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Chapter 16: Evolutionary Theory I. Section 1: Developing a Theory A. A Theory to Explain Change Over Time 1. Evolution is 2. A theory is 3. Who is the “father” of evolution? B. Darwin’s Ideas from Experience 1. How did Darwin gather his information which enabled him to develop his theory of natural selection? 2. What did Darwin notice about the armadillo fossils as compared to the living armadillos in South America? 3. Where did Darwin propose the plants & animals on the Galapagos Islands came from? What evidence did he have for his idea? 4. There are 13 or 14 different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands; how did they get there & why were they different from one another? 5. Descent with modification means C. Years of Reflection 1. Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle began in 1831 & ended in 1836; he was 27 years old when he returned to England. 2. Why didn’t he report his observations & propose his theory of evolution right away? D. Breeding & Selection 1. What did Darwin learn by breeding pigeons? 2. What is artificial selection? 3. How do we use artificial selection? E. Darwin’s Ideas from Others 1. How did most people from Darwin’s time believe species came to be? 2. Lamarck was a French scientist. In 1809 he proposed that organisms change due to use & disuse of a character & this would be passed on to their offspring. Give an example of this. 3. What belief did Darwin & Lamarck share? 4. In 1798, what did the English economist Thomas Malthus observe about the human population & the food supply? 5. According to Malthus, what factors would keep the human population from increasing the way it was? 6. What did Darwin notice about ALL populations of organisms? 7. What does the science of geology study? 8. What did the geologist Cuvier notice about fossils? 9. What did the geologists Hutton & Lyell think about geological processes? 10.What did Darwin learn by reading Lyell’s book? II. Section 2: Applying Darwin’s Ideas A. Evolution by Natural Selection 1. Natural selection is the process 2. What process did Darwin believe causes evolution? 3. What does Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection predict? 4. Discuss Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection a. Overproduction – b. Variation – c. Selection d. Adaptation – 5. Does the insect pictured in Figure 5 on page 380 fit in with Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? Support your answer. 6. Adaptation is 7. Populations & species evolve, NOT individuals. What is a species 8. When did Darwin finally write an outline of his ideas about evolution & natural selection? 9. What finally motivated Darwin to publish his book On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection in 1859? B. What Darwin Explained 1. Darwin used information from natural history, economics, geology & the fossil record to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. Today we use other areas of science to explain the process of evolution by natural selection. 2. Evidence of Natural Selection & Evolution a. Fossils – traces of organisms that lived in the past. May be preserved in sedimentary rocks, encased in tree sap that turned into amber, or bones that have been replaced by minerals. What evidence do we have to support Darwin’s idea that whales descended from 4-legged, land-dwelling animals? b. Biogeography – Explain how similar organisms, like the rhea, ostrich, & emu are found on 3 different continents. Is this an example of natural selection? Explain your answer. c. Developmental Biology/Embryology What do you notice about all of the embryos in row 1? Can you tell which embryos will develop into the fish & salamander in row 2? What does the similarity between all of the embryos in row 1 tell you about these organisms? d. Anatomy What are homologous structures? Give an example of a homologous structure in the human, alligator, bat, & penguin. ___________________ What are analogous structures? The wing of a bird & the wing of an insect are analogous structures; why? e. Biochemistry Scientists compare the amino acids, proteins, DNA & RNA of different organisms. The more similar the amino acids, proteins, DNA & RNA of the different organisms is, the more closely related they are. Look at Figure 10 on page 384; which 2 organisms are we most closely related to?________________________ How do you know? C. Evaluating Darwin’s Ideas 1. What were 3 major strengths of Darwin’s work? a. b. c. 2. What was the one weakness in Darwin’s explanation for evolution through natural selection?