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Spring Semester 2016 Review KEY
Energy/Natural Resources
1. As the population of the world continues to increase, the Earth’s resources are in jeopardy of
being depleted. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources? List at
least three examples of each.
Renewable resources can be replaced in a short period of time. Nonrenewable resources can never be
replaced or cannot be renewed within a generation.
Any type of plant or animal can be a renewable resource (cows, chickens, pigs, cotton, corn, wheat, etc.).
Nonrenewable resources include minerals and fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas).
2. Define inexhaustible resource. List three examples.
Inexhaustible resources never run out. (Solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy)
3. Fill in the questions marks with examples of transformation of energy.
Energy Transformation Chart
Light
Heat
Electrical Chemical
(Radiant) (Thermal)
Mechanical
Sound
Transformation from
Transformation to
Chemical
Electrical
Heat
(Thermal)
Light
(Radiant)
Mechanical
Sound
digestion
battery
powered
digital watch
hand
warmer
glow stick
Moving your
muscles
TNT
(dynamite)
heating pad,
transformer electric heat
pump
stove
heating
element
generator
Photosynthesis
lightning
rubbing
hands
together
ignition
telephone
clapping
Nuclear
United States Population
1790
1820
1940
2000
2030
4 million
10 million
130 million
275 million
347 million
4. According to the data set above, the 1790 population of the U.S. was 4 million. Interpretation of
this information can be referred to as what type of prediction?
Interpolation
5. As you can see the population of the U.S. grew to 275 million by the year 2000. What would you
expect the population to be by the year 2030? What is this prediction called?
From 1940-2000 the population increased at a rate of 2.4 million people per year.
(275 million – 130 million) / (2000 – 1940) = 2.4 million people per year
In another 30 years at the same rate the population would increase by 72 million people to bring the
total population in 2030 to 347 million people.
(30 years x 2.4 million people per year) = 72 million people; 72 million people + 275 million people =
347 million people.
This method is called extrapolation.
6. How could this increase in population affect the environment?
As the population increases the use of natural resources will most likely increase. More nonrenewable
resources like fossil fuels would be burned and cause a negative impact on the environment.
7. What sort of graph would best display the data set above? Why? Graph the data below.
A line graph would best represent the data. Line graphs are best used to show a change over time
(dependent variables and independent variables).
United States Population from 1790 -2030
400
Population (millions)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1790
1820
1940
2000
2030
Years
8. Define potential energy and give three examples.
Potential energy is energy stored in an object due to its position. Anything that is not moving has
potential energy; a boulder sitting at the top of a cliff, a parked car, a book on a shelf, etc.
9. Define kinetic energy and give three examples.
Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Ex – person running, boulder rolling down a hill, moving car
10. How does the Energy Transformation Chart support the Law of Conservation of Energy? Restate
the law.
The forms of energy shown in the chart are changed from one form to another. No energy is being
made or disappearing. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is never created or
destroyed but can be transformed.
11. Name the three fossils fuels and their origin.
Coal- prehistoric plant material subjected to intense heat and pressure
Oil- prehistoric animal and plant material subjected to intense heat and pressure
Natural Gas- prehistoric animal and plant material subjected to intense heat and pressure
12. What is the difference between a perfect burn and an imperfect burn? Which products are
potentially harmful or lethal?
In a perfect burn, there is enough oxygen present and the hydrocarbon (fossil fuel) is completely
consumed and the products (carbon dioxide and water) are chemically harmless.
In an imperfect burn, there is not enough oxygen present and the hydrocarbon (fossil fuel) is not
completely consumed and the products (carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons)
are not all chemically harmless. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a killer gas that can enter the human blood
stream six times faster than oxygen (O2). The hydrocarbon itself (CxHy) is a suspected carcinogen or
cancer-causing agent.
13. Humans use fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas as sources of energy. Fossils are remains
of prehistoric life; fuel is matter that burns. Write the chemical equation for the reaction that
occurs during the burning of fossil fuels.
(heat)
CxHy
+ n O2

x CO2
+
n H2O
14. When lighting a Bunsen burner it is important to follow all safety precautions as described in the
skill sheet “Using a Bunsen Burner”. Describe what the flame should like if the burner is lighted
correctly.
The flame should have a light blue interior cone with an outer purple cone.
15. Snakes are cold blooded creatures. After a cold night, they will sit on a rock to warm up. Tell
how all three types of heat transfer affect a snake sitting on a rock by the ocean.
