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ROMAN EMPIRE Second Triumvirate Octavian, Antony, Lepidus avenge Caesar’s death o Brutus/Cassius defeated Battle of Philippi (42 BC) o Cicero – hands/head cut off and placed in Forum on display gradually became rivals Lepidus forced into retirement 31 B.C. Battle of Actium Octavian defeated Antony Octavian emerged as sole master of Roman world January 13, 27 BC Octavian appeared before the Senate and laid down his supreme power Senate gave him new powers and title of AUGUSTUS (Exalted one) Symbolic of re-establishing power of Senate given supreme command over all legions Augustus referred to himself as “1st Princeps” [First Citizen] co-ruled with Senate (had in reality much more power than Senate) According to Tacitus Augustus was very popular “Indeed he attracted everybody’s goodwill by the enjoyable gift of peace….Opposition did not exist.” 27 BC “PAX ROMANA” Roman Peace free from civil wars and major invasions time of “Romanization” of western world Roman legal system extended law/order to provinces Augustus had to restructure Rome and re-establish confidence 1. Restructured the military a. reduced from 60 legions to 28 Legions i. gotten too large during late Republic ii. decreased burden on people iii. easier to manage b. established Paid, Professional, Permanent military i. loyalty to Rome, not generals c. created Praetorian Guard d. removed military from Rome Mr. Meier Page 1 2. Restored confidence of Senate a. Augustus removed corrupt senators b. Augustus removed Senators from provinces (Caesar had expanded Senate to increase his supporters) c. Augustus was respectful of the Senate d. Lived modestly 3. Restored Religion / Morality a. repaired temples b. built new temples c. increased pride in Roman religion d. adultery punished as a crime e. rewards for families with 3 or more children 4. Helped Poor a. Public works programs 5. Strengthened Infrastructure a. Roads b. Bridges c. Police force 14 A.D. Augustus died [31 B.C. – 14 A.D.] “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.” hero // god – applause on his death bed continued to undermine Republican government o united many positions under his control consul, tribune, pontifex maximus [chief priest] princes, pater patriae (father of country) supreme ruler, king, emperor, absolute power 14 A.D. TIBERIUS 37 CALIGULA Mr. Meier stepson of Augustus appointed by Augustus became paranoid o killed members of Senate Equestrian class emperor when Jesus Christ was killed 37 got sick…coma…came out of coma…smothered by Caligula “little boots” Appointed by Senate First few years ruled well…but got sick (Epileptic Seizure / poison?) and went insane opened “brothel” in palace appt. his horse, Incitatus, as Senator Page 2 41 CLAUDIUS 54 appointed by Praetorian Guard drooled, stuttered, limped, ill expanded into southern Britain built Aqueduct Claudia poisoned [mushrooms] by his wife, Agrippina (sister of Caligula) o wanted her son, Nero [Claudius’ adopted son] could rule NERO Mr. Meier tried to bring “Statue of Zeus” from Olympia to Rome o as workers were taking apart, they heard what they thought was laughing inside the statue, they got scared and left inside “wood frame” of statue was filled with mice, they were probably scurrying around which was taken as laughter Caligula dreamt he was beside the “Statue of Zeus” and the next day he was killed o revenge for trying to move the statue? built bridge from his palace to Temple of Jupiter replaced heads on statues with his head declared war on English Channel (the water) collected sea shells as “money” very hairy o made it punishable by death to make jokes killed Brittanica (step brother) because he feared Agrippina was going to try and make him leader instead of Nero ROME HAD NO METHOD OF SUCCESSION TO GET RID OF BAD POLITICIANS…RESORTED TO ASSASSINATIONS murdered by Praetorian Guard saw himself as more of a “star” than emperor too young to rule o co-ruled with his mother, Agrippina at age 21, wanted to rule alone, had his mother murdered o sinking boat, but she swam to shore o Nero sent assassins to kill her she told them to “strike here first (womb) this bore Nero” 64 Fire swept through Rome o many blamed Nero because he wanted to build a massive palace o Nero needed a scapegoat for the disaster, blamed the Christians Christianity was a new religious sect unpopular because of their