers are also called
biomolecules or macromolecules.
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/bodychemistry/
B. Carbohydrates (made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio)
1. Commonly called sugars and starches.
2. Monomers (subunits) are
monosaccharides, also known as simple
sugars.
a. Monosaccharides = 1 sugar
b. Example of Monosaccharide:
glucose, fructose, galactose
c. Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides
joined
d. Example of Disaccharide:
sucrose = glucose and fructose
joined
e. Example of Disaccharide:
maltose = glucose and glucose
joined
f. Polysaccharides = many
monosaccharides joined
g. Example of Polysaccharide:
glycogen = stores excess sugar in
animals
h. Example of Polysaccharide:
cellulose = makes rigid plant cell walls
3. Functions:
a. Store and release quick energy
b. Provide structural support
Example: Exoskeletons of insects
4. Food examples:
a. Bread, Potatoes, Beans, Pasta, Cereal,
Fruit
B. Lipids (made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; large
non-polar molecules that DON’T dissolve in water)
1. Commonly called fats, oils, steroids, and
waxes
2. Monomers (subunits) are glycerol
(hydrophilic “head”) with fatty acid chains
(hydrophobic “tail”)
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
a. Triglycerides – 3 fatty acids joined to
glycerol (alcohol with a carboxyl group –
COOH)
b. Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids joined to
glycerol (alcohol with carboxyl group – COOH)
- Example: cell membrane (barrier
between inside and outside of cell)
c. Waxes – many fatty acids joined to
glycerol (alcohol with a carboxyl group –
COOH)
- Example: earwax, surface of some
plant leaves
3. Functions:
a. Store long-term energy
b. Insulation
c. Make up cell membranes
4. Food examples:
a. Oil, Butter, Steak, Bacon
http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/fats
C. Proteins (made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
and Nitrogen)
1. Monomers (subunits) are amino acids; only
20 different amino acids exist.
a. Structure of an amino acid:
- Amino Group (end)
- Carboxyl Group (end)
- R- Group (middle) *changes*
Tryptophan
Serine
Leucine
b. Dipeptides –
2 amino acids
joined by a
peptide bond
c. Polypeptides
– many amino
acids joined by
a peptide bond
d. Levels of Protein Structure (Very
complex!)
- Primary (1’) – arrangement of
amino acids
- Secondary (2’) – folding/coiling of
amino acids
- Tertiary (3’) – folding of the
whole protein
- Quaternary (4’) – polypeptides
attracted together
2. Functions:
a. Transport oxygen to
blood stream (hemoglobin)
b. Provide immunity
(antibodies)
c. Muscle Contractions
d. Speed up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ
3. Food examples:
a. Fish, Meat, Peanut Butter,
Milk, Rice
4. Other Protein Examples
a. An enzyme is a protein acting as a
biological catalyst.
b. Catalyst – special proteins that speed up
chemical reactions by lowering the activation
energy needed to start the reaction.
- Lowering the activation energy allows
cells to do work more efficiently,
because it requires less energy to do its
work.
- If the cell requires less energy, it can
react more rapidly, therefore, enzyme
to help to increase the rate of reaction.
c. Enzyme names end in “- ase”.
- Examples: Catalase, Sucrase, Lactase
d. Characteristics of an Enzyme
- Enzymes act on specific
substrates.
- Substrate – substance that the enzyme
breaks down
- Each substrate fits in to the active site
of the enzyme. (Like a lock & key.)
- Active Site – region where enzyme
substrate bind together
- Product – the substrate
broken down after the enzyme has
acted on it
- ENZYMES ARE NOT CHANGED OR USED
IN THE REACTION!
- Enzymes go on to carry out the same
reactions again and again.
- Denature – when an enzyme
changes shape due to a change
in temp., pH, or other factor
preventing binding
D. Nucleic Acids (made of Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous)
1. Monomers (subunits) are called
nucleotides.
a. Made up of a 5-carbon sugar,
phosphate, and nitrogen base.
2. Function:
a. Store genetic information in cells
3. Examples:
a. DNA and RNA