Radiation – sun’s heat warms the rock
Conduction – the snake is touching the rock so the heat transfer to the snake’s body via conduction
Convection – the air over the ocean heats more slowly than the air over the land, so a sea breeze is
created when the warm air over the land rises and the cooler air over the ocean rushes in to take its
place
Atmosphere and Weather
16. List the layers of the atmosphere in order from the surface of the Earth out.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
17. How can there still be air traffic (plane flights) during periods of bad weather?
Airplanes fly in the upper parts of the troposphere. Since weather is normally only in the mid to lower parts
of the troposphere, planes have the ability to fly above the weather patterns.
18. How is the ozone layer different from ground level ozone?
Ground level ozone is produced by the pollution from cars and industry mixing with sunlight. Surface-level
ozone also causes health problems such as shortness of breath, eye irritation, and can trigger asthma
attacks.
19. What are CFCs, and how could they change your daily life 20 years from now if their production is
not stopped completely?
Chemicals from items such as Styrofoam, refrigerants, and aerosol cans release chlorofluorocarbons, or
CFCs, into the environment. The CFCs react with ultraviolet light and release chlorine atoms. The chlorine
atoms repeatedly combine with and pull apart thousands of ozone molecules. If the ozone layer is destroyed
more UV radiation would get to earth. To begin with cases of skin cancer would increase, but if all the
ozone is destroyed life would stop on earth
20. What are some things Europe can do to try to stop the icecaps from melting? (name three things
and explain how each idea would help)
Europe needs to reduce the world’s CO2 levels. They can do this by planting trees to turn CO2 back into O2.
Another thing would find a new energy source for cars and then finally restrictions on pollution from their
factories. The last two ideas would limit the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphe
Earth’s Energy Budget
Reflected by
atmosphere
Incoming solar 6%
energy 100%
Reflected
by clouds
20%
Reflected
from Earth’s
surface 4%
Radiated to
space from
clouds and
atmosphere
64%
Radiated
directly to
space from
Earth 6%
Absorbed by
atmosphere 16%
Absorbed by
clouds 3%
Absorbed by land and oceans 51%
Carried to clouds
and atmosphere
by latent heat in
water vapor 23%
21. What happens to the majority of the sun’s energy?
Most of the energy (51%) is being absorbed by the oceans and land
Conduction
and rising
air 7%
Radiated from
the earth’s
surface 21%
22. Using the Earth’s Energy Budget above, approximately how much of the Sun’s energy is reflected
back into space?
Approximately 30%
23. Explain the differences in density between cold and warm water and between fresh and salty
water.
Cold water is more dense than warm water.
Salty water is more dense than fresh water.
24. What is a thermocline in the ocean?
Layer of cold ocean water
25. Explain how it is possible for a fisherman to catch freshwater fish in the ocean.
At a river delta, the fresh water of the river flows into the salt water of the ocean. Since fresh
water is less dense than salt water, the water from the river remains on top of the more dense salt
water of the ocean.
26. List the 2 types of ocean currents and describe each one.
Surface current – these are currents that are on the surface of the ocean and are powered by the
wind
Density current – these are currents that form under the surface and occur due to the greater
density of cold, salty water (also called thermohaline currents)
27. What is specific heat?
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance 1 degree Celsius
28. Using what you know about the specific heat of land and water, draw 2 diagrams – one
representing what occurs to create a “sea breeze” and another to show what occurs to create a “land
breeze”. Indicate at what time of day each of these breezes occur.
29. What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place; with respect to variables such
as temperature, moisture, wind velocity, and barometric pressure. Climate, on the other hand, is
the meteorological condition that characteristically prevails in a particular region over time.
30. List the factors that control the weather.
Latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, topography, ocean currents, and distances from large bodies of
water
31. What is the difference between the rotation of ocean and wind currents in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres?
Northern – rotate clockwise
Southern – rotate counter-clockwise
32. Name and describe the four types of weather fronts.
Cold Front – cold air advances towards warm air lifting the warm air up. Cold air is denser
causing it to sink below warm air.
Warm Front – warm air advances towards the cold air sliding over the cold air forming a gentle
slope.
Occluded Front – occurs when colder air forces warm air upward, closing off the warm air
from the surface
Stationary Front – neither cold air nor warm air advances
33. Define the characteristics of a high pressure system and a low pressure system. Which type of
weather is associated with each?
High pressure system turns clockwise and pushes air down from the center. Usually associated with fair
weather. Low pressure turns counter-clockwise, air rises from the center. Usually associated with stormy,
wet weather.
34. In what type of a weather system do tornadoes form?
Low pressure
35. What 3 types of air masses do they need to form?
Warm moist air, warm dry air, and cold air
36. What are the 3 factors that must be present in order for a hurricane to form?
Warm ocean water, evaporation of ocean water and winds that are swirling inward
37. What is the major difference between a Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm and a hurricane?
Wind speed
38. In what direction do tornadoes and hurricanes rotate in the Northern Hemisphere? In the
Southern Hemisphere?