refusal to worship the emperor or Roman gods held secret, late night meetings Peter and Paul were in Rome Page 3 68 “ARMY EMPERORS” 69 got Rome out of bankruptcy appointed good provincial governors put down revolts in Gaul began building of Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) Jews revolted against Roman rule o Titus (son) was general fighting against Jews o destroyed Jerusalem and 2nd Temple 2nd Temple built by Herod around 37 BC TITUS 81 Galba, Otho, Vitellius were all killed in 68 by a different branch of the military each appointed by difference branches of military VESPASIAN 79 Nero was 1st to persecute the Christians o Christians were wrapped in animal skins and hung for wild animals to devour o smeared with pitch and burned alive to provide light – “Human Candles” o crucified their title and description of crime would be on cross Nero’s lover, Poppaea Sabina, pushed Nero to kill his 1st wife Later, Nero killed Poppaea Sabina (2nd wife) and unborn baby by kicking her in the stomach when she was pregnant Nero demanded $$ from the rich, they would bequeath their $$ to Nero then killed o Nero became an “Enemy of the state” 68 Nero committed suicide at age 29 – “What a great artist dies in me” called the “Delight of Mankind” o ruled with “kindness and moderation” o wanted to be loved by Romans o one evening he remembered that he had bestowed no gift upon any one, and in regret exclaimed to his friends, “I have lost a day.” Mt. Vesuvius erupted destroying Pompeii/Herculaneum 80 Colosseum opened o paid for by selling religious relics from Temple in Jerusalem DOMITIAN Mr. Meier brother of Titus ignored the Senate had no regard for Roman law persecuted Jews and Christians extremely paranoid o had pillars in palace covered with white marble to see reflections behind him loved to catch flies, stabbing them, pulling out their wings Page 4 loved gladiator fights between women/dwarfs hacked to death by members of his court, not the Praetorian Guard Tacitus “Emperors are like weather. We just have to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good one’s to appear” 96-180 “FIVE GOOD EMPERORS” 96 NERVA 98 first emperor from a province o Spain expanded the arts empire reached its largest size HADRIAN 138 Appointed by the Senate began welfare program to help the poor o gave away land o included poor in public education o continued by his successors TRAJAN 117 peaceful transfer of power no one killed in office Roman government expanded trade and agriculture increased Public Works Programs ”Greekling” o loved Greek/Hellenistic culture built ”Hadrian’s Wall” in Britain o focused more on “civilizing” Romans than conquering o – 73 mile wall – 15’ tall – 9’ ditch at base o separating Roman Britain and Scottish in Britain ”Pantheon” – dedicated to all gods (today it is a Church) o 150’ dome – largest for next 18 centuries ANTONIUS PIUS Mr. Meier exceptional character hard worker “a reign without events” o uneventful, but given credit for it being uneventful Page 5 161 MARCUS AURELIUS 180 didn’t really want to become emperor, would have preferred being just a philosopher ruled during a time of misfortunes o Rome suffering from plague and famine o Rome suffering from increased barbarian attacks along boundaries Increased problems were blamed on Christians o Increasing persecution against Christians Stoic philosopher o Focused on having good character and attention to duty o wrote “Meditations” 180 AD “PAX ROMANA” came to an end COMMODUS son of Marcus Aurelius loved performing as a gladiator o fought 735 times paying himself such a huge fee to fight that a new tax had to be levied dressed like the “the Roman Hercules” after Commodus discovered assassination plots – he began a “reign of terror” o he would confiscate the land of the people he had killed o his ”reign of terror” was becoming so out of control, that people within his own palace feared for their lives and agreed that Commodus must be killed o concubine, Marcia, tried to poison him, but wasn’t strong enough, just drugged him o professional “wrestler” was paid to strangle him to death died New Years’ Day 192 A.D – HAPPY NEW YEAR Dio Cassius o “Commodus was a greater curse to the Romans than any pestilence or any crime” After Commodus died – civil wars broke out for next 100 years Restoring the Roman Empire 2 emperors were able to restore some stability to the empire: >”Late