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Unit 7 Reading Guide – Air
Textbook CH. 4, 15, 19
Barron’s CH. 2 and Pages 367-376
Key Terms
Climate
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Albedo
Polar Cell
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Photochemical smog
Secondary pollutant
Thermal inversion
Scrubber
Sick building syndrome
Cataracts
Copenhagen Protocol
Chlorofluorocarbons
Lead (Pb)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Climate
Kyoto Protocol
Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Cap and Trade
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Greenhouse gases
Convection Cells
Hadley Cell
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Coriolis Effect
Air Pollution
Tropospheric ozone
Gray smog
primary pollutant
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Clean Air Act
Acid deposition
Catalytic converter
electrostatic precipitator
ozone layer hole
stratospheric ozone
Montreal protocol
UV radiation
Melanoma
Asbestos
Carbon Dioxide
Fine Particles (particulate)
Formaldehyde
Mercury (Hg)
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
weather
methane
Global processes determine weather and climate
1. What is the difference between weather and climate. Define each one and give 2
examples of each.
2.
List the 5 major processes that drive climate on earth.
3.
Fill in the chart below. You should list the ozone layer and exosphere, but can leave the
temperature boxes blank. For altitude, the number ranges in the text are more accurate than the
ones in the chart.
Layer
Altitude Range Temperature trend as altitude increases
Troposphere 0-10 km
Decreases
4.
What happens to the air pressure as you move from the troposphere to the exosphere?
5.
one.
What are the three main causes of uneven warming of the earth? Briefly explain each
6.
a.
i.
ii.
Properties of Air
Density – Less dense air RISES / SINKS More dense air RISES / SINKS
Cold air is MORE / LESS dense than warm air and thus RISES / SINKS
Warm air is MORE / LESS dense than cold air and thus RISES / SINKS
b. Saturation
i.
Warm air holds MORE / LESS water than cold air, so as air
temperature INCREASES / DECREASES the saturation point increases.
ii.
When air cools, the saturation point INCREASES / DECREASES resulting in
_______________________________________________
c. Adiabatic heating and cooling
i.
When air sinks, the pressure INCREASES / DECREASES which causes the volume
to INCREASES / DECREASES which INCREASES / DECREASES the temperature. This is
called ___________________________________.
ii.
When air rises, the pressure INCREASES / DECREASES which causes the volume
to INCREASES / DECREASES which INCREASES / DECREASES the temperature. This is
called ___________________________________.
d. Latent heat release
i.
Going from a liquid to a gas is called ____________________________________
and REQUIRES / RELEASES heat energy.
ii.
Going from a gas to a liquid is called
____________________________________ REQUIRES / RELEASES heat energy.
7.
Convection currents will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have
a little background.
8.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)- Around the equator, there is a zone of
dense clouds, intense thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. The zone follows the sun’s most direct
rays and thus moves up and down across the equator (See picture for location in July versus
January). This creates a pattern of SEASONAL PRECIPITATION in the tropics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITCZ_january-july.png
9.
The Coriolis effect will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have a
little background.
10.
What causes the seasons?
Air pollutants are found throughout the entire global system
1. Name a few natural and a few anthropogenic sources of air pollution.
Why is air pollution a global problem? Support your answer with examples.
2.
3.
List the 6 criteria air pollutants and their chemical formulas. What law allows the EPA
to regulate these pollutants?
4.
What pollutants have been added to the list of pollutants covered by the Clean Air
Act? Which ones probably should be added?
6.
What is the difference between photochemical/brown smog, sulfurous/gray smog and
atmospheric brown cloud?
Air pollution comes from both natural and human sources
List the air pollutants created by the following natural sources of air pollution:
Volcanoes Lightning Forest Fires Plants –
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fill in the chart below
Pollutant
Top 3 Sources
8.
Is source natural or anthropogenic?
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
PM2.5
Photochemical smog is still an environmental problem in the US
9.
What two air pollutants are major contributors to smog formation?
10.
How does temperature influence smog formation? Why?
11.
How does an inversion layer influence smog formation? Why?
Acid deposition is much less of a problem than it used to be
12.
How has the US reduced acid deposition?
13.
Is acid deposition a local, regional or global problem? Explain.
14.
List the environmental, economic and human health impacts associated with acid rain.
Pollution control includes prevention, technology, and innovation
15.
List some ways to PREVENT air pollution.
16.
How can we control sulfur dioxide emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control
methods.
17.
How can we control nitrogen oxide emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control
methods.
18.
How can we control particulate matter emissions? Include any drawbacks to the control
methods.
19.
How does a baghouse/fabric filter work? What does it remove?
20.
How does an electrostatic precipitator work? What does it remove?
21.
How does a scrubber work? What does it remove?
22.
List 5 or 6 other ways to reduce pollution.
The stratospheric ozone layer provides protection from UV solar radiation
23.
Ozone is often described as “good uphigh, but bad nearby”. Explain why.
24.
What are the benefits of stratospheric ozone?