Northern – counter-clockwise
Southern – clockwise
39. What are the symbols on a weather map for high and low pressure systems?
High pressure – H
Low pressure – L
40. What is the symbol on a weather map for a hurricane?
Rock Processes/Weathering
1
talc
2
gypsum
Moh’s Scale of Hardness
3
4
5
6
7
8
calcite fluorite apatite orthoclase quartz topaz
feldspar
9
corundum
10
diamond
Moh’s Scale of Hardness classifies minerals on a scale from 1 to 10. It is a useful tool when
identifying minerals.
41. The softest mineral on the Moh’s scale is talc.
42.The hardest common mineral on the Moh’s scale is diamond.
43.A fingernail has a hardness of 2.5. Which minerals can be scratched by a fingernail?
gypsum and talc
44.The Field test uses several common items such as a penny, a nail and a piece of glass to determine
the hardness of minerals. You have been given an unknown mineral. When conducting a hardness
test, you are unable to scratch the specimen with a piece of glass. This mineral is probably:
a)
fluorite
b)
calcite
c)
gypsum
d)
quartz (glass has a hardness of 5.5 and quartz has a hardness of 7)
45.Of the minerals listed on the Moh’s Scale, which ones are considered to be gemstones? Why are
gemstones more valuable than other minerals?
Quartz (amethyst), topaz, corundum (blue sapphire), and diamond are considered gemstones.
Gemstones are highly prized minerals because they are rare, beautiful and durable.
Answer the questions below using the Rock Cycle
Weathering
Transportation
Deposition
Uplift and Exposure
Sediments
Igneous rocks
(extrusive)
Lithification
Sedimentary
rocks
Consolidation
Metamorphism
Metamorphic
rocks
Melting
Igneous rocks
(intrusive)
Crystallization
Magma
Rock Cycle
46.What are the three major categories of rocks and how they are formed?
Igneous rocks- formed from molten rock (magma and lava) cooling and crystallizing
Sedimentary rocks- formed from the lithification (compaction, compression, and
cementation) of sediments
 Metamorphic rocks- formed from rocks exposed to extreme heat and pressure


47. Explain the difference between clastic and nonclastic sedimentary rock.
Clastic – rocks are made from broken fragments of other rocks cemented together
Nonclastic – rocks are made from dissolved minerals coming out of solution or from the remains of
once-living organisms
48.Quartzite is quartz sandstone that has undergone a metamorphic change. Explain how it goes from
magma, to granite, to sandstone, and then finally to quartzite.
Magma containing the minerals quartz, orthoclase feldspar and biotite mica cools inside the earth at
a slow rate allowing for large crystals of each mineral to grow to form the igneous rock granite.
Through uplifting and exposure the granite is exposed to the surface of the earth where it is
subject to weathering and erosion. Over time the granite becomes broken-down into sediments
(small pieces of rock). The sediments will be carried to a new location (by wind, water etc.) where
they are deposited. Some of the sediments, mainly the quartz sediments will undergo lithification
(compaction, compression, and cementation) to form the sedimentary rock sandstone. Over time the
sandstone may become buried and exposed to intense heat and pressure to become the metamorphic
rock quartzite.
49. Explain the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.
Foliated roaks – have bands or layering presnt
Nonfoliated rocks – no bands or layering present
50.Igneous rocks have two major physical characteristics that help explain what is in them, and how
they were formed. Give the two major physical characteristics, and explain what each one helps you
identify.


Crystal size (texture)- tells the cooling rate of the igneous rock and where the rock cooled
(intrusive or extrusive)
Color- tells what minerals may be contained in the igneous rock
51.Explain how you would find the density of a rock. Include the formula for density, equipment
needed, and procedure.
By first finding the mass with the triple beam balance, then finding the volume with the water displacement
method, and finally by dividing mass by volume to calculate density.
To perform the water displacement method:
1. Get a graduated cylinder in which the irregular object will easily fit.
2. Pour water into the cylinder to half the total volume the cylinder can hold.
3. Record the volume of water.
4. Drop the object gently into the cylinder.
5. Record the new volume.
6. Subtract the old volume from the new volume.
52.Rocks reveal geologic and environmental changes that have occurred over millions of years. What
does the arrangement of rock layers and types of sedimentary rocks tell us about Earth’s past?
They can reveal the age of the Earth, types of organisms that lived in the past, processes that took
place, and forces that affected the area.
53.Define relative age.
The age of something in
comparison to something
else, i.e., older/younger
54.Which law supports
the fact that layer B is
older than C?
D
C
B
The Law of Superposition
55.Which law supports that
the intrusion occurred more
A
recently than A, B, C, and D?
