Download Unit 2 Practice Exam 2016

Unit 2 Practice Exam 2016
Name: ________
Multiple choice questions
1. Which of the following statements about light is not true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
For humans, ‘light’ refers to electromagnetic energy in the range of approximately 380-700 nanometres
Different wavelengths of light are experienced by humans as different levels of brightness
Humans are able to perceive colour because their visual system contains cone cells
Different wavelengths of light are experienced by humans as different colours
2. The process by which our visual system converts electromagnetic energy into neural impulses (electrochemical
energy) is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Accommodation
Feature detection
Transduction
Transmission
3. The lining the interior of the eyeball is called the ___________________; the photoreceptor cells within it are
called ______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Retina; rods and cones
Cornea; rods and cones
Retina; optic nerve cells
Cornea; optic nerve cells
4. The visual cortex breaks the incoming stimulus into separate dimensions such as colour, depth, movement, and
form, and works on each aspect simultaneously.
This is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Accommodation
Feature detection
Parallel processing
Opponent processing
5. The figure at right shows the Muller-Lyer illusion.
An explanation of this illusion from the biological perspective would most likely focus on the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Way the mind organises incoming information during perception
Effect of learning and past experience on our interpretation of visual information
Role played by the visual system and the brain when we view the illusion
Viewer’s cultural background
6. Which of the following are binocular cues for the perception of distance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interposition and convergence
Texture gradient and interposition
Convergence and retinal disparity
Disparity and texture gradient
7. When viewed while half-open, a rectangular door looks trapezoid.
This example demonstrates the operation of the principle of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Visual scaling
Shape constancy
Size constancy
Perceptual ambiguity
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8. People’s expectations and predispositions tend to influence the way they interpret a visual stimulus. The sum of
these tendencies is referred to as a perceptual ___________:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cues
Set
Illusions
Constancies
9. When she looks at a car moving away from her, Kay’s perception is that the car’s size remains the same despite
changes in the size of retinal image.
This is referred to as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Retinal disparity
Object permanence
10. Taste receptor cells are renewed approximately:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Every 60 days
Every 10 days
Every 6 weeks
Every 10 weeks
11. In the neural pathway for taste:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Taste buds transmit information to the medulla via cranial nerves
The medulla transmits information to the thalamus
The thalamus transmits information to the primary gustatory cortex
All of the above
12. Someone classed as a supertaster:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Has more taste buds and gustatory receptor cells than other people
Has a lower absolute threshold for taste than other people enjoys foods with very intense flavours
Enjoys foods with very intense flavours
Is usually male
13. At 60 years of age we have:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fewer taste buds than at 6 years of age
More taste buds than at 6 years of age
The same number of taste buds we were born with
Stronger taste buds than we were born with
14. The __________________ is the brain structure that adds the emotional component to a food memory.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Frontal operculum
Hippocampus
15. Which statement about taste is false?
A. Changing the colour of a food can alter the perception of its flavour
B. Changing the background music in a restaurant can alter customers’ perception of how flavoursome their meal
is
C. Research suggests that there is a strong perceptual link between rounded edges and salty flavours
D. Food packaging affects our perception of the food’s taste
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16. If a red dye is added to a food:
A.
B.
C.
D.
It changes our perception of the food because it changes the food’s texture and mouthfeel
We tend to perceive the food as sweeter
We tend to perceive the food as saltier
It has no effect on taste perception
17. Which of the following colours is most commonly associated with bitter or spoiled food?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Green
Red
Blue
White
18. A person may have synaesthesia if:
A.
B.
C.
D.
They see things that are not linked to an external stimulus
They have a specific taste sensation every time they see the number 4
They look at a stationary object but have the sensation the object is moving
They consistently make a perceptual error when interpreting a real, external stimulus
19. Which of the following statements about synaesthesia is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
With enough practice, a person can acquire synaesthesia
Some adult synaesthetics can control when they have a synaesthetic experience
More males than females are synaesthetes
More females than males are synaesthetes
20. All attitudes involve:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Non-verbal communication
Behaviour that can be observed
An evaluation of the attitude object
Strong feelings about the attitude object
21. Which of the following is not true of attitudes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Attitudes are relatively stable
Attitudes comprise both cognitive and emotional components
Attitudes are acquired through social means
Attitudes influence behaviour, behaviour does not influence attitudes
22. Michael works in a bank. He often tells his friends that he hates his job and disapproves of big banks. However,
he does not plan to leave and does his work to the best of his ability.
Michael’s behaviour best demonstrates that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
He has strong moral values
He is experiencing cognitive dissonance
Attitudes and behaviour may be inconsistent
He actually likes his job but pretends to dislike it because his friends disapprove of it
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23. Even though Ariel maintains she is very concerned about health issues and has joined a gym, she has been
observed to ‘miss’ many exercise sessions.
Ariel is most likely to resolve the dissonance caused by this ‘gap’ between attitudes and behaviour by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Changing her attitudes regarding healthy behaviour
Resolving to attend the gym more regularly
Finding excuses for her non-attendance
Using any one of the above strategies
24. Euan has been accused of stereotyping young people.
It is most likely that Euan:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Constantly evaluates young people
Responds negatively towards all young people
Holds particular beliefs and expectations about all young people
Experiences negative emotions in the presence of young people
Questions 25 and 26 refer to the following information.
