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Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 5: States of
Consciousness
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview

Understanding Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Psychoactive Drugs

Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness

Consciousness:
an organism’s
awareness of its
own self and
surroundings
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness

Alternate States of
Consciousness
(ASCs): mental
states, other than
ordinary waking
consciousness,
found during sleep,
dreaming,
psychoactive drug
use, hypnosis, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Circadian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms: biological changes
occurring on a 24-hour cycle


Our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness
all vary throughout the day.
Sections of the hypothalamus called the
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal
gland regulate these changes.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Circadian Rhythms (Continued)

Disrupted circadian rhythms
from shift work, jet lag, and
sleep deprivation may cause
alterations in mood,
concentration, motivation,
attention, and motor skills.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking

What happens
to humans and
other animals
while we sleep
and dream?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Watch Animation
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep

NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Stage 1 (lightest sleep)
 Stage 2 (deeper sleep)
 Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Light sleep (also called paradoxical
sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep
(Continued)

NREM (non-REM) sleep:
 includes Stages 1 through 4
 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and
occasional, simple dreams
 serves a biological need (NREM needs
met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep (Continued)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:
 also known as paradoxical sleep.
 involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse and breathing, large
muscle .
 serves a biological need.
 may play a role in learning and
consolidating new memories.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Research

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The EEG,
EOG, and
EMG are
common
tools for
sleep
research.
Watch Animation
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily
Hours of Sleep for Different
Mammals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Why Do We Sleep?

Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us
recuperate from daily activities


Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep
evolved to conserve energy and as protection
from predators
Cognitive Theory: dreams improve
information processing
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Why Do We Dream?


Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are
disguised symbols (manifest versus latent
content) of repressed desires and anxieties
Biological Theory (activation-synthesis
hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products
of random stimulation of brain cells
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders
Two major categories:
1.
Dyssomnias: problems
in amount, timing, and
quality of sleep
2.
Parasomnias:
abnormal disturbances
during sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Three Forms of Dyssomnias



Insomnia: persistent
problems in falling
asleep, staying asleep,
or awakening too early
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of
breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets
of sleep during normal waking hours
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in
Dogs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Two Forms of Parasomnias

Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams
occurring near the end of sleep, during REM
sleep

Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from
NREM sleep accompanied by intense
physiological arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive
Drugs:
chemicals that
change conscious
awareness, mood,
or perception
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms

Drug Abuse: drug taking
that causes emotional or
physical harm to the
individual or others

Addiction: compulsion to
use a specific drug or to
engage in a certain
activity
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms

Psychological
Dependence: desire or
craving to achieve effects
produced by drug

Physical Dependence:
bodily processes have
been so modified by
repeated drug use that
continued use is required
to prevent withdrawal
symptoms
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms (Continued)


Withdrawal: discomfort
and distress experienced
after stopping the use of
addictive drugs
Tolerance: decreased
sensitivity to a drug
brought about by its
continuous use
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants:
act on the
CNS to
suppress
bodily
processes
(e.g., alcohol,
valium)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
(Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants:
act on the CNS
to increase
bodily
processes
(e.g., caffeine,
nicotine,
cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?

You’ll know how
methamphetamine
destroys the teeth
and gums of
chronic users.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates
3. Opiates:
act as an
analgesic or pain
reliever (e.g.,
morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory
or perceptual
distortions called
hallucinations
(e.g., LSD,
marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:
Club Drug Alert!

Popular “Club Drugs”:
 Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol)
 MDMA (Ecstasy)
 GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)
 Special K (Ketamine)
 Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)
 LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work

Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.

Step 2). Change the storage or release of
neurotransmitters.

Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.

Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the
reuptake or break-down) of excess
neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
How Psychoactive Drugs Work
(Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Meditation: group of
techniques designed to
refocus attention, block
out all distractions, and
produce an ASC
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Hypnosis:
trancelike state
of heightened
suggestibility,
deep relaxation,
and intense
focus
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Hypnosis is
used to treat
chronic pain,
severe burns,
dentistry,
childbirth,
psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You’ll recognize the following
myths about hypnosis:
Forced hypnosis
Unethical behavior
Exceptional memory
Superhuman strength
Fakery
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 5: States of
Consciousness
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)