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Chapter 10
The Rise of Kingdoms and
the
Growth of Church Power
The Emergence & Growth of
European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300
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The Power of Kings
England in the High Middle Ages
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William of Normandy (1066 – 1087)
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Battle of Hastings (1066)
Fusion of Normans and Anglo-Saxons
Involvement in France
Kings of Medieval England
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A New Dynasty
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Henry II (1154 – 1189) and the Plantagenet dynasty
Administrative reform
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The church
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Finances and exchequer
Royal courts and common law
Thomas à Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)
King John (1199 – 1216) and Magna Carta
Edward I (1272 – 1307) and the Emergence of
Parliament
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Knights, burgesses, barons, and church lords
The Growth of the French Kingdom
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Hugh Capet and the Capetian Dynasty
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Little real power and limited royal domain in
the Île-de-France
The Conquests of Philip II Augustus (1180 –
1223)
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War against the English
French bureaucracy
Medieval French Kings
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The Saintly Louis IX (1226 – 1270)
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Justice
Participates in Crusades
Philip IV (1285 – 1314) and the EstatesGeneral
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Royal Administration
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Council for Advice
Chamber of Accounts (Finances)
Parlement (royal court)
Estates-General (Parliament): clergy, nobles, and
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish
Kingdoms
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Muslim Spain and Córdoba
The Reconquest (Reconquista)
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Offensive by Christian kingdoms begun in
eleventh century
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Christian victories in the northern kingdoms of
Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal
Continued Muslim domination in the south
Christian conquests in the south
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The policy of repartimiento
Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)
The Lands of the Holy Roman
Empire: Germany and Italy
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The Salian Kings: patterns of weakness
Involvement in Italy
Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190)
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Attempts to conquer northern Italy
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Opposition from the pope and Italian cities
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The Battle of Legnano (1176)
Frederick II (1212 – 1250)
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King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor
Germany left in confusion and chaos
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Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273)
Emergence of Italian city-states
The New Kingdoms in Eastern Europe
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The Scandinavian Kingdoms
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Germans and Slavs
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Political structures and organized churches
Teutonic Knights
Prussia: German and Christian by the end of the
thirteenth century
Periodic Invasions
Medieval Mongols & Russians
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Impact of the Mongol Empire
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Temuchin: Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227)
Khubilai Khan and the conquest of China
Advances against the Muslim world
Advances against Europe
The Development of Russia
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Kievan disintegration by 1169
The unification provided by the church
Mongol invasion
Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220 – 1263)
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The title of grand-prince and legacy in Moscow
The Recovery and Reform of the
Catholic Church
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The Problems of Decline
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Worldly bishops and abbots, monastic decline
The Cluniac Reform Movement
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Cluny: founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910)
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The spread of reform in western and central Europe
Reform of the Papacy
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Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085) and reform
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The problem of lay investiture
The Investiture Controversy
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King Henry VI of Germany
Concordat of Worms (1122)
Christianity and Medieval Civilization
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Growth of the Papal Monarchy
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Administrative structure
The pontificate of Innocent III (1198 – 1216)
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Conflict with Philip Augustus of France
Interdict of England
New Religious Orders and Spiritual
Ideals
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The Cistercian Order
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Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153)
Women in Religious Orders
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Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179)
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Living the Gospel Life
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The Franciscans / Order of Friars Minor
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Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226)
The Dominicans / Order of Preachers
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Mystical visions
Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221)
Monasticism and Social Services
Popular Religion in the High Middle
Ages
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The Sacraments
The Importance of Saints
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The Use of Relics
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The Virgin Mary
Indulgences and purgatory
The Pilgrimage
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Spiritual benefits
Voices of Protest and Intolerance
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Heresy
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Catharism
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The Holy Office (papal Inquisition)
Persecution of the Jews
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Dualist system
Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209)
The impact of the Crusades
Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
Expulsion
Intolerance of Homosexuality
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Legislation: “sin against nature” (Aquinas)
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Severe punishment
The Crusades
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Background to the Crusades
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Islam and the Seljuk Turks
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Change and disintegration in the Muslim World
Seljuk Turks: nomadic people from Central Asia
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Capture of Baghdad (1055)
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
The Byzantine Empire
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Divisions between the Catholic and Orthodox Church
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Schism (1054)
External threats to security
Alexius I Comnenus (1081 – 1118)
The Early Crusades
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The Idea of Holy War
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Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099)
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Crusading fervor
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Council of Clermont (1095)
“Armed pilgrimages”
The First Crusade (1096 – 1099)
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Capture of Antioch (1098)
Capture of Jerusalem (1099)
Crusader States
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Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem
The Early Crusades
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The Second Crusade
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The Muslims strike back: the fall of Edessa
(1144)
Saint Bernard’s call ends in total failure
The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)
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The leadership of Saladin
Reaction to the fall of Jerusalem
Led by Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany,
Richard the Lionhearted of England, and Philip
Augustus of France
The Crusades of the Thirteenth
Century and the Effects of Crusades
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The Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204)
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Sack of Constantinople
Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261)
Children’s Crusade (1212)
What Were the Effects of the Crusades?
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Little impact on the Muslim World
Impact on European society
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Many young warriors removed from Europe
Italian cities benefited economically
Attacks on Jews
Discussion Questions
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How was royal power strengthened in France and England
beginning in the eleventh century?
What forces pulled apart the Holy Roman Empire between
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?
How was the history of Russia linked to the invasions of the
Mongols?
What was the function of the pope in medieval Europe?
What fed the climate of intolerance in Europe after the
twelfth century?
What were the causes of the Crusades?
Were the Crusades a success or a failure? How were they a
reaction to the Muslim threat?