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Unit 7 Reading Guide – Air Textbook CH. 4, 15, 19 Barron’s CH. 2 and Pages 367-376 Key Terms Climate Troposphere Stratosphere Albedo Polar Cell El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Photochemical smog Secondary pollutant Thermal inversion Scrubber Sick building syndrome Cataracts Copenhagen Protocol Chlorofluorocarbons Lead (Pb) Nitric Oxide (NO) Climate Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Cap and Trade Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Greenhouse gases Convection Cells Hadley Cell Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Coriolis Effect Air Pollution Tropospheric ozone Gray smog primary pollutant National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Clean Air Act Acid deposition Catalytic converter electrostatic precipitator ozone layer hole stratospheric ozone Montreal protocol UV radiation Melanoma Asbestos Carbon Dioxide Fine Particles (particulate) Formaldehyde Mercury (Hg) Nitric Acid (HNO3) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) weather methane Global processes determine weather and climate 1. What is the difference between weather and climate. Define each one and give 2 examples of each. 2. List the 5 major processes that drive climate on earth. 3. Fill in the chart below. You should list the ozone layer and exosphere, but can leave the temperature boxes blank. For altitude, the number ranges in the text are more accurate than the ones in the chart. Layer Altitude Range Temperature trend as altitude increases Troposphere 0-10 km Decreases 4. What happens to the air pressure as you move from the troposphere to the exosphere? 5. one. What are the three main causes of uneven warming of the earth? Briefly explain each 6. a. i. ii. Properties of Air Density – Less dense air RISES / SINKS More dense air RISES / SINKS Cold air is MORE / LESS dense than warm air and thus RISES / SINKS Warm air is MORE / LESS dense than cold air and thus RISES / SINKS b. Saturation i. Warm air holds MORE / LESS water than cold air, so as air temperature INCREASES / DECREASES the saturation point increases. ii. When air cools, the saturation point INCREASES / DECREASES resulting in _______________________________________________ c. Adiabatic heating and cooling i. When air sinks, the pressure INCREASES / DECREASES which causes the volume to INCREASES / DECREASES which INCREASES / DECREASES the temperature. This is called ___________________________________. ii. When air rises, the pressure INCREASES / DECREASES which causes the volume to INCREASES / DECREASES which INCREASES / DECREASES the temperature. This is called ___________________________________. d. Latent heat release i. Going from a liquid to a gas is called ____________________________________ and REQUIRES / RELEASES heat energy. ii. Going from a gas to a liquid is called ____________________________________ REQUIRES / RELEASES heat energy. 7. Convection currents will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have a little background. 8. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)- Around the equator, there is a zone of dense clouds, intense thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. The zone follows the sun’s most direct rays and thus moves up and down across the equator (See picture for location in July versus January). This creates a pattern of SEASONAL PRECIPITATION in the tropics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITCZ_january-july.png 9. The Coriolis effect will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have a little background. 10. What causes the seasons? Air pollutants are found throughout the entire global system 1. Name a few natural and a few anthropogenic sources of air pollution. Why is air pollution a global problem? Support your answer with examples. 2. 3. List the 6 criteria air pollutants and their chemical formulas. What law allows the EPA to regulate these pollutants? 4. What pollutants have been added to the list of pollutants covered by the Clean Air Act? Which ones probably should be added? 6. What is the difference between photochemical/brown smog, sulfurous/gray smog and atmospheric brown cloud? Air pollution comes from both natural and human sources List the air pollutants created by the following natural sources of air pollution: Volcanoes Lightning Forest Fires Plants – 7. a. b. c. d. Fill in the chart below Pollutant Top 3 Sources 8. Is source natural or anthropogenic? Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide PM2.5 Photochemical smog is still an environmental problem in the US 9. What two air pollutants are major contributors to smog formation? 10. How does temperature influence smog formation? Why? 11. How does an inversion layer influence smog formation? Why? Acid deposition is much less of a problem than it used to be 12. How has the US reduced acid deposition? 13. Is acid deposition a local, regional or global problem? Explain. 14. List the environmental, economic and human health impacts associated with acid rain. Pollution control includes prevention, technology, and innovation 15. List some ways to PREVENT air pollution. 16. How can we control sulfur dioxide emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control methods. 17. How can we control nitrogen oxide emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control methods. 18. How can we control particulate matter emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control methods. 19. How does a baghouse/fabric filter work? What does it remove? 20. How does an electrostatic precipitator work? What does it remove? 21. How does a scrubber work? What does it remove? 