Download Cognitive

Engineering Psychology
Cognitive Science
Multidisciplinary aproach
Philosophy
Psychology
Linguistics
Artificial
Anthropology
Intelligence
Neuroscience
Jakub Jura
[email protected]
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jurajaku/ing-psych/
What is Cognitive
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From latin cognoscere = getting to know
Distinguish emotional and rational
Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“.
Cognition is close to episthemology
• Symbolic cognitive models are theories of human
cognition that take the form of working computer
programs (Wilson & Keil 1999).
What is Cognitive Science
• Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary scientific study
of mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is,
what it does and how it works (wiki).
• It si complex of study, which have an aim to answer old
epistemological question by the empiral way. Mostly
answer about nature of cognition, their resources,
development, components and structuration (I. Havel).
• Study of all form of human inteligence – from sensation
and perception, to speech, language and problem
solving.
Cognitive Science Components
How human psyche
working?
Philosophy
Psychology
Linguistics
How to realise all of
this on computers?
Language mediated
cognition.
Artificial
Anthropology
intelligence
Cognition, from
biological point of
view.
Philosophy of science
as a phylosophy of
cognition
Cultural determination
of cognitive processes
Neuroscience
Philosophy
Philosophy of science as a philosophy of cognition
• Positivism
– Aguste Comte
– Positiv (fr.) is certain and it is repetitively observable.
• Phenomenology
– Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger
– There is no objective reality.
– Subjective reality come of interpretation of the phenomenon.
• Constructivism
– George Kelly, Humberto Maturana, Keneth Gergen
– Reality is constructed by the humans.
Mind-Body Problem
Monism
Materialsm
Dualism
Mentalism
Paralel
Theory of identity
Interakting
Psychology
How human psyche working?
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Edward C. Tolman – Cognitive map
Ulric Neisser – Cognitive ecology
David Marr – Human vision
Jean Piaget – Structural invariants of cognitive
functiones
Edward C. Tolman – Cognitive map
• Multimodal mental representation
– Not only propositional code.
– Not only analog code.
– Since schema integrated both representation.
Cognitive maps are a method we use to construct and
accumulate spatial knowledge, allowing the "mind's eye" to
visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load,
enhance recall and learning of information (Wiki).
If you try to draw a plan of yours dwelling environs.
Neisser's cycle of perception
Cognitive Ecology
Actual world
Object
available
information
Samples
Modify
Exploration
Schema
of environment
Cognitive map
Directs
Locomotion
and action
David Marr – Human vision
Jean Piaget
Structural invariants of cognitive functiones
• Grupa G (A,*)
• Felix Klein – Erlangen program
– Geometrical space is set of properties of a space that is invariant under a
given group of transformations (e.g. Given object is invariant to a
transformation translation).
– Classification of geometries (projective, ) by their underlying
symmetry (Klein) groups.
Each of geometry have a specific invariant of transformation, which
characterized them.
• Jean Piaget – psychological structuralism
– Each of developmental stage have a specific invariant of
transformation, which characterized them.
Linguistics
Language mediated cognition.
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Ferdinand de Saussure
John L. Austin
John R. Searle
Noam Chomsky
John Langshav Austin
(1911 - 1960)
• British philosopher - linguistic phenomenalist.
Object of his interest was an natural language
(not artificial/logical like a B. Russel). His main
work is theory of „speech act“. The language is
not static system, but language is activity, is
realisating of a speech act.
. http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aust.htm
John Rogers Searle
(1932)
• English philosopher, concentrated to a natural
language philosophy (follower of J. L. Austin).
• He developing theory of speech acts.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle
Noam Chomsky
(1928)
• American lingvist. He postulated hypothesis of
deep and surface structures of language Deep
structure is common for all nations and is inborn.
Transformation between dee[p and s urface
language structure is realised bz the transform
grammar.
• http://www.chomsky.info/
Anthropology
Cultural determination of cognitive processes
• Sapir–Whorf hypothesis - structure of a
language affects the ways in which its speakers
are able to conceptualize their world.
Neuroscience
Cognition from biological point of view.
• Karl Pribram – holografic theory of memory.
K. H. Pribram
• Původem český neurovědec,který přišel s teorií, podle
níž jsou informace v mozku ukládány ve více vrstvách,
přičemž se jedna informace vyskytuje v několika nebo
ve všech těchto vrstvách. Tím se vytváří její komplexní
(prostorový) obraz a současně je z možné z jednoho
fragmentu rekonstruovat celou informaci.
• http://www.cts.cuni.cz/events/pribram.html
K., H., Pribram. Mozek a mysl. Gallery, Praha 1999.
Fourierova transformace – převod dat z časoprostorové
(globální) domény do spektrální (lokální).
Artificial Intelligence
How to realize all of this on computers?
• The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines
Marvin Minski
(1927)
American mathematician. He imagine human
thinking as a process of transformation of
symbols of outer and inner world, according to
given rules.
http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/
• AI is the ability of a computer or other
machine to perform those activities that are
normally thought to require intelligence.
George Kelly
(1905 - 1967)
• Teorie osobních konstruktů (Personal construct
theory)
• způsob popisu, hodnocení, interpretace a
vysvětlení světa
• test repertoáru rolových konstruktů (role
construct repertory test)
Čím mohou jednotlivé CS přispět?
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Filosofie
AI
Psychologie
Lingvistika
Antropologie
Neurovědy