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Biology EOC Review Biology Review L.18.12 – Properties of Water Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent. • Identify examples of water's properties that sustain life (e.g. ice floats, water movement through plants, water cycle). • Explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. • Explain how the properties of water make water essential for life on Earth. What are the properties of water and how do they influence life on Earth? • Water is a versatile solvent. • Less dense as a solid. • High specific heat ▫ Does not change temperature very fast. • Hydrogen Bonding makes cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension ▫ Allow water to move from roots to leaves in plants How does water dissolve substances? • Water is polar it has a slight positive and negative charge that allows it to separate and dissolve other substances. Water • Key Vocabulary: adhesion, cohesion, endothermic, exothermic heat capacity, polarity, surface tension, solute, solution, solvent • http://www.schooltube.com/video/b36a222fcdf ef2db9af8/Properties-Of-Water Biology Review L.18.1 – Macromolecules, Enzymes Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules • Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start reaction. • Identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity. • Identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. • Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. • Describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms. • Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible. What are the elements that make up the 4 macromolecules in the body? • • • • Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phospholipid How do each of the four major categories of macromolecules support the body? • Carbohydrates- ▫ Main source of short term energy • Proteins ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Control chemical reactions (enzymes) Bone/muscle formation Move substances in/out of cells Antibodies ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Long term energy storage Cushions organs Make up cell membrane Make hormones • Lipids- • Nucleic Acids▫ DNA and RNA How do enzymes act as catalysts? • Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions How do various factors affect enzymes? • pH • Temperature • Concentration Biochemistry • Key Vocabulary: acid, activation energy, amino acid, atom, base, carbohydrate, catalyst, compound, DNA, element, energy, enzyme, inorganic, lipid, macromolecule, molecule, nucleic acid, organic, pH, protein Biology Review L.14.1 – Cell Theory Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science. • Describe and/or explain the principles of the cell theory. • Describe how continuous investigations and/or new scientific information influenced the development of the cell theory. • Explain the development of a theory. • Students will recognize the differences between theories and laws. What are the 3 main points of the cell theory? 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. 3. New cells can only be produced from preexisting cells. What technology advanced cell theory? • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved. How is a theory developed? • A theory is based off of lots of supported evidence from science experiments. How do you differentiate between a theory and a law? • A law states what is happening. • A theory attempts to explain why things occur ▫ A theory can never be proven and cannot turn into a law. Biology Review L.14.3 – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Animal and Plant Cells, Cell Transport Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Compare and/or contrast the structures found in plant cells and in animal cells. • Compare and/or contrast the structures found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • Describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell. • Explain the role of the cell membrane during active and passive transport How do you differentiate between an animal cell and a plant cell? • Plant cells have: ▫ Chloroplasts ▫ Large Vacuole ▫ Cell Wall • Animal ▫ No cell wall or chloroplasts • Both Plant and Animal ▫ Eukaryotic How do you differentiate between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? • Prokaryotic ▫ No nucleus ▫ Bacteria ▫ ONLY unicellular • Eukaryotic ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Has a nucleus Any organism EXCEPT bacteria Uni- or Multicellular Membrane bound organelles • Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ DNA Ribosomes Cell Membrane Cytoplasm How do cell structures support cell function? • Every cell organelle has a specific function. How does the cell membrane support cells in getting needed nutrients • A cell membrane is semi-permeable. It allows certain nutrients to flow in and out of the cell. This is possible through active or passive transport. ▫ Active Transport- Requires energy (ATP) ▫ Passive Transport- Does not require energy Ex: Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion How did eukaryotic cells evolve? • Endosymbiotic Theory-idea that early mitochondria & chloroplasts were once small prokaryotic cells that were taken in by large prokaryotic cells and became organelles in eukaryotic cells. • Key Vocabulary: active transport, cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, diffusion, equilibrium, eukaryote, nucleus, organelle, osmosis, passive transport, photosynthesis, prokaryote, ribosome, semi-permeable Biology Review L.18.9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Explain how reactants and products of photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa. • Explain how photosynthesis stores energy and cellular respiration releases energy. • Identify the reactants, products and/or the basic function of photosynthesis. • Identify the reactants, products, and/or the basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. • Connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell. • Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things. How do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle? • The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration and vice versa. How does photosynthesis create the food that is used for energy in cellular respiration? • Photosynthesis creates glucose that is used in the process of cellular respiration to make energy (ATP). What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?