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Transcript
Theories of learning Recap Research methods have different pros and cons Measuring variables Reliable measures Valid measures Goals Cover basics of three major models of learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Social learning 1 Learning Learning is a (relatively) permanent change in behavior as the result of experience. Behavioral Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive Social learning Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s dogs Unconditioned stimulus (US) produces an unconditioned response (UR) UR is a reflex or instinctual response naturally produced by US Example – sudden loud noise leads to feelings of anxiety Classical conditioning Pairing a neutral stimulus with the US turns the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus (CS). The CS produces the same response as the US, which we now call a conditioned response (CR). All about stimulus-response (S-R) pairings 2 Classical conditioning Presentation of food Salivation response US UR BEFORE CONDITIONING Classical conditioning US Presentation of food Salivation response UR Sound of bell CS DURING CONDITIONING Classical conditioning Sound of bell Salivation response CS CR AFTER CONDITIONING 3 Classical conditioning Examples Taste aversion “Little Albert” Other concepts Latency – time between CS and US Extinction – “unlearning” of behavior Generalization Second-order conditioning Classical conditioning Examples Advertising Safety training Operant conditioning Involves behavioral contingencies for voluntary behavior E. L. Thorndike – Law of Effect B. F. Skinner – operant conditioning, “Skinner Box” 4 Operant conditioning Four basic types of contingencies Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment by application Punishment by withdrawal Operant conditioning Schedules of reinforcement Continuous Intermittent Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio Operant conditioning Learning rates for different schedules 5 Operant conditioning Other concepts Extinction Shaping – reward progression to ultimate desired behavior Schedules of reinforcement vary in terms of Speed of behavior acquisition Speed of extinction OB Mod OB Mod (Organizational Behavior Modification) apply operant conditioning to workplace Identify behaviors Establish baseline Functional analysis Design intervention Evaluate intervention Reinforce learned behaviors Operant conditioning “On the Folly of Rewarding A While Hoping for B” (Kerr, 1975) Organizations’ reward systems are often very badly designed Three basic reasons Fascination with objective criterion Overemphasis on highly visible behaviors Hypocrisy 6 OB Mod OB Mod (Organizational Behavior Modification) Identify behaviors apply operant conditioning to workplace Establish baseline Functional analysis Design intervention Evaluate intervention Reinforce learned behaviors Social learning theory Challenge to behavioral learning theories Learning occurs by modeling the behavior of others Albert Bandura’s “bobo doll” experiments Social learning theory Four prerequisites for social learning Attention Retention Reproduction Opportunity 7 Theories of learning 8
