Download Intro Unit Notes - Reading Community Schools

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
1
Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles
• Electrons, protons,
neutrons
• Atom
• Hydrogen atom,
lithium atom
• Molecule
• Water molecule,
glucose molecule
• Macromolecule
• Protein molecule,
DNA molecule
2
Levels of Organization
• Organelle
• Mitochondrion, Golgi
apparatus, nucleus
• Cell
• Muscle cell, nerve
cell
• Tissue
• Simple squamous
epithelium, loose
connective tissue
3
Levels of Organization
• Organ
• skin, femur, heart,
kidney
• Organ System
• skeletal system,
digestive system
• Organism
•human
4
Levels of Organization
5
Cells
• Cell membrane
• Controls what
moves in & out of
cell
• Selectively
permeable
6
Cells
• Cell membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Water-soluble
“heads” form
surfaces
– Hydrophilic
• Water-insoluble
“tails” form
interior
– Hydrophobic
• Permeable to
lipid-soluble
substances
7
Cells
• Cell membrane
• Cholesterol stabilizes
the membrane
• Proteins
• receptors
• pores, channels,
carriers
• enzymes
• CAMS
• self-markers
8
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Connected, membranebound sacs, canals, &
vesicles
• Transport system
• Rough ER
• Studded with ribosomes
• Protein synthesis
• Smooth ER
• Lipid synthesis
•Added to proteins arriving
from rough ER
• Break down of drugs
9
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Ribosomes
• Free floating or
connected to ER
• Provide
structural support
• Function in protein
synthesis
10
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Golgi apparatus
• Stack of flattened,
membranous sacs
• Modifies, packages &
delivers proteins
• Vesicles
• Membranous sacs
that store substances
11
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Mitochondria
• Membranous sacs with
inner partitions
• Generate ATP energy
through cellular
respiration
12
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Lysosomes
• enzyme-containing
sacs
• digest worn out cell
parts or unwanted
substances
Peroxisomes
• enzyme-containing
sacs
• break down organic
molecules
Centrosome
• two rod-like
centrioles
• used to produce cilia
and flagella
• distributes
chromosomes during
cell division
13
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cilia
• short hair-like
projections
• propel substances on
cell surface
Flagellum
• long tail-like
projection
• provides motility
to sperm
14
Cell Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Nuclear envelope
• Porous double
membrane
• Separates nucleoplasm
from cytoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Dense collection of RNA
and proteins
• Site of ribosome production
• Chromatin
• Fibers of DNA and proteins
• Stores information for
synthesis of proteins
15
Movements Into and
Out of the Cell
• Passive (Physical)
Processes
• Require no cellular
energy
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Filtration
• Active
(Physiological)
Processes
• Require cellular
energy
• Active transport
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Transcytosis
16
The Cell Cycle
• Series of changes a cell
undergoes from the time
it forms until the time it
divides
• Stages
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Cytoplasmic division
17
Interphase
•
•
Cell grows
Cell maintains routine functions
• Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for
nuclear division
• Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for
cytoplasmic division
•
Phases
• G phases – cell grows and synthesizes structures
other than DNA
• S phase – cell replicates DNA
18
Mitosis
• Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic
cell
• Nucleus divides – karyokinesis
• Cytoplasm divides – cytokinesis
• Stages
• Prophase – chromosomes form; nuclear envelope
disappears
• Metaphase – chromosomes align midway between
centrioles
• Anaphase – chromosomes separate and move to
centrioles
• Telophase – chromatin forms; nuclear envelope
forms
19
Cytoplasmic Division
•
Also known as cytokinesis
• Begins during anaphase
• Continues through telophase
• Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half
20
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
Structure is always related to function
21
Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
• Noninvasive procedures
• Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
images from different
angles
22
Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new
cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
23
Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
24
Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on five environmental factors
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
25
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- Most abundant substance in body
- Required for metabolic processes
- Required for transport of substances
- Regulates body temperature
Food
- Provides necessary nutrients
- Supplies energy
- Supplies raw materials
26
Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (Gas)
- One-fifth of air
- Used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- Form of energy
- Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- Application of force on an object
- Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
27
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
• Receptors
• provide information about stimuli
• Control center
• tells what a particular value should be
(includes a set point)
• Effectors
• elicit responses that change conditions in the internal
environment
28
Homeostatic Mechanisms
29
30
31
Body Cavities
32
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
• Includes the skull and vertebral column
• Ventral
• Everything else
• Subdivided into two parts
33
Body Cavities
• Ventral Cavity
• Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity
• contains lungs
• Mediastinum
• contains
everything in thorax
but the lungs
• Pericardial cavity
• contains heart
34
Body Cavities
• Ventral Cavity
• Abdominopelvic
cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Stomach
• Spleen
• Liver,
• Gall bladder
• Pancreas
• Small intestine
• Most of large
intestine
35
Body Cavities
• Ventral Cavity
• Abdominopelvic
cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Internal
reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Appendix
• Some large intestine
36
Thoracic & Abdominal
Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Parietal peritoneum
•Visceral peritoneum
37
Serous Membranes
38
Serous Membranes
39
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Peripheral
• Deep
40
Body Sections
• Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal
• Transverse or Horizontal
• Coronal or Frontal
• Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal
41
Body Sections
42
Body Sections
43
Body Sections
44
Abdominal Subdivisions
45
46
47
Body Regions
48