(give equation) • CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 +O2 • Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen ▫ Needs Sunlight ▫ Occurs in chloroplast What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?(give equation) • C6H12O6 +O2 CO2 + H2O (ATP is released) • Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water (ATP is released) ▫ Occurs in mitochondria What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? • Aerobic Respiration ▫ Making ATP in the presence of oxygen ▫ Makes more ATP • Anaerobic Respiration ▫ Making ATP without the presence of oxygen ▫ Create Lactic Acid (OUCH!) ▫ Makes less ATP What is the role of ATP in energy transfer? • ATP – has 3 phosphates, it loses a phosphate and releases energy for cells. • ADP- has 2 phosphates, gains a phosphate from food and recharges energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Key Vocabulary: ATP, aerobic, anaerobic, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, products, reactants Biology Review L.16.17 – Mitosis/ Meiosis Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. • Differentiate the processes of mitosis and meiosis. • Describe the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction, and/or the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation. • Describe specific events occurring in each of the stages of the cell cycle and/or phases of mitosis. • Explain how mitosis forms new cells and its role in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. • Explain how cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle. • Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. • Explain how meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. What are the stages of mitosis and how do they produce identical copies of cells? Mitosis= cell division Before Cell Division ▫ Interphase- Chromosomes duplicate, cell prepares for mitosis Mitosis Stages ▫ Prophase- Chromosomes condense ▫ Metaphase- Chromosomes meet in the middle ▫ Anaphase- Chromosome pull away ▫ Telophase- cell separating ▫ Cytokinesis- Separation of cells is complete How does mitosis maintain the chromosome number in the parent cells? • The chromosomes duplicate (make a copy of)themselves before cell division or mitosis. ▫ Occurs in interphase, when the cell is preparing to divide. How does mitosis allow for asexual reproduction? • Mitosis is making an exact copy of the cell. In mitosis there no exchange or recombination of DNA. ▫ Examples of Asexual Reproduction: Cutting off a piece of plant and replanting it, budding, and binary fission in bacteria. What are the steps in meiosis that result in the formation of haploid gametes? • Haploid= half the number of chromosomes ▫ Ex: Human gametes are haploid (23 chromosomes) • The chromosomes in the original cell duplicate and the cell then goes through two cell divisions. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for creating genetic diversity? • Meiosis creates gametes. • Each cell created as a result of meiosis are different because of independent assortment and crossing over How are mitosis and meiosis similar but different? • Mitosis ▫ Start with 1 diploid cell; end with 2 diploid cells ▫ Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) ▫ Creates cells that are identical • Meiosis ▫ Start with 1 cell diploid; end with 4 haploid cells ▫ Creates gametes (sex cells) that are genetically different How can independent assortment and crossing over occur during meiosis? • Crossing over -the exchange of chromosome pieces between homologous chromosomes. • Independent assortment- Chromosomes can arrange themselves independently during meiosis. ▫ Both crossing over and independent assortment results in genetically unique gametes. Crossing Over Independent Assortment Mitosis/Meiosis- Cell Division • Key Vocabulary: chromatid, chromosome, diploid, gamete, haploid, meiosis, mitosis, nucleus, replication, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Biology Review L.16.1 – Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance patterns Use Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. • Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. • Describe the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation. • Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance • Identify, analyze, and/or predict inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for genetic diversity? • The process of meiosis produces gametes (sex cells). • Each cell created from meiosis is genetically different. When gametes meet a new DNA combination is created. How do the laws of segregation and independent assortment affect the analysis of inheritance patterns? • Traits are inherited independently of one another. ▫ Ex: Just because you have blonde hair does not mean you will have blue eyes. How does the mode of inheritance (dominance, co-dominance, etc.) affect the prediction and analysis of inheritance patterns? Codominanace – both show through Incomplete – mix of the two Mendel’s Law and Inheritance • Key Vocabulary: alleles, codominant, dominant, gene, genetics, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homologous, homozygous, hybrid, incomplete dominance, independent assortment, pedigree, phenotype, pigment, polygenic, purebred, recessive, segregation, sexlinked, trait