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Guided Notes: Evolution The Theory of Evolution ______________ is the change in ____________ traits through generations ______________ over ______________! Occurs in _________________, NOT individual organisms How Have Organisms Changed? At the time life emerged, the Earth was thought to contain very little _________________ o First cells were thought to be ________________________ o Recall that “anaerobic” means “__________________________________” As the atmosphere of Earth changed, so did the development of organisms These ________________ (simple), anaerobic cells were able to exist in Earth’s early atmosphere As Earth’s atmosphere and conditions changed, ___________________ prokaryotes evolved, using sunlight to produce food. o What molecule do photosynthetic organisms produce as waste? ___________ Eventually, Earth’s atmosphere became filled with ____________________ o ______________organisms evolved This resulted in the evolution of ___________________ complex ________________ organisms we have on Earth today! The Endosymbiotic Theory: The __________________________ proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. ~2 billion years ago - ________________ of internal membranes in _________________ o The result was the ancestor of all _____________ cells. Endosymbiotic Theory: Eukaryotic cells formed from a____________ among several different prokaryotic organisms o Prokaryotes that use oxygen to generate energy-rich molecules of ATP evolved into _______________________ o Prokaryotes that carried out photosynthesis evolved into ________________________ Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence: ___________________ show us the similarities between organisms of the past and present __________________ describe similarities between the anatomical structures of species __________________ are anatomical structures that still appear, but are no longer used! o Examples: _____________________________ ______________________________________ o Suggests that these structures may have existed at a previous time or in an ancestor; organisms evolved and structures Comparative Embryology: Insects and animals often have very similar _________________ development o Ex. _________________________________________ o Suggests a _________________________ Biochemical Evidence: Comparison of ______________ and macromolecules between organisms o Through _____________________________________ o Tells us what organisms are closely related Evolution and Natural Selection ________________ is best known for his contributions to the theory of Evolution On a five year voyage on a ship called the Beagle, Darwin recorded his observations of _______________________________ he found along the way This led Darwin to develop the idea of __________________ and __________________ _____________________________means that those organisms best adapted to their environment will survive, reproduce, and ______________________ o “Fittest” means _____________________, not strongest! Adaptation: Any _______________ trait an organism has that helps it to ________________ o If an organism does not have adaptations to best fit its environment, it will die o “Survival of the Fittest” o Example: Bird beaks-Imagine that birds had different sized beaks in an area where the food source was seeds. In order to crack them, the birds needed a large, strong beak. Which would survive and reproduce? Species have the potential to increase _____________________, but environmental factors maintain lower population numbers o Resources required to sustain _____________ o ___________________ conditions o Relationships among organisms in ________________ Changing environments select for specific ____________________ o Those organisms with favorable _______________________ survive, reproduce, and pass on their _____________ to future generation o Over time, the accumulation of favored alleles leads to a change in ________________ (change over time = evolution) Case Study: Antibiotic Resistance Organisms are constantly changing and adapting; __________________ reproduce and evolve quickly to adapt to constant changes! Humans often use ____________________ to combat harmful bacteria (ex. Staphylococcus) Some bacteria are born with a ______________ resistance (an adaptation!) to the antibiotic These bacteria will ________________ and ________________, creating a group that are resistant to the drugs Other Disease Agents in Natural Selection __________________ Resistance in Plants Antivirals Passive Immunity: Immunity to certain diseases is given from ________________ to ____________ at birth o Continued through antibodies passed through ___________________ Active Immunity: Immunity acquired through exposure to a ______________ o After exposure, your body builds up an ________________ o _________________ allow you to artificially gain an active immunity without exposure to the actual disease Causes of Variation Genetic Recombination: Dominant and Recessive alleles in genes, along with polygenetic traits and complex genetics, lead to individual organisms with different ________________ (and thus, adaptations) Mutations: Changes in DNA sequences can introduce both good and bad new ___________ into a population (ex. Immunities, resistant bacteria, pesticide resistant plants) Speciation ____________________ refers to the ____________________ process by which new species arise Directional Selection o When ____________________ phenotype has the best chance to survive o As a result, the______________ (number) of those with that phenotype shift over time o Example: The evolution of horses Using the diagram as evidence, how did the horse evolve over time? Hypothesize why these changes could have happened. Stabilizing Selection o When the ____________________ phenotype has the best chance to survive o _______________________ advantage o Example: Birth weight Disruptive Selection o When _______________________ phenotypes have the best chance to survive o Example: Peppered moth Geographic Isolation When mountains, islands, etc. keep a population __________________ Species will meet different environmental challenges, change and evolve ____________________than the ____________________ population Geographic Isolation leads to ______________________________, when one species evolves into many different species over time due to competition of habitat or food! Variation Differences in ________________ within one ________________ o Example: _____________________________________ o Brown eyes are naturally protected from the sun’s glare Coevolution When one _______________ evolves due to a specific interaction with __________________ o Example: ______________________________________________________________ Genetic Drift The change in a___________________ of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random _______________________ o Due to a random event, a ____________________________ happens to the organisms in a population o Much more frequent in _______________ populations! o Example: Founder Effect Bottleneck Effect Classification Systems Classification systems are how we __________________organisms o This is called _____________________ The classification of organisms has changed and evolved over the years due to new ____________________ Greater understanding of evolutionary relationships, thanks to ________________________, has allowed for more detailed classification The classification of organisms begins with the______________ groupings and moves down to the _________________ (domain species) The classification order is as follows: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Species: Group of the _________________ organisms o Live together o Mate and produce viable _________________ o “______________” means they can have babies of their own Scientific Name: The scientific name of an organism is the____________ and _____________ of an organism o Always written in ______________ o Example: Humans are Homo Sapians o Only species are able to ________________! Case Study: Interbreeding o Only species are able to interbreed. Organisms of two different species normally will not _______________________ o Sometimes, organisms within the same genus are able to ________________, but the offspring are not _________________ (they cannot reproduce!) o Example: _____________________________________ o These hybrid organisms are much more common in captivity than in the wild Dichotomous Keys A key that helps ________________ an organism Uses ___________________ to lead you to the ___________________ of an organism By looking at features of an organism, the key will help you determine what it is! Phylogenetic Trees Shows the ______________________________ between organisms Can show which organisms are more closely _______________ than other organisms Which organism is more closely related to man? __________ Which organism is man more closely related to: Frog or bird? Why? Cladogram: Shows relationships up-close; ___________________they share