A market research organisation conducted an evaluation of the airline, Victor Air. Participants were asked to answer a
number of questions. Two of the questions are shown below.
Q1. On the basis of your experience of flying with us, evaluate each of the following aspects of Victor Air:
Excellent
Good
Average
Mediocre
Very poor
Punctuality
Safety
Reservations
In-flight Service
Q2. Compared to flying with other airlines, flying with Victor Air is:
1
Good
Positive
Pleasant
Appealing
2
3
4
5
Bad
Negative
Unpleasant
Unappealing
25. Which component of attitudes was being investigated in Q1?
A. Values
B. Cognitive
C. Affective
D. Behavioural
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26. Which component(s) of attitudes was/were being investigated by Question 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Affective only
Cognitive only
Behavioural only
Both affective and cognitive components
27. While waiting for a friend in the city, Rafe observed a man and a woman in conversation. Both were wearing
conservative suits. The man looked older than the woman and was wearing glasses. On the basis of his
observations, Rafe decided that the man was a businessman and the woman was his secretary.
Rafe’s assumption is best described as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Prejudice
Stereotyping
Role attribution
Social categorization
Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following information.
As part of an investigation, Brad dropped stamped letters in different areas of a city, addressed to fictitious
organisations that supported or opposed gay marriage.
28. It is most likely that Brad was investigating people’s:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Honesty and reliability
Support of gay marriage
Opposition to gay marriage
Attitudes towards gay marriage
29. A study such as that conducted by Brad can be best described as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
An experiment
An attitudes survey
An observational study
A cross-sectional study
30. The term ‘social norms’ refers to the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Societal laws that have legal status in court
Taboos that operate in any given society or social group
Written rules that tell people how to behave in social situations
Often unspoken rules concerning how we ought to behave in a particular social group
31. In the Milgram studies, obedience by the ‘teacher’ was reduced when the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
‘learner’ complained of pain
The ‘teacher’ was face-to-face with the learner
Experiment was conducted away from Yale University
Experimenter pressured the ‘teacher’ to follow instructions
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32. Of the following, those who would not be considered to be a group would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
A couple going out for dinner, because a group must contain more than two individuals
The people queuing for concert tickets, because of lack of interaction between the individuals
An established quartet practicing separately for a concert, because they are not together in one place
Three boys working on the same task, because before starting the task they did not know each other
33. Within a group, the power a person wields is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Related to their role
A function of their learning experiences
Always because of their high status
Generally related to their financial situation
34. Which of the following was/were demonstrated by Zimbardo’s prison experiment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Role expectations had a greater influence on a participant’s behaviour than did his personality
Both the participants in roles of authority and those in passive roles took on the characteristics of their roles
The effect of role expectations was greater when the role was associated with power and status
The study demonstrated all of the above
35. In Zimbardo’s prison experiment the power given to the ‘guards’ was mainly _________ power.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reward
Referent
Expert
Coercive
36. According to critics, which of the following ethical guidelines did Zimbardo’s prison experiment fail to follow?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Freedom from deception
Protection of participants
Right of participants to withdraw
All of the above guidelines
37. A collection of people waiting in a queue to buy tickets for a concert is described as an aggregate, while a
collection of people in the same French class is seen to be a group.
This is most likely because, compared to a queue, the French class is made up of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
People who interact with each other
Fewer people
People who are peers
People with the same purpose
38. Di reads fashion magazines to find out what celebrities are wearing and then tries to buy similar clothes for
herself.
For Di, celebrities have _________________ power.
A. Reward
B. Referent
C. Coercive
D. Informational
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39. In Milgram’s research into obedience:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Most participants increased the voltage until the ‘learner’ was screaming
Most participants refused to ‘administer’ the electric shocks to the learner
The behaviour of the participants was not affected by where the experiment was conducted
The behaviour of the participants was not affected by whether or not the experimenter was present
40. Which of the following can be best concluded from research such as Milgram’s study of obedience?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Aggressive behaviour is innate
Aggressive behaviour is learnt
Everyone is capable of aggressive behaviour if sufficiently frustrated
Most people are capable of aggressive behaviour if placed in a social context that accepts it
41. Recently Mark visited Japan. While there, he observed and modelled other people’s behaviour to make sure he
was behaving appropriately.
Mark’s behaviour demonstrated:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Obedience
Conformity
Compliance
Social comparison
42. Conformity occurs when individuals:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Influence each other
Model each other’s behaviour
Change their behaviour in order to fit in with others in their group
Adhere to conventions of a society such as shaking hands when greeting someone
43. Kiran is planning to replicate Asch’s experiments into conformity.
Kiran will most likely find that, of the following, the factor most affecting how much participants conform is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Task difficulty
The participants’ intelligence
The group leader’s personality
The number of others in the group
44. In Asch’s experiment on conformity, what happened when the group included a confederate who disagreed with
the group’s judgements?
A.
B.
C.
D.
