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Transcript
Learning Learning: Definition A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience Distinguishes between changes due to maturation and changes brought about by experience Distinguishes between shortterm changes in performance and actual learning 3 Types of Learning Learning through association - Classical Conditioning Learning through consequences – Operant Conditioning Learning through observation – Modeling/ Observational Learning Classical Conditioning Type of learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response Classical Conditioning A stimulus that, before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned Classical Conditioning A natural, innate response that is not associated with previous learning Classical Conditioning A NS that has been paired with a UCS to bring about a response formerly caused only by the UCS A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus Before Conditioning During Conditioning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. After Conditioning Classical Conditioning Extinction Occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears Spontaneous recovery The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization Occurs when a conditioned Conditioned Stimulus response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus New Stimulus Stimulus discrimination Ability to differentiate between stimuli Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences Law of effect Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated Reinforcer Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again Operant Conditioning Primary reinforcer Satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience Secondary reinforcer A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment Positive Reinforcement A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response Negative reinforcement Unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future Escape conditioning Avoidance conditioning Punishment Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again Positive punishment weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs Partial reinforcement Behavior that is reinforced some but not all of the time Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedule Reinforcement is given only after a certain number of responses Variable-ratio schedule Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-interval schedule Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low Variable-interval schedule Time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Operant Conditioning Stimulus Control Training Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence Discriminative stimulus Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow the response Stimulus generalization Operant Conditioning Superstitious behavior Shaping Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior Biological constraints Built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors Cognitive-Social Approaches to Learning Latent learning A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it Observational learning Learning through observing the behavior of another person called a model Learning and Memory Linked • Learning relies on memory. Learning requires the storage and retrieval of information. • Memory relies on learning. An individual’s established knowledge base provides a structure of past learning. Incoming data attaches to that structure though association. Explain how you have learned something by associating it with what you already knew.
