Download Chapter 14 Evolution a History and a Process—Reading/ Study Guide

Chapter 14 Evolution a History and a Process—Reading/ Study Guide
14.1 Darwin developed a theory of evolution.
Ideas from Darwin’s Time
1. Define evolution.
2. What are the two ideas about life on Earth that prevailed before Darwin?
3. What caused these ideas to be changed?
4. What did Buffon purpose in the mid 1700’s and what observations lead to this
hypothesis?
5. Lamark suggested an explanation for Buffon’s observations what was it?
6. How did Lamark explain evolution? Give ONE example.
7. What was the big flaw in Lamark’s reasoning?
The Voyage of the Beagle
1. What was the main purpose for the Voyage of the HMS Beagle?
2. What was Darwin’s main purpose for joining the voyage?
3. Based on Darwin’s observations his beliefs about life changed. How did
Darwin’s beliefs about life change?
4. What did Darwin conclude about the species living in South America?
5. What was special about the Galapagos Islands?
6. What were some of Darwin’s observations on the Galapagos Islands?
7. What did he hypothesis from these observations?
8. What were Lyell’s ideas about geological processes?
9. The geologic evidence of Lyell and others lead to two conclusions what were
they?
10. How did Darwin use this evidence?
Darwin Publishes His Theory
1. Darwin sent back different things to England what did he send?
2. After he analyzed his findings what did he conclude?
3. Who was Thomas Mathus and what was the significance of his writings?
4. Darwin did not publish his findings at first, what caused him to finally publish
his work?
5. What was the name of the famous book that Darwin wrote?
Darwin’s Two Main Points
1. Name and describe the first process that Darwin proposed.
2. Name and describe Darwin’s second point.
3. How are the two points different from each other?
14.2 Evolution has left much evidence.
The fossil record
1. Define fossils.
2. Explain briefly how and where fossils are found.
3. Describe how the rock strata are used to develop the fossil record.
4. Give an example of how fossils are used to help provide evidence that life on
Earth is changing.
5. According to the fossil record what are the earliest life forma on Earth?
6. Define extinct.
7. Describe how Paleontologists use fossils to study the evolution of Whales.
Geographic Distrubution
1. What was one of Darwin’s first observations?
2. Explain why there are more marsupials in Australia than placental animals.
3. Explain how the geographical distribution of organisms serves as a clue to
how species have evolved.
Similarities in Structure
1. Define homologous structures.
2. Give at least 2 examples of homologous structures.
3. How does homologous structure support evolution?
4. Define vestigial structures.
5. Give an example of vestigial structures.
6. Why doesn’t vestigial structures support Lamark’a idea of inheritance of
acquired characteristics?
Similarities in Development
1. Identify some of the similarities between vertebrate embryos.
2. How do these similarities support the Theory of Evolution?
3. How does developmental similarities relate to homologous structure.
Molecular Biology
1. How does evolution and inheritance relate to each other? In other words how
can you use the idea that DNA is passed from parent to child to help support
the Theory of Evolution?
2. What two types of sequences are used to identify the relative closeness of two
species?
3. Explain how the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin is used to show the
relative closeness of humans to primates.
4. Give one major piece of evidence that ALL life is related.
14.3 Darwin Proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
1. Define population.
2. Explain how Darwin’s observation of the finches on the Galapagos Islands
lead to the question “How did these different beaks arise?”?
3. What are the two key observations that Darwin based his Theory of Natural
Selection?
4. Summarize the theory of Natural selection.
Artificial Selections
1. Define artificial selection.
2. Give an example of artificial selection.
3. Compare and contrast Natural selection and Artificial selection.
Pesticides—Natural Selection in Action
1. Explain how the use of pesticides is a great example of natural selection.
2. What two key points does this example highlight about Natural selection?
3. How could you use this information to prevent such a situation from
occurring?
14.4 Microevolution is a change in a population’s gene pool.
Populations and their gene pools
1. What is the smallest level in which evolution can occur? Explain why.
2. Explain what the gene pool of a population is.
3. Give an example of a gene pool.
Changes in gene pools
1. The processes that lead to genetic variation (which are mutations and sexual
recombination) are ______________________.
2.
However natural selection and _____________________ are ___________
_____________________.
3. Why is evolution not random.
4. What role does frequency of alleles play in microevolution?
5. Define Microevolution.
6. Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
7. Do populations tend to stay in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
8. Define genetic drift and give an example.
9. Define the Bottleneck effect.
10. Define founder effect and give an example.
Gene flow and Mutation
1. Define gene flow and give an example.
2. Define mutation and explain how it relates to evolution.
3. Why are mutations particularly important, with respect to evolution, in
organisms that reproduce asexually?
Natural Selection and Fitness
1. How are the phrases “struggle for existence” and “survival of the fittest”
misleading when it comes to evolution and Natural Selection?
2. Give an example of what is really meant by those phrases.
3. Define the biological meaning of fitness.
A return to the Galapagos
1. Describe the research being done in =by Peter and Rosemary Grant.
14.5 Evolutionary Biology is important in health science.
Natural selection and Sickle Cell Disease
1. Explain using the concepts of natural selection and evolution why the allele
for sickle cell disease is still as prevalent in African- American communities.
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
1. Define antibiotics.
2. What type of organisms do antibiotics work against?
3. How can antibiotics misuse lead to evolution in bacteria?
4. Why is this such a major health problem?