25.
What chemicals cause ozone loss?
26.
Where and when (months and season) does the ozone hole form?
27.
What is the Montreal Protocol? Has it been effective?
Indoor air pollution is a significant hazard, particularly in developing
countries
28.
Why is indoor air pollution a bigger problem in developing countries?
29.
Why is indoor air pollution a problem in developed countries?
30.
Fill out the chart below for indoor air pollutants
Pollutant
Formula Description
Asbestos
Sources
Impacts
N/A
Carbon Monoxide
Radon
Volatile Organic Compounds
Global change includes global climate change and global warming
1. what four things are likely to occur as a result of global climate change?
2.
What is the difference between global climate change and global warming?
Solar radiation and greenhouse gases make our planet warm
3.
The greenhouse effect
a.
Incoming solar radiation is composed of _________________ and _________________.
b.
_____ of the incoming radiation is reflected by _____________, _____________ and
_____________.
c.
The rest of the solar radiation is absorbed by clouds or the earth’s surface. The
solar radiation is converted to heat which warms the earth.
d.
The surface of the earth then radiates the heat back into the atmosphere as
_________________.
e.
The infrared radiation (also known as heat) is either_________________or
_________________.
f.
When greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb infrared radiation, the planet is (circle
one) WARMER/COOLER.
g.
The (circle one) MORE/LESS GHGs there are in the atmosphere, the warmer the
planet will be.
5.
Which GHG has the largest global warming potential? the highest concentration?
6.
Which GHG is least impacted by humans? Why?
7.
Which GHG has the greatest impact on the greenhouse effect? Why?
3.
Sources of greenhouse gases are natural and anthropogenic
8.
What impact do volcanoes have our global climate?
9.
For each GHG below, list the natural sources
a. Methane b. Nitrous oxide c. Water vapor –
10.
For each anthropogenic source of climate change
Source
GHGs produced How it increases GHGs
Burning fossil fuels
Agriculture
Deforestation
Landfills
Industry
11.
What are the main anthropogenic sources of the GHGs below?
a. Methane b. Nitrous oxide c. Carbon dioxide –
12.
Why do you think we rank sources of greenhouse gases?
Changes in CO and global temperatures have been linked for millennia
2
13.
First, CO levels fluctuate throughout the year and second, overall carbon dioxide levels
have increased.
a.
Why do CO levels fluctuate during a single year?
2
2
b. About how much (in ppm) have CO levels risen since 1960?
2
14.
How can China be a leading producer of CO but have relatively low per capita
production?
2
15.
What are some ways to measure historical temperature levels? CO levels?
2
16.
which of the following best describes general pattern of CO levels over the last 400,000
years. Circle one below:
a.
CO levels have steadily increased over the last 400,000 years
b.
CO levels have steadily decreased over the last 400,000 years
c.
CO levels have fluctuated over the last 400,000 years but never rose above 300 ppm
until recently
d.
CO levels have fluctuated over the last 400,000 years and the current warming pattern
fits that trend
2
2
2
2
2
17.
How many degrees Celsius are average global temperatures expected to rise by 2100?
Feedback can increase or decrease the impact of climate change
18.
Label the following as positive or negative feedback loops and whether each will result
in more or less global warming.
Positive or More or less
Feedback
Negative?
warming?
As temperatures increase, more water evaporates, forming
more clouds. Clouds block sunlight, reducing the amount of
solar radiation reaching earth which reduces temperatures.
As temperatures increase, more water evaporates, meaning
there is more water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor is
a greenhouse gas meaning that GHG concentrations increase
and temperatures increase.
As the earth warms, arctic regions become warmer and
permafrost melts. Standing water from ice melt creates
anaerobic conditions which produces methane instead of CO
which is a more potent GHG than CO .
As the earth warms, arctic regions become warmer and
permafrost melts. Standing water reflects less sunlight than
ice resulting is less albedo. More sunlight is absorbed,
increasing temperatures in the arctic.
Higher CO levels increase temperatures. Higher
temperatures lead to faster decomposition. Faster
decomposition leads to higher CO levels.
More CO stimulates plant growth which means more
photosynthesis. More photosynthesis means more CO
absorption by plants.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Global Warming has serious consequences
19.
Fill in the chart below. SUMMARIZE!!! Try to fit everything in the current box size. It is
ok if you have blank boxes, we will finish in class.
Category
Polar Ice Caps
What will
happen?
They will
shrink
How will this
impact the
ecosystem?
How will this impact humans?
New shipping lanes will open, oil
and gas easier to access, less food
from arctic areas
Less habitat, loss of
biodiversity
Glaciers
Permafrost
Sea Levels
Heat Waves
Cold Spells
Precipitation
patterns
Storm intensity
Ocean currents
The Kyoto Protocol addresses climate change at the international level
20.
Why do developed countries have to reduce CO levels more than developing countries
under the Kyoto Protocol?
2
21.
Why has the US not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? (there are a couple of reasons)