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Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 Inicio 1. The Ocean: A microbial ecosystem, Carlos Pedrós Alió 2. The dynamics of the seabed, Miquel Canals 3. The role of the ocean in Global Biogeochemistry, Rafel Simó 4. Ocean Observations: The birth of a volcano, Eugenio Fraile 5. How many species inhabit the ocean?, Philippe Bouchet 6. The Malaspina 2010 Expedition and the Exploration of the Ocean, Carlos M. Duarte 7. On the search for water planets: Is the ocean a singularity in the universe?, Ignasi Ribas 8. Discoveries in the Exploration of the Deep Ocean, Eva Ramírez-Llodra 9. Corals in extreme ecosystems: exploring and re-discovering marine life in the shelfbreak, Josep Maria Gili 10. How many fish are in the ocean?, Xabier Irigoien 11. Marine Sciences in Spain, Fidel Echevarría FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 The Ocean: A microbial ecosystem, Carlos Pedrós Alió By definition, microorganisms are invisible to the naked eye. However, they are the most abundant and the most diverse living beings in this Planet. Their contribution to carbon, nutrient, and energy flows is essential, to the point that a world without microbes would not be viable, while a strictly microbial world has existed for most of the history of life on Earth. In the oceans, microbes carry out most photosynthesis and respiration, as well as essential processes such as nitrogen fixation and they are the base of all marine food webs. Thanks to novel genomics and sequencing techniques we are beginning to uncover the dimensions of their diversity as well as their metabolic flexibility. This knowledge is essential if predictions about the future of the oceans are to be accurate. In addition, the 10e29 prokaryotic cells in the oceans contain a wealth of genes with potentially useful in pharmacology, biotechnology, bioremediation and other applications. VOLVER The dynamics of the seabed, Miquel Canals The deep seabed is far from being the calm place that research pioneers thought. Instead, both natural processes and human activities episodically disturb it. Recent studies have shown that dense shelf water cascading, open ocean deep convection and major storms are able to reach large depths and tremendously impact the deep ecosystem. I often refer to these processes as the “three tenors” in recognition of their role in driving the deep ocean. They are responsible for the “Robin Hood effect” too, as they convey large amounts of food from the rich shallow ocean to the impoverished deep ocean. In doing so they directlyinfluence fisheries by leading to temporary collapses of valuable commercial species followed by recovery and bounty. But they also carry pollutants and litter thus contributing to the spreading of the human imprint down to the most remote places of our seabed. Neutrino telescopes in the deep ocean have provided new evidence on the response of the deep-sea ecosystem to such natural perturbations, which are climate sensitive. Since the 1970’s, after the industrialization of the fleets, bottom trawling has added as a new major contributor to the disturbance of the deep seabed that proceeds at an unprecedented rate, as trawlers pass everyday over the same place, all the days in a week and almost all weeks in a year, thus levelling the seascape, removing the seafloor FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 soil and destroying the communities living there, and repeatedly triggering suspensate clouds at full global ocean scale. The volumes of sediment remobilised by deep-sea trawling are similar or event larger that those involved in naturally occurring submarine landslides. Deep sea trawling is making our deep ocean to become a sort of submarine farmland covered by a “dust ocean”. Deep-sea mining in the horizon could just represent the final push towards a turbid global ocean with far-reaching implications. VOLVER The role of the ocean in Global Biogeochemistry, Rafel Simó Por su enorme extensión y profundidad, por sus características de fluido, y por el hecho de estar poblado de vida, el océano desempeña un papel fundamental en los ciclos de los elementos y la energía de nuestro planeta. La configuración de los ciclos del carbono, el oxígeno, el nitrógeno, el fósforo, el azufre o el iodo, por citar algunos de los elementos esenciales, no se comprenderían sin tener en cuenta los procesos que ocurren en el océano, procesos en los que la biosfera marina tiene una función central. Aunque parezca mentira, todavía hoy los avances en el conocimiento de estos ciclos elementales son de gran calado, como lo son las lagunas todavía por llenar. Algunos de dichos avances se dan en las interficies entre el océano y los continentes, el fondo marino o la atmósfera. Respecto a esto último, el océano intercambia con la atmósfera gran cantidad de gases y partículas que afectan a las propiedades químicas y ópticas de ésta, y al clima. De esta forma el océano influye en la retención de calor de la atmósfera mediante el intercambio de gases de efecto invernadero, regula su capacidad oxidativa mediante el intercambio de gases reactivos, e influye en su balance óptico mediante el intercambio de aerosoles. Gracias a los esfuerzos internacionales para la integración de datos globales, y gracias principalmente a la información registrada desde satélites orbitales, se nos está haciendo evidente hasta qué punto la vida marina, mayoritariamente microbiana, deja su huella también en