Download Chemistry

DO NOW
 Record and Answer these questions
1. What caused Kali’s brain infection?
2. Where did she contract her infection?
3. How many people survive this infection?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2ggJhEKIi
c
DO NOW
 Gather with your Quicker Picker Upper
Group
 You have 5min to refresh and prepare
for presentation
Hierarchy of Living Things
 Atom  Molecule  Cell  Tissue  Organ
 Organ System  Organism
Common Elements
 Element- made of only 1 type of atom
 98% of all living things are made of…
C H O N P S
Connections of atoms that have unfilled outer rings
Types of Bonds
1. Ionic *charged*


Salts
Metal + Nonmental
ex. NaCl “table salt”
2. Hydrogen Bond



Sharing of an Hydrogen (H) atom
Polar (slight charge)
Causes water’s unique traits
ex. H2O
Types of Bonds cont…
3. Covalent
Shares Electrons

Types of Covalent Bonds
NonPolar (equal e- sharing)
A.
Single H-H
(shares 1 e- pair)
B.
Double C = C (shares 2 e- pair)
C.
Triple N ≡ N (shares 3 e- pair)
2. Polar (unequal e- sharing)
1.
What element on the periodic table
has the highest Electronegativity
(most reactive)?
Electronegativity
 The pull of electrons towards nucleus
1. NONPOLAR- 2 atoms with similar Electroneg.
 No charge, shares e- equally
2. POLAR- unequal sharing of atoms
 Slightly charged
 Ex. H2O, O steals more of the ethan the H’s
H
O
H
Water’s Unique Traits
1. Cohesion (sticks to itself & others)
2. Universal Solvent
3. Resists Temperature Change
4. Liquid is denser(heavier) than solid
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p
S7Q4pNm1HM
Do Now
Without
looking at
your notes,
fill in
“CURL”Water’s
Unique
Properties
Functional Groups-
common molecular setups
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
STRUCTURE
PURPOSE
Hydroxyl
-OH
In Water & Alcohols
Keto
O
II
C
In Carbohydrates
Amino
Phosphate
N
/
\
H
Apart of Amino Acids
(make up proteins)
H
O
II
O -P – O
I
O
When bonded to
another Phosphate,
release energy!
Macromolecules
 Large molecules formed by many covalent
bonds
 4 Macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrate
2. Lipid
3. Protein
4. Nucleic Acid
Composition of Living Things
30%
Water
70%
Macromolecules
Formation of Macromolecules
Condensation:
 -H2O
 Makes Molecules
H2 O
Hydrolysis
• +H2O
• Breaks Molecules
H2 O
H 2O
Carbohydrate
 Ratio for Carbohydrate= 1C : 2 H : 1O
Functions
1. Easily stored and released Energy
2. Structure (Cellulose-hard part of plants)
Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide (1-7C)
•
Ex. Ribose (sugar in DNA)
2. Disaccharide (12C)
• Ex. Sucrose (table sugar)
3. Polysaccharide- many branches
• Ex. Starch (plant energy storage)
• Ex2. Glycogen (mammal energy
storage)
• Ex3. Cellulose (plant structure)
Lipids
 Only made of C & H chains
 “Hydrophobic”- Insoluble in Water (due to
nonpolar covalent bonds)
FUNCTION:
 Longterm energy storage
 Structure- cell membrane & body surfaces
 Thermal insulation
Lipid Structure
 Shaped as a Triglyceride
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
“Tri”
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
“glyce”
Either
Saturated or
Unsaturated
Fatty Acid
Chains
Types of Lipids
1. Saturated Fat