Biology Review L.16.3 – DNA Replication Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information. • Describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role in the transmission and conservation of genetic information. • Explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their roles in the expression of genes. • Explain the basic components of DNA are universal in organisms • Describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA sequence. • Explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or may not result in a phenotypic change How does the process of DNA replication enable genetic information to be transmitted and used to build proteins? • DNA RNA Protein • DNA Replication= making an identical copy of a DNA strand • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew How do the processes of transcription and translation determine how genes are expressed? DNA RNA Protein • Transcription- making mRNA from DNA • Translation- making proteins from mRNA ▫ Amino acids link together to make proteins How is DNA alike in all organisms? • All organisms have DNA made of the same molecules. • DNA has the same three parts (phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base) but bases are in a different order. How can DNA mutate? • Mutation = a mistake or change in the DNA sequence. ▫ Causes: mistake during replication,exposure to xrays, ultraviolet light, radioactive substances or certain chemicals. Why don't all mutations result in visible change? • Not all mutations are harmful, some may be beneficial, and some may not be visible (silent mutation). ▫ Silent mutations occur because the same amino acid is created despite the error. DNA Replication • Key Vocabulary: DNA, protein synthesis, replication, RNA, transcription, translation, mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, amino acid, protein Biology Review L.16.10 – Biotechnology Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues. • Explain how similarities in the genetic codes of organisms are due to common ancestry and the process of inheritance. • Evaluate examples and/or explain the possible impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and/or the environment. Why do scientists use DNA as evidence that all organisms are related? • DNA evidence provides the most accurate information on the relationship between organisms. • DNA Evidence can also be called molecular evidence How can biotechnology have positive and negative impacts on society? • Positive Impacts ▫ Increase quality of life ▫ Increase food production ▫ Treatment for diseases • Negative Impacts ▫ Antibiotic resistance ▫ Pest resistance in genetically modified foods ▫ Moral/ethical issues Biology Review L.15.1 – Theory of Evolution Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change. • Identify evidence and/or explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observable evolutionary change. • Explain the development of a theory. • Recognize the differences between theories and laws. What is the Theory of Evolution? • Evolution is the change in a population over time • Scientific theory that all organisms share a common ancestor. List 5 pieces of evidence and explain how it supports the Theory of Evolution. 1. Anatomical Evidence a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Vestigial Structures 2. Fossil Evidence 3. DNA Evidence 4. Embryological Evidence 5. Artificial Selection Theory of Evolution • Key Vocabulary: continental drift, embryology, evidence, evolution, fossil, genetic drift, gene flow, homologous structures, observations, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, vestigial structures Biology Review L.15.13 – Natural Selection Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the conditions required for natural selection that result in differential reproductive success. • Explain and/or describe the scientific mechanisms, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating, resulting in evolutionary change. • Explain and/or describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation What are the principles of natural selection? 1. Over production of offspring (lots of babies) 2. Offspring have variation in traits 3. Some traits are better suited to the environment than others (struggle to survive/competition) 4. Organisms with better traits survive and reproduce How do mechanisms like genetic drift, gene flow and nonrandom mating result in evolutionary change? • Genetic drift- Random event that could happen regardless of how “good” your genes are. ▫ Ex: Stepping on an ant • Gene flow- Immigration/Emigration; movement of genes to a new population • Nonrandom mating- Decreases genetic variation= less chance of surviving an environmental change. How do mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation? • Mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation because they create new DNA sequences and combination Natural Selection • Key Vocabulary: adaptation, biodiversity, diversity, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, offspring, reproductive isolation, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, subspecies, variation Biology Review L.15.8 – Origin of Life on Earth Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth • Identify examples of and basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors to modern humans. • Describe scientific explanations for the origin of life on Earth. • Identify situations or conditions contributing to the origin of life on Earth. How have hominids changed through evolution from early ancestors to modern humans? • Skull has increased in size. • Jaw has gotten smaller. • Use of tools, fire, and creation of a complex language What evidence do we use to show this change? • Fossil evidence and DNA evidence How do scientists explain the origin of life