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Cellular Respiration copyright cmassengale 1 Cellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP copyright cmassengale 2 Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place? copyright cmassengale 3 Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers. copyright cmassengale 4 Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Inner membrane copyright cmassengale 5 Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction copyright cmassengale 6 Oxidation Reaction The loss of electrons from a substance. Or the gain of oxygen. Oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP copyright cmassengale 7 Reduction Reaction The gain of electrons to a substance. Or the loss of oxygen. Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP copyright cmassengale 8 Breakdown of Cellular Respiration Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix. copyright cmassengale 9 Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane. copyright cmassengale 10 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps). copyright cmassengale 11 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase: Glucose (6C) 2ATP C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) copyright cmassengale C-C-C C-C-C 12 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 4ADP + P 4ATP GAP GAP C-C-C C-C-C 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) copyright cmassengale 13 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH copyright cmassengale 14 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Enzyme Example: PEP to PYR Substrate (PEP) Product (Pyruvate) OC=O C-OCH2 P P P Adenosine ADP OC=O P P C=O CH2copyright cmassengale P Adenosine ATP 15 Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation copyright cmassengale 16 Alcohol Fermentation C C C C C C Plants and Fungi 2ADP +2 P beer and wine 2ATP 2NADH C C C Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Pyruvic acid glucose copyright cmassengale 2 NAD+ C C 2 Ethanol 2CO2 released 17 Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s copyright cmassengale 18 Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). C C C C C C 2ADP +2 P 2ATP 2NADH C C C Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ C C C 2 Lactic acid Glucose copyright cmassengale 19 Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids copyright cmassengale 20 2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ copyright cmassengale 2NADH 2 Acetyl CoA 21 2. Grooming Phase End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C) copyright cmassengale 22 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. Mitochondrial Matrix copyright cmassengale 23 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) FADH2 Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + copyright cmassengale P 24 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) 2 FADH2 Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP copyright cmassengale + P 25 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle) 1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2 copyright cmassengale 26 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space). Inner Mitochondrial Membrane copyright cmassengale 27 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH). copyright cmassengale 28 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Inner membrane copyright cmassengale 29 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for NADH) higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ E 2H+ 3H+ T C NAD+ ATP Synthas e Inner Mitochondrial Membrane O2 H O 2 2H+ + 1/2 NADH + H+ H+ ADP + P (Proton Pumping) H+ ATP lower H+ concentration Matrix copyright cmassengale 30 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2) higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ E 2H+ T FADH2 + H+ FAD+ C 2H+ + 1/2O2 H+ ATP Synthas e Inner Mitochondrial Membrane H2O ADP + P (Proton Pumping) H+ ATP lower H+ concentration Matrix copyright cmassengale 31 TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD ATP copyright cmassengale 32 Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale 33 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) Glucose Cytosol Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate Mitochondria Krebs Cycle 2NADH 2 ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP cmassengale 36copyright ATP (maximum per glucose) 2ATP 34 Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale 35 Question: In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration? copyright cmassengale 36 Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids copyright cmassengale 37 copyright cmassengale 38