el cielo oceánico. VOLVER FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 Ocean Observations: The birth of a volcano, Eugenio Fraile The ocean is a hostile environment that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface at depths varying from 0 to 11.000 meters. Their study is quite complicated and expensive, but essential for understanding the internal variations that control the Earth's climate. Humans have looked at the ocean for thousands of years, but in the last 50 years, the advancement of technologies and the creation of operational oceanography have enabled a quantitative and qualitative leap in the knowledge of the ocean. What are the main tools used by the Spanish oceanographers to study the ocean? and what are the new revelations from this set of data to the scientific community? are some of the issues addressed in this talk. VOLVER How many species inhabit the ocean?, Philippe Bouchet Is the most simple and perhaps the oldest of scientific questions on marine life. How many are known is straightforward, and the answer is 235,000 species, with a yearly increment of 2,000 new species. However, there is no agreement on how many there might be. In the last couple of years, one study suggested that there are 2.2 million marine species, while another - using essentially the same dataset - predicted a total as low as 0.3 million. The Atlantic Ocean (and its satellite seas) and the Antarctic are together concentrating the lion's share in ocean exploration, but they are home to a very small portion of global marine biodiversity. Speculations that build on researchers experience and data obtained in the Atlantic are thus bound to underestimate the real magnitude of marine species. By contrast, the richest marine biomes - in the tropical regions of the West Pacific and Indian Oceans - ironically remain the least explored: they are a world of small, rare, and largely undescribed species. Contrary to popular belief, the number of taxonomists is not globally eroding, with a new workforce emerging in Latin America and Asia, as well as among the ranks of citizen scientists in developed countries. Through the revival brought by molecular systematic, involvement of citizen scientists, and ongoing development of international databases - of names, specimens, or sequences -, we are privileged to live a new Golden Age of ocean biodiversity exploration. VOLVER FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 The Malaspina 2010 Expedition and the Exploration of the Ocean, Carlos M. Duarte From December 2010 and 2011 to research vessels, R/V Hesperides and R/V Samiento de Gamboa sailed the oceans in Spain’s second circumnavigation scientific expedition, the Malaspina 2010 expedition, the largest marine research project ever undertaken by Spain. The Malaspina 2010 expedition aimed at examining evidence of the impact of global change on the ocean ecosystem at the global scale, investigate the biodiversity of the deep sea and develop a new community of marine researchers far more integrated, collaborative and exerting leadership in marine sciences internationally. Here I will report the details on the expedition and provide a first account of the results obtained thus far. VOLVER On the search for water planets: Is the ocean a singularity in the universe?, Ignasi Ribas La posible existencia de vida fuera de la Tierra es una cuestión que no ha dejado nunca de cautivar el interés de la Humanidad. Después de siglos de especulación, la ciencia está dando pasos de gigante para averiguar si el nuestro es el único planeta habitado en el Universo o si, como ha sucedido a menudo, no gozamos de ninguna posición de privilegio. La búsqueda y estudio de planetas fuera del Sistema Solar, los llamados exoplanetas, se ha convertido en una de las áreas más activas de la Astronomía. En los años recientes se han experimentado enormes avances instrumentales que nos han llevado a descubrir casi un millar de exoplanetas, desvelando una riqueza de sistemas planetarios que nunca hubiéramos podido imaginar. El objetivo final, y del cual estamos bastante cerca, es el descubrimiento de exoplanetasparecidos a nuestra Tierra, con océanos en su superficie. Hoy ya sabemos que estos mundos habitables, ricos en agua líquida, pueden ser bastante abundantes. Misiones espaciales en un futuro próximo planean incluso estudiar la posibilidad de que alberguen vida, para situarnos de este modoen el contexto del Universo viviente. VOLVER FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 Discoveries in the Exploration of the Deep Ocean, Eva Ramírez-Llodra The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems and unique for the entire planet. Nevertheless, the deep sea is still mostly unknown and current discovery rates of both habitats and species remain high. Deep-sea biodiversity is among of the highest on the planet, mainly composed of macro and meiofauna, with high evenness. However, in some ecosystems with particularly “extreme” physicochemical processes such as hydrothermal vents, biodiversity is low, but abundance and biomass are high and the communities are dominated by a few species. One of the major issues faced by regional and global deep-sea biodiversity studies is the decoupling between the high rates of species new to science collected regularly and the low description rates for these new species. Furthermore, the depletion of biological and mineral resources on land and in shallow waters, coupled with technological developments, is