He was rejected by the group
Other confederates tried to change his mind
The participants’ tendency to conform was reduced
The participants’ tendency to conform was increased
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45. In a study, chimpanzees were taught to unchain a door. Later, the chimps were observed to unchain the door to let
other chimps get through. They were not rewarded for this behaviour.
Such behaviour can be regarded as altruistic because:
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is learned
It helps others
The chimps being helped were genetically unrelated to the helper
It was performed without a reward or the expectation of a reward
46. Zelie babysits a neighbour’s child because she knows the neighbour needs to go to the dentist. When offered
payment, she refuses.
Zelie’s behaviour can be explained by all of the following except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
The social-responsibility norm
The reciprocity principle
Zelie’s empathy
Zelie’s altruism
47. Even though Rosie wanted to take part in a charity fun run, the thought that she might fail and look stupid in front
of other people prevented her from signing up.
Rosie’s behaviour demonstrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reluctance to help
Audience inhibition
Cost-benefit analysis
Diffusion of responsibility
48. Amy finds herself to be in need of assistance while shopping with her children.
Consider the following factors:
I the number of other people present
II the mood of those present
The likelihood of Amy receiving help is likely to be influenced by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
I only
II only
Both I and II
Neither I nor II
49. Dara is planning a campaign aimed at encouraging young people to help others who are less privileged by
focusing on altruism.
Which of the following should she emphasise?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The similarities between the helper and the recipient
The practical benefit of helping to the helper
The magnitude of the recipient’s need
The feel-good effect of helping
8
50. Confronted with a situation in which someone needs help, Nat asks himself “Do I possess the skills to do what
needs to be done?”
This question indicates that Nat is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interpreting the situation as an emergency
Assuming responsibility to help
Noticing the emergency
Deciding how to help
Short Answer
Question 1
Name the Gestalt principle that predisposes us to perceive the stimulus at right
as a set of columns, rather than a set of rows.
_________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 2
The slight difference between the images received by the left eye and the right eye acts as the
depth cue of ___________________________________________.
1 mark
Question 3
List four depth/distance cues that might be used by an artist trying to create an impression of depth in a painting of a
landscape.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4 marks
9
Question 4
Label the parts of the eye.
Cornea
Lens
Retina
Optic nerve
Iris
Pupil
Fovea
7 marks
Question 5
Fill in the missing steps in the visual perception process.
1. Reception
2. ______________________
3. Transmission
4. ______________________
5. Organisation
6. ______________________
3 marks
Question 6
What are three of the perceptual constancies?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3 marks
10
Question 7
Name three factors that can have an effect on perceptual set.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
3
marks
Question 8
What is synaesthesia?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
1
mark
Question 9
Name two common types of synaesthesia.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
marks
Question 10
Physical structures in perception.
Taste: ___________________________ _________________________ in the taste buds on the
tongue, transmit the taste information to the brain via the ________________________
____________________. Information passes from the _______________________ in the brain stem
to the ________________________ and finally is processed by the ______________________
_________________________ Cortex.
4
marks
Question 11
What are the five primary tastes?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5
marks
11
Question 12
What is a non-taster?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 13
Define the term ‘attitude’.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 14
Define the term ‘group’.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 15
Provide an example of an attitude and describe it using the Tricomponent Model of Attitudes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6 marks
12
Question 16
Match the type of power to the example.
A. Referent
B. Reward
C. Coercive
D. Expert
E. Legitimate
Employers reward employees with bonuses.
A judge orders a criminal to serve time in prison for breaking the law.
Teachers in the classroom are accepted as authority in school settings.
Pop stars.
Lawyers.
5 marks
Question 17
Describe the difference between prejudice and discrimination.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2 marks
Question 18
Name and describe two factors that reduce prejudice.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4 marks
13
Question 19
Name and describe two factors that form the bases of prejudice.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4 marks
Question 20
Complete the table below to compare researchers and conclusions drawn in the area of social relationships.
Conformity
Obedience
Status and power
Who conducted work
in this area?
What was one
conclusion that can
be drawn from their
work?
6 marks
Question 21
List six factors that influence conformity.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6 marks
14
Question 22
List the 3 factors that affect obedience.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3 marks
Question 23
According to the ‘reciprocity principle’, when is pro-social behaviour most likely to occur?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 24
What is the bystander effect?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 mark
Question 25
Tick the box.
Concept
Cost-benefit analysis
Pro-social Behaviour
Anti-social behaviour
Social influence
Competence
Bystander Intervention
Reciprocity Principle
Audience inhibition
Social responsibility norms
Empathy
4 marks
15
Solutions
Multiple choice
1. B
11. D
21. D
31. C
41. B
2. C
12. A
22. C
32. B
42. C
3. A
13. A
23. D
33. A
43. D
4. B
14. A
24. C
34. D
44. C
5. C
15. C
25. B
35. D
45. D
6. C
16. B
26. A
36. B
46. B
7. B
17. C
27. B
37. A
47. B
8. B
18. B
28. D
38. B
48. C
9. A
19. D
29. C
39. A
49. A
10. B
20. C
30. D
40. D
50. A
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