on earth? • Chemical evolution is the theory that life started from organic molecules. • The Miller-Urey experiment showed that organic molecules could be created from chemicals in early Earth’s atmosphere. After these organic molecules were formed they came together to make cells. What situations and conditions contributed to the origin of life on earth? • Early earth had ammonia, water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide. ▫ Inorganic molecules were present. ▫ It was hot and had a lot of lighting. Origin of Life • Key Vocabulary: hominid, organic molecules Biology Review L.15.6 – Classification Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. • Classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms. • Identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships. • Identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. What are the key characteristics of organisms in the 6 kingdoms? 6 Kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria-prokaryotic, “normal,” asexual 2. Archaebacteria-prokaryotic, extreme environments, asexual 3. Protista-eukaryotic, uni/multi, asexual/sexual 4. Fungi-eukaryotic, uni/multi, absorption 5. Plantae-eukaryotic, multi, photosynthesis, asexual/sexual 6. Animalia-eukaryotic, multi, heterotroph, sexual http://video.about.com/biology/6-Kingdoms-ofLife.htm What are the 3 Domains, the kingdoms in the domain, and the characteristics of the organisms in each Domain • Domains 1. Bacteria- Prokaryotic organism that HAS peptidoglycan in its cells walls Kingdom: Eubacteria 2. Archea- Prokaryotic organism that LACKS peptidoglycan in its cells walls Kingdom: Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya- Made of eukaryotic cells Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae How and why are organisms hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships? • Organisms are classified based on similarities in DNA sequences, anatomical structures, embryology, and behavior. • We classify organisms so scientists around the world can effectively communicate. ▫ Ex: Scientific names Why have ways of classifying organisms changed over time? • As technology has increased organisms are reclassified due to DNA (molecular) evidence. Classification • Key Vocabulary: binomial nomenclature, chordates, dichotomous key, domain, invertebrate, kingdom, vertebrate, Biology Review L.14.26 – Brain parts Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. • Label the Lobes and sections of the human brain • REMEMBER TO FIGURE OUT WHERE THE FRONT OF THE BRAIN IS BEFORE YOU START LABELING. Key Vocabulary: cerebrum, cerebellum, frontal lobe, medulla, pons, spinal cord, brain stem, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe Key Vocabulary: cerebrum, cerebellum, frontal lobe, medulla, pons, spinal cord, brain stem, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe Biology Review L.14.52 – Immune System Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. • Identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses. • Describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or antibiotics. How does the immune system protect humans from disease? • Passive Immunity: This occurs when antibodies are passed into your body as a source, other than yourself. For ex, antibodies from your mothers milk or her placenta. • Active Immunity: When the body creates its own antibodies after exposure to an antigen. Once exposed to infection, the body begins an immune response. How does the immune system protect humans from disease? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrY lZJiuf18 • Nonspecific Defenses ▫ Skin http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Rpj0emEGShQ ▫ Mucus, saliva, and tears ▫ Fever (Pathogens can only survive in a small temp. range) ▫ Inflammatory Response- The immune system produces millions of white blood cells. Many white blood cells are phagocytes, which engulf and destroy bacteria. • Specific Defenses ▫ Antibody- A protein that binds to molecules on pathogens to inactive the pathogens. Antibodies attach to and inactivate viral particles that have not yet entered body cells White blood cells produce antibodies How does the human immune system respond to vaccines and antibiotics? • Vaccines contain a dead or weakened form of the disease causing microorganisms. ▫ This causes the body to produce antibodies and remember the virus • Antibiotics- fight bacterial diseases by killing /slowing the growth of bacteria. Immune System • Key Vocabulary: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, communicable disease, pathogen, vaccine, vein, vascular tissue Biology Review L.14.36 – Blood Flow Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. • Identify factors that affect blood flow and/or describe how these factors affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system. How do factors such as genetics, nutrition and behavior affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system? • Genetics- People can inherit genes that make them more likely to have cardiovascular disease. • Nutrition- Eating healthy foods, low in fat, can reduce your chance of plaque build up (Atheroscelorsis) and heart disease. • Behavior- Exercising and making healthy choices (no smoking, etc) reduce your chance of cardiovascular disease. • HIGH Blood pressure can result if poor lifestyle choices are made. Blood Flow • Key Vocabulary: anatomy, artery, blood flow, blood pressure, capillaries, cardiovascular system, homeostasis, physiology, vein, vascular tissue Biology Review L.16.13 – Human Reproduction Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy • Identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. • Describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth. What are the important structures in the female and male reproductive systems and • How do the male and female reproductive