Law of Cross Cutting Relationships
56. This is a sedimentary rock formation. Label the syncline and the anticline.
S
A
57.How would Dallas be different if there was no such thing as weathering of rocks?
There would be many more mountains.
58.There are two major categories of weathering. Identify the two categories and give an example
of each.


Mechanical (physical) weathering- abrasion, root pry and ice wedging
Chemical weathering- dissolution and oxidation
59.In San Antonio, there are a lot of limestone statues sitting on granite bases. The granite bases
are still in good condition, but the limestone statues are falling apart. Why is this occurring?
Limestone contains the mineral calcite which reacts with acids. When calcite is exposed to mild acids
such as carbonic acid in rain water dissolution will occur. Granite does not contain calcite.
60. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breaking down of rocky materials and erosion is the movement of that
weathered material
Plate Tectonics/Topography
61 .Name the layers of the earth, starting with the outermost layer.
Crust, mantle (lithosphere then asthenosphere), outer core, inner core
62. What is a continental plate?
The Earth’s surface is broken up into 7 major and 6 minor pieces called plates.
63.What is the Theory of Continental Drift? Who developed this theory?
All continents were once part of one large landmass called Pangaea. The continents later split apart
and drifted slowly to their present positions. Alfred Wegner is known as the “Father of Continental
Drift”.
64.What things were pointed to as evidence of continental drift?
1. Some continents fit together like a jig-saw puzzle. (N.American and Eurasian as well as
S.American and African)
2. Fossils and rocks that are the same can be found on different continents support this theory.
3. Tropical plant fossils found in the Artic.
65.How do continental plates move?
There are two theories: one is based on convection currents and the other is based on density.
1. Based on convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the outer core heating the
lower mantle. When the warmer material moves away from the outer core towards the crust it
moves the plate with it.
2. Based on density. Older cooler parts of the asthenosphere stick to the lithosphere making the
oceanic plate (lithosphere) more dense. The denser the plate the faster it sinks.
66. Draw the three types of plate boundaries. Use arrows to show how they move.
Convergent
 ; Divergent  ; Transform  
67. What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
Band of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean
68 .List significant characteristics of the earthquake and volcano prone areas. (location, population,
etc.)
Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the edges of continents (coast). There is a high
population density along coastlines, most people are willing to live with the impending danger
69. What type of plate movement causes earthquakes?
shearing; found at a transform boundary
70. Where are subduction zones (trenches) found?
At convergent boundaries where the plates have different densities.
71. Why are volcanoes and earthquakes often found in the same areas?
They are often found at the edge of the continents where the plate boundaries are and stress
forces are being built up.
72. Explain how Karst topography is created.
 As rain falls through the atmosphere it picks up CO2 which dissolves in the droplets.
 Once the rain hits the ground, it drips through the soil and picks up more CO2 to form a weak
solution of carbonic acid: H2O + CO2 = H2CO3.
 The water naturally flows in any cracks or crevices in the rock. Over long periods, the
carbonate bedrock begins to dissolve.
 Eventually this process leads to the development of subsurface caves and sinkholes.
73.If the Dallas area has a change in its water supply and gets a large underwater river, what
would happen to the chalk rock below us?
Dissolution would occur and the rock would weather away over a long period of time.
Use the topographic map below to answer the following questions.
B
A
X
1943
1900
1800
1700
2050
2000
1950
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
74.Draw a profile of the above mountain.
75. What is the highest elevation on the map?
1943
76. What is the contour interval of the map?
50
77. What is the elevation difference between the two homes?
between 200 and 150
78. Why do hikers use topographic maps instead of regular maps when going through mountains?
A topographic map provides a “bird’s eye view” or 3-D view on a 2-D map. Hikers are able to see
increases and decreases in elevations and can make a profile map of the area they want to hike.
79. List and describe the three types of volcanoes.
Shield- Volcano has a wide base and is short. Eruptions are normally gentle. An example is
the Hawaiian islands.
Cinder Cone- A tall volcano with violent eruptions. An example is Paricutin in Mexico that
erupted in 1943.
Composite- Volcano is large and has violent eruptions alternating with quiet eruptions. An
example is Mt. Saint Helens.
80. How can volcanic eruptions affect our climate?
When volcanoes erupt ash and dust is released into the atmosphere altering weather
patterns across the globe.
81. Harry Hess proposed the Theory of Sea Floor Speading in the 1960s. According to this theory,
where is new ocean floor being produced? What happens to old ocean floor?
New ocean floor is produced along a mid-ocean ridge while the older ocean floor is pushed further
away. The oldest ocean floor is found next to the continents. The youngest ocean floor is found near
the ridge.