Empire” 284 A.D. DIOCLETIAN TETRARCHY Rule by 4 Mr. Meier Diocletian Constantine >empire too large for 1 person to rule alone >4 prefectures were grouped into 2 parts: East / West =each empire had its own emperor ~Diocletian = East [was supreme ruler] ~Maximian = West =each emperor had a “Caesar” (co-emperor) that would succeed to the position of emperor better succession >Diocletian also tried to restore the supremacy of the Emperor [diadem = royal crown signifying royal power] >royal robe Page 6 >officials kneel and kiss robe >Senate stripped of power = became like a city council >Diocletian issued an edict in 301 establishing maximum wages/prices 312 CONSTANTINE gained control of all the western part of the empire with his victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge Constantine prayed to God before the battle and was given a sign “In this sign you will conquer.” (cross in sky) he won the battle and converted to Christianity – did not get baptized until the end of his life 313 Constantine issued the Edict of Milan religious freedom 324 Constantine defeated the eastern Emperor, Licinius, at the Battle of Adrianople and became emperor of all the Roman Empire 324 Constantine began the building of a new capital at Byzantium [later called Constantinople and is present day Istanbul] == NEW ROME – “old Rome” too far away from vital areas of Empire in the East >located at straits of Bosporus // Dardenelles 1)easier to defend [peninsula, walls] 2)stronger economic/prosperous area 3)stronger Christian center policies of Diocletian/Constantine helped restore empire but the policies most times were based on coercion 2/27/380 A.D. THEODOSIUS – made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire Reasons for the fall of Western Roman Empire: [DARK AGES video] **This was not a quick decline, but a slow, steady decline A)Barbarian Invasions: groups being pushed west and south by the HUNS Attila “Scourge of God” Attila said to have “sword of god” from god of war, Mars = invincible Huns developed an excellent bow – excellent on horseback – shorter to pull it back 410 VISIGOTHS Rome agreed to allow the Visigoths to live inside of Roman boundaries Romans treated Visigoths badly Visigoths rebelled and defeated the Romans 410 - Visigoth leader, ALARIC captured/trashed Rome ALARIC had once fought for Rome, but turned on Rome when denied a promotion 451 Battle of Chalons – Huns – led by Attila >Attila Defeated by alliance of Rome and Visigoths, “ticked” off Attila, so turned his attention to conquering Italy Mr. Meier Page 7 452 “Scourge of God” met Pope Leo I who dissuaded him from sacking Rome >according to legend there was a “miracle” – St. Peter and St. Paul appeared to Attila and threatened him with instant death if he ignored Pope Leo I 453 DEATH OF ATTILA DIED on the night of his marriage ATTILA who was not a heavy drinker, got drunk ATTILA passed out flat on his back ATTILA had a massive nosebleed which caused him to choke on his own blood 455 VANDALS – Gaiseric [our use of the word “vandal” suggests the terror and destruction associated with the Vandals 476 VANDALS – ODOACER defeated ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS – end of western Roman Empire SO HOW DID THESE INVASIONS HURT ROME? MILITARY PROBLEMS • Barbarian Invasions – Warmer climate – Farmland – Wealth – Flee from the Huns • Decrease in military power – Training, discipline, lack of $$ • Hiring Mercenaries – $$ – No patriotism • Increased taxes to help pay for protection Mr. Meier Page 8 POLITICAL PROBLEMS • No Set Succession Method – Emperor, Senate, Praetorian Guard, Army – In U.S., if president died (Lincoln, JFK) there would be shock, but people would know there is a method in place for replacement • • • • Poor leaders “Power Fights” for throne Corruption Talented people chose not to serve due to dangers of government life instead lived in luxury • Empire too large ECONOMIC PROBLEMS • Decrease in farming – Barbarian raids • Shortage of food • Heavy taxation • Decrease in Population – Fewer people to tax • Reduction in slave class • Not enough “manpower” to work fields nor fight against enemies • Inflation • Increase in bartering Mr. Meier Page 9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS • Loss of Patriotism, Discipline, and Devotion to Duty • Large number of slaves • Plague • Famine • Loss of confidence in government Mr. Meier Page 10