systems work together to create a zygote? • Meiosis creates gametes in the male and female reproductive systems. ▫ These gametes meet during fertilization and create a zygote. • Sperm path: testis epididymis vas deferens urethra • Egg path: ovary fallopian tubes uterus How does a human develop from a zygote to a "full term" baby? • First Trimester – ▫ Fertilization occurs ▫ Around week 5 heart, brain, and spinal cord develop ▫ At week 8 the embryo is now called a fetus • Second Trimester – ▫ Continued development of all organ systems • Third Trimester▫ Fetus gain weight, turns in the head down position and prepares for birth Human Reproduction • Key Vocabulary: anatomy, fertilization, trimester, zygote, embryo, fetus Biology Review L.14.7 – Plant Structures and Functions Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes. • Explain how the structures of plant tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes. How are the structures of plant tissues and organs directly related to their roles in physiological processes? • Roots- Anchor plants, and absorb, transport, and store nutrients from the soil • Stem- Support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. • Leaves- Main site of photosynthesis, area of gas exchange through stomata • Flower- Contain the plants reproductive organs How are the structures of plant tissues and organs directly related to their roles in physiological processes? • Phloem- Carries sugar made in photosynthesis • Xylem- Carries water and dissolved nutrients from soil • Pollen- Male reproductive cell in plants (plant sperm). • Stomata- tiny holes on the surface a leaf that open and close to allow gas to come in (CO2) and out (H2O and O2). water and mineral nutrients sugars Biology Review L.17.9 – Trophic Levels Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels. • Explain how organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems. • Describe the energy pathways through the different trophic levels of a food web or energy pyramid. • Describe the potential changes to an ecosystem resulting from seasonal variations, climate changes, and/or succession. • Analyze the movement of matter through different biogeochemical cycles How do organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems? (give examples of each) • Predator- Prey relationships • Competition for space, food, shelter, mates, etc. How does energy move through a food web or energy pyramid? (draw and explain) • Energy is transferred from one organism to the next consumption or decomposition. • Only 10% of the available energy is transferred to the next trophic level. • Arrows in food webs show the flow of energy. How can ecosystems be changed by seasonal variations, climate changes and succession? (give example) • Succession- The changing of an ecosystem. Occurs when one species replaces the next until a climax community is reached. ▫ Primary Succession- Occurs when there has never been life on a piece of land before. Ex: Glacier retreating, Volcanic eruption ▫ Secondary Succession- Occurs after a natural disaster where life has already existed. Ex: Forest fire, hurricane, etc. How does matter move through different biogeochemical cycles (such as carbon through the carbon cycle)? • Water Cycle- evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation • Carbon Cycle- photosynthesis, cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, and decomposition Trophic Levels • Key Vocabulary: abiotic, autotroph, biotic, biogeochemical cycles, consumer, decomposer, ecology, ecosystem, energy, heterotroph, primary producer, producer, succession, trophic level Biology Review L.17.5 – Populations Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. • Use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem. • Explain that different types of organisms exist within aquatic systems due to chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature. • Identify positive and/or negative consequences that result from a reduction in biodiversity. What affects population? Explain each. • • • • Immigration- Organisms moving In Emmigration- Organisms moving out or Exiting Births Deaths What affects carrying capacity and how can it affect population size of an ecosystem? • The limiting factor determines the carrying capacity. • If a population surpasses the carrying capacity deaths occur How does the chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature of an aquatic system affect what organisms can live there? • These are all abiotic factors that determine where an organism can live. ▫ Ex: How can reducing biodiversity negatively impact ecosystems and humans? • Interrupts food webs • Affects the carrying capacity of environments • Reduces medicinal/technological resources Populations • Key Vocabulary: biodiversity, biomass, carrying capacity, emigration, extinction, immigration, limiting factor, population Biology Review L.17.20 – Human Impacts Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability. • 1. Predict how the actions of humans may impact environmental systems and/or affect sustainability. • 2. Evaluate possible environmental impacts resulting from the use of renewable and/or nonrenewable resources. How can the actions of humans impact environmental systems and/or affect sustainability? • Sustainable development – using resources in ways that do NOT destroy or deplete them. • Harmful actions of humans: ▫ Air pollution and smog result in global warming ▫ Deforestation – removal of trees ▫ Water pollution ▫ Conservation – reduce, reuse, recycle! How can the environmental impacts of using renewable and non-renewable resources differ? • Non-renewable – are used faster that they are replaced ▫ Ex. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) • Renewable – resources that can be replaced at rates similar to the rates at which they are used ▫ Ex. Forests can re-grow, freshwater