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Chapter 2 The Anatomy of the Brain The Systems, Structures, and Cells that Make Up Your Nervous System This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon General Layout of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain (in the skull) Spinal Cord (in the spine) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Located outside of the skull and spine Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon General Layout of the Nervous System PNS – 2 divisions Somatic Nervous System Afferent nerves (sensory) Efferent nerves (motor) Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic “fight or flight” Second stage neurons are far from the target organ Parasympathetic “rest and restore” Second stage neurons are near the target organ Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF CNS - encased in bone and covered by three meninges Dura mater - tough outer membrane membrane - weblike Pia mater - sticks to CNS surface Arachnoid Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Fluid serves as cushion Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Protecting the Brain Chemical protection blood-brain barrier – tightly-packed cells of blood vessel (endothelial cells) walls prevent entry of many molecules The Physical protection Skull Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Cells of the Nervous System Generally two types Neurons – specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission Glial cells – Support cells; outnumber neurons by 10 to 1. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Anatomy of Neurons Neurons – structural classes Multipolar Unipolar Bipolar Interneurons Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Anatomy of Neurons Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies in the CNS Ganglia – clusters of cell bodies in the PNS Tracts – bundles of axons in the CNS Nerves – bundles of axons in the PNS Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Glial Cells: The Forgotten Majority Myelin producers Oligodendrocytes (CNS) Schwann cells (PNS) – largest, many functions (composed the blood-brain barrier) Microglia – smallest, involved in response to injury or disease Astrocytes Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Terminology Note CNS MyelinOligodendrocytes providing glia PNS Schwann Cells Clusters of Nuclei cell bodies (singular nucleus) Ganglia Bundles of Tracts axons Nerves (singular ganglion) Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Neuroanatomical Directions Anterior (rostral) – towards the nose Posterior (caudal) – towards the tail Dorsal – towards the surface of the back or the top of the head Ventral – towards the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon The Five Divisions of the Brain Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Major Structures of the Brain Myelencephalon = medulla Composed largely of tracts Origin of the reticular formation Metencephalon Many tracts Pons – ventral surface Cerebellum - coordination Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Major Structures of the Brain Mesencephalon Tectum (dorsal surface) Inferior colliculi – audition Superior colliculi - vision Tegmentum (ventral) – 3 ‘colorful’ structures Periaqueductal gray – analgesia Substantia nigra – sensorimotor Red nucleus– sensorimotor Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Major Structures of the Brain Diencephalon Thalamus – sensory Hypothalamus relay nuclei Regulation of motivated behaviors Controls hormone release by the pituitary Telencephalon Cerebral cortex Limbic system Basal ganglia Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Telencephalon – Cerebral Cortex Convolutions serve to increase surface area. Longitudinal fissure – a groove that separates right and left hemispheres Corpus callosum – largest hemisphere-connecting tract Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Limbic System Regulation of motivated behaviors “a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus” Consists of Primitive cortex - hippocampus and cingulated cortex Subcortical structures - mammillary bodies, amygdala, fornix, septum Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon Copyright © 2007 by Allyn and Bacon