Single bonds
Fatty Acids are rigid/straight  Solid at Room Temp.
2. Unsaturated Fat
•
•
1 or more Double Bonds
Double Bond causes kink F.A. pack together
poorly  Liquid at Room Temp.
3. Phospholipid
“amphiphatic”- 1 side hydrophilic
1 side hydrophobic
•
Apart of Cell Membrane (aka. Phospholipid Bilayer)
Metabolism
 Sum of the total chemical reactions in a system
 Uses or provides Energy (E)
Types of Energy:
1. Potential- stored energy (fat storage)
2. Kinetic – energy of movements (exercise)
Types of Metabolism
1. Anabolic (Endothermic)
 Requires an Energy input
Glucose + Fructose
+ ENERGY
Sucrose
2. Catabolic (Exothermic)
• Releases Energy
• Usually makes heat
Sucrose
- Energy
Glucose + Fructose
Digestion: Catabolic + Anabolic
 Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions usually fuel
ANABOLIC
each other
CATABOLIC
Energy
FOOD
(Carb, Lipid, Proteins)
FAT
STORAGE
BODY
ACTIVITIES
Energy
Anabolism makes 1kg of
human body, but it requires
the catabolism of 10kg of
food
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law- Energy is not Created or Destroyed
2nd Law- Not all Energy is used (some is unusable)
Nucleic Acids
 RNA & DNA
 Polymers
 Made up of many Monomers (single molecules)
Ribose or
Deoxyribose
Sugar
Phosphate
MONOMERS
Nitrogen
Base
NUCLEIC ACID
(RNA & DNA)
POLYMER
Nitrogen Bases (nucleotides)
1. Pyrimidine- 1 ring
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U) *only in RNA*
2. Purine- Double Ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Types of Nucleotides
1. Oglionucleotides- “Primers”, regulate
amount of RNA & DNA
2. Polynucleotides- in RNA & DNA
 Largest polymers in the world!
DO NOW
1. List the Purine Nitrogen Bases
2. List the Pyrimidine Nitrogen Base
3. What are the 3 monomers of Nucleic Acids?
4. Which metabolism adds energy to the
system?
5. Which metabolism uses energy in the
system?
RNA vs. DNA
RNA
DNA
 Nitrogen Bases: AU CG
 Nitrogen Bases: AT CG
 Bendy due to H-Bond
 Stiff
 1 Strand
 2 Strands
attractions
RNA Structure
 The shape depends on how the H-Bonds
make the RNA fold
3’
Phosphate
Phosphate
5’
Pyrimidine
(C or U)
Ribose
Sugar
Ribose
Sugar
Purine
(A or G)
Outside H
want to
bond to
eachother
DNA Functions
 Informational molecule
 Ex. CATC different meaning than CAAC
 GENE EXPRESSION
1. Can be Copied (Replicated)
2. Can be Turned into RNA (Transcripted)
3. That RNA can be turned into a Polypeptide,
protein chain (Translation)
3’
DNA Structure
Phosphate
Phosphate
Ribose
Sugar
Pyrimidine
(C or T)
Purine
(A or G)
Ribose
Sugar
Phosphate
Phosphate
Ribose
Sugar
5’
5’
Purine
(A or G)
Pyrimidine
(C or T)
Ribose
Sugar
3’
Nitrogen Base Bonds
Hydrogen Bond
A–T
A–U
Polar Covalent Bond C - G
Genetics
 GENES: portions of DNA that get turned into
RNA and then PROTEINS
 GENOME: complete set of DNA in an
organism (not all of it is used)
 Human Genome: 3Billion base pairs

Chimpanzee shares 98% of human genome
 Ex. Keratin (hard part in hair/nails) is only
translated in Skin Cells, not muscle cells
Protein Function
 Protein functions vary the most
Amino
Acid
•Enzymes
•Messenger
•Antibodies
•Storage
•Hormones
•Structural
Peptide
bond
MONOMERS
•Genetics
Polypeptide Chain
Aka. Protein
Amino
Acid
POLYMER
Amino Acid
 100’s occur in
nature, but
only 20 occur
in the proteins
of all
organisms
1. Primary Structure
 Sequence of Amino Acids (AA)
 Letters represent AA’s
 20100 possibilities for a small polypeptide
EX: HKDEST
2. Secondary Structure
 Hydrogen Bonds & Hydrophillic/phobic areas
cause twists and decide the structure
A. Alpha Helix α (helices)
B. Beta Helix β (pleated sheet)
3. Tertiary Structure
 3D
 Overall shape
 When a protein denatures- it loses shape and
therefore, loses its function
4. Quaternary Structure
 2+ polypeptides combined
 Ex. Spiderweb proteins are so strong because
numerous interlocking B helices
Denaturing
 Because proteins are held together by weaker
forces, they are easily destroyed
 DENATURE: destroys protein structure
 Can be irreversible



Heat
pH
Too much polar or nonpolar