22. List 5 or 6 other ways to reduce pollution. The stratospheric ozone layer provides protection from UV solar radiation 23. Ozone is often described as “good uphigh, but bad nearby”. Explain why. 24. What are the benefits of stratospheric ozone? 25. What chemicals cause ozone loss? 26. Where and when (months and season) does the ozone hole form? 27. What is the Montreal Protocol? Has it been effective? Indoor air pollution is a significant hazard, particularly in developing countries 28. Why is indoor air pollution a bigger problem in developing countries? 29. Why is indoor air pollution a problem in developed countries? 30. Fill out the chart below for indoor air pollutants Pollutant Formula Description Asbestos Sources Impacts N/A Carbon Monoxide Radon Volatile Organic Compounds Global change includes global climate change and global warming 1. what four things are likely to occur as a result of global climate change? 2. What is the difference between global climate change and global warming? Solar radiation and greenhouse gases make our planet warm 3. The greenhouse effect a. Incoming solar radiation is composed of _________________ and _________________. b. _____ of the incoming radiation is reflected by _____________, _____________ and _____________. c. The rest of the solar radiation is absorbed by clouds or the earth’s surface. The solar radiation is converted to heat which warms the earth. d. The surface of the earth then radiates the heat back into the atmosphere as _________________. e. The infrared radiation (also known as heat) is either_________________or _________________. f. When greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb infrared radiation, the planet is (circle one) WARMER/COOLER. g. The (circle one) MORE/LESS GHGs there are in the atmosphere, the warmer the planet will be. 5. Which GHG has the largest global warming potential? the highest concentration? 6. Which GHG is least impacted by humans? Why? 7. Which GHG has the greatest impact on the greenhouse effect? Why? 3. Sources of greenhouse gases are natural and anthropogenic 8. What impact do volcanoes have our global climate? 9. For each GHG below, list the natural sources a. Methane b. Nitrous oxide c. Water vapor – 10. For each anthropogenic source of climate change Source GHGs produced How it increases GHGs Burning fossil fuels Agriculture Deforestation Landfills Industry 11. What are the main anthropogenic sources of the GHGs below? a. Methane b. Nitrous oxide c. Carbon dioxide – 12. Why do you think we rank sources of greenhouse gases? Changes in CO and global temperatures have been linked for millennia 2 13. First, CO levels fluctuate throughout the year and second, overall carbon dioxide levels have increased. a. Why do CO levels fluctuate during a single year? 2 2 b. About how much (in ppm) have CO levels risen since 1960? 2 14. How can China be a leading producer of CO but have relatively low per capita production? 2 15. What are some ways to measure historical temperature levels? CO levels? 2 16. which of the following best describes general pattern of CO levels over the last 400,000 years. Circle one below: a. CO levels have steadily increased over the last 400,000 years b. CO levels have steadily decreased over the last 400,000 years c. CO levels have fluctuated over the last 400,000 years but never rose above 300 ppm until recently d. CO levels have fluctuated over the last 400,000 years and the current warming pattern fits that trend 2 2 2 2 2 17. How many degrees Celsius are average global temperatures expected to rise by 2100? Feedback can increase or decrease the impact of climate change 18. Label the following as positive or negative feedback loops and whether each will result in more or less global warming. Positive or More or less Feedback Negative? warming? As temperatures increase, more water evaporates, forming more clouds. Clouds block sunlight, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching earth which reduces temperatures. As temperatures increase, more water evaporates, meaning there is more water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas meaning that GHG concentrations increase and temperatures increase. As the earth warms, arctic regions become warmer and permafrost melts. Standing water from ice melt creates anaerobic conditions which produces methane instead of CO which is a more potent GHG than CO . As the earth warms, arctic regions become warmer and permafrost melts. Standing water reflects less sunlight than ice resulting is less albedo. More sunlight is absorbed, increasing temperatures in the arctic. Higher CO levels increase temperatures. Higher temperatures lead to faster decomposition. Faster decomposition leads to higher CO levels. More CO stimulates plant growth which means more photosynthesis. More photosynthesis means more CO absorption by plants. 2 2 2 2 2 2 Global Warming has serious consequences 19. Fill in the chart below. SUMMARIZE!!! Try to fit everything in the current box size. It is ok if you have blank boxes, we will finish in class. Category Polar Ice Caps What will happen? They will shrink How will this impact the ecosystem? How will this impact humans? New shipping lanes will open, oil and gas easier to access, less food from arctic areas Less habitat, loss of biodiversity Glaciers Permafrost Sea Levels Heat Waves Cold Spells Precipitation patterns Storm intensity Ocean currents The Kyoto Protocol addresses climate change at the international level 20. Why do developed countries have to reduce CO levels more than developing countries under the Kyoto Protocol? 2 21. Why has the US not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? (there are a couple of reasons)