rapidly increased the exploitation of deep-sea goods and services, affecting systems for which we have, in most cases, limited knowledge. Urgent challenges faced by the scientific deep-sea community include continuing exploration of large unknown areas and improving our understanding of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem function. This is particularly important if the scientific community, working closely with industry, conservation organizations and policy makers, is to develop robust and efficient conservation and management options for deep-sea systems and their resources. VOLVER Corals in extreme ecosystems: exploring and re-discovering marine life in the shelf-break, Josep Maria Gili In recent years, the increased accessibility of technologies for underwater exploration, like remotely operated vehicles and manned submersibles, has opened the possibility to explore those parts of the ocean that, until now, remained out of sight and virtually unknown. However, even those areas are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Large extensions of corals reefs, sponge aggregations and other sessile organisms are FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 commonly found at the edge of the continental shelf and upper slope, in submarine canyons, and in countless seamounts that spread along the world’s oceans. Current scientific work using acoustics- and robotics-based techniques, like ROVs and manned submersibles equipped with high-resolution cameras, have increased our knowledge about the ecology of benthic communities, and have provided insights on their role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. Hotspots of benthic biodiversity at the shelf-break and upper slope host large groups of species, many of them commercially important, which find in these areas a place for food, shelter, breeding and nursery. They also serve as home for commercially important species. Systematic fishing, mainly by trawling, has pushed these fragile ecosystems into being considered some of the most threatened in the world and… unwittingly. VOLVER How many fish are in the ocean?, Xabier Irigoien With a current estimate of about 1000 million tons, mesopelagic fish dominate the world total fish biomass and play a key role in open ocean food webs. However, recent acoustic observations show that mesopelagic fish exhibit pronounced trawl avoidance, suggesting that their biomass could be significantly larger than the current estimate. Here, we report observations from the Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition that suggest that this estimate needs to be revised as the total fish biomass is likely to be one order of magnitude higher. We show that there is a close relationship between the open ocean fish biomass and primary production, and that the energy transfer efficiency from phytoplankton to mesopelagic fish in the open ocean is higher than what is typically assumed. Our results suggest that the role of mesopelagic fish on the oceanic ecosystems and global ocean biogeochemical cycles needs to be revised. VOLVER Marine Sciences in Spain, Fidel Echevarría In this presentation the marine research during the last Spanish National Plan 2008-2012 is analyzed. The Marine Science and Technology Program (MAR) is the main focus of the FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013 Madrid, June 13-14, 2013 analysis, as it is the main program funding projects on marine science, although there are other programs also including marine research: i.e. ANT (Polar research), BTE (Earth Science), BOS (Biodiversity) or ACU (Aquaculture). In the last 5 years we have had a progressive reduction in the percentage of funded projects, and in the average funding per project. This reduction has been transversal, affecting every program in the ministry, including MAR. Most of the Spanish research projects are carried out by Universities, CSIC (Spanish Research Council) or IEO (Spanish Institute of Oceanography). Around 30% of the marine projects need a research vessel to be carried out, and so they need one of the 12 vessels in our oceanographic fleet. Calendars and the coordination of this oceanographic fleet are coordinated by COCSABO (Spanish commission for coordination and following of oceanographic vessels). Other important infrastructures related with marine research include some facilities as the Antarctic bases (Gabriel de Castilla and Rey Juan Carlos) or observatories such as PLOCAN (in Canary Islands) and SOCIB (Balearic Islands).In the second half of this presentation a prospective on the future of marine research is addressed. This analysis can not avoid several uncertainties, as a result of the actual economical crisis, but also as a consequence of several modifications in normative aspects, with the recent approval of a new Science law in Spain that will change several aspects of the management of research, including marine. VOLVER *Todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual son del autor. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de la obra sin autorización expresa del autor. © FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES. Todos los derechos reservados. *All intellectual property rights belong to the author. Total or partial reproduction of the work without express permission of the author is forbidden. © FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES. All rights reserved. FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES