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Inflammation
•
Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in
the immune response
- State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain,
heat and redness.
1.
Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness
2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain
3. Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue
allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective
tissue
Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2
Pluripotent stem cell
Flowchart of Hematopoiesis
Figure 1-11
Leukocytes
Myeloid Lineage
Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)
Figure 1-9 Neutrophils:
partMost
3 abundant
of 6
Phagocyte
Effector cells of Innate Immunity
Short-lived - Pus
Eosinophils:
Worms/intestinal parasites
Amplify inflammation
Bind IgE
Very Toxic - Pathogen and host
Chronic asthma
Basophils:
Rare
Unknown function
Bind to IgE
• Circulate in blood
• Bigger than PMLs
• Look similar
• Immature form of
macrophage
• Scavengers
• Phagocytose
pathogens, cells,
debris
• Secrete cytokines
Figure 1-13
Figure 1-14
• Star-shape
• In tissue
• Cellular messenger
• Cargo cell
• Connective tissue
• Unknown
progenitor
• Granules
• Degranulation
major contributor to
inflammation and
allergies
Lymphoid Lineage Cells
Large lymphocytes
NK cells
Small lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6
Lymp
• Large lymphocyte with
granular cytoplasm
• Effector cell of innate
immunity
• Adaptive IR
• Small and immature
• Activated by pathogen
• Two types
- B cell
- T cell
• B cells have B cell
receptors and secrete Ab
• T cells have T cell
receptors
Erythroid Lineage
• Giant nucleus
• Resident of bone
marrow
• Fusion of precursor
cells
• Fragments to make
platelets
Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6
• Gas transport
• Infected by
Plasmodium
falciparum
Lymphoid
Myeloid part 2 of 2
Erythroid
Figure 1-11
Centrifuged blood sample
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Figure 1-12
20
45H
55H
Sites of Lymphoid Tissue
Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day
Figure 1-15
Primary and Secondary
GALT, BALT, MALT
Lymph
Recirculation
Figure 1-16
Draining Lymph node
Edema
Afferent and Efferent
Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2
B-cell area
(follicle)
Lymphocytes
Afferent
lymph
Pathogen
Dendritic cells
T helper cell
(lymph node)
Activate B cells
Make Antibodies
artery
T-cell area
Efferent
lymph Lymphocyte not
activated
Activated by
dendritic cell
T helper cell
(Infection site)
Cytotoxic T cell
(Infection site)
Activate Macrophages
Kills infected
host cells
Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen
Figure 1-19
• Blood filtering
organ
• Blood borne
pathogens
• Red pulp - red cells
• White pulp Immune system
Figure 1-20
M cells
Activated
lymphocytes
Adaptive Immunity
1. Vertebrates only
2. Specificity
- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR
- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity
- clonal selection
3. Small lymphocytes
- types and sub-types
- functions
Recognition concept
Receptor or Antibody molecule
Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR
Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound
Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure
Small lymphocyte sub-types
B-cells
BCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab
T-cells
Tc = cytotoxic (CD8+)
TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)
Th1 (inflammation)
Th2 (help B-cells make AB)
Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity
B cells
T cells
B-cells
T-cell
Figure 1-25
Intracellular
pathogens
Extracellular
pathogens
Figure 1-26
MHC class I communicates with Tc cells
MHC class II communicates with TH cells
Figure 1-27
Parasitic infection
Parasite
+
Mast cell
Inflammation
Mast cell
activated
Expel
and/or
destroy
pathogen
• Neutralization
• Opsonization
1. Inflammation
Principles of Adaptive Immunity
Diversity
Specificity
Memory
Self-tolerance
Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity
Germline configuration
Diversity
1. Alternative combinations
2. Imprecise joints
3. Different types of chains
4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation
In the absence of antigen
Clonal Selection
1. Each cell = one receptor
2. Millions of lymphocytes
are generated
3. Small subset will
recognize a pathogen
4. Proliferation and
differentiation
5. Acquired immunity - the
adaptive immunity
provided by
immunological memory
Figure 1-22
Figure 1-30
Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version
Figure 1-28
Mechanism of Self-tolerance
Immunodeficiencies
Inherited deficiencies
Stress induced
Pathogen caused deficiencies
Cells and molecules
involved in
Hypersensitivity Diseases
Figure 1-32
• IgE
• IgG
• CD4 TH1
• CD8 CTL
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Figure 1-33
Figure 1-34