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Evolution: KEY WORDS/ QUESTIONS The First Evolutionary Experiements Theories of Evolution: Evidence & Theory: Ch. 13 NOTES Spontaneous Generation: Players: Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur Experiments: A. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: KEY: -No variation exists within the population. Variation can be acquired from a simple desire (You want the characteristic/trait...work hard enough and you will get it.) -Once your parent has the trait, all the children will also be born with the same characteristic. Ex. Father was a professional wrestler that worked out to gain muscles...his children will be born with huge biceps! B. Charles Darwin/Alfred Wallace: -Darwin voyage & goals a. Collected several fossils, didn’t really know what to make of them. (Never actually studied finches!) b. Spent YEARS trying to make sense of data and collected a myriad of data within these years. i. studied barnacles ii. studied artificial selection in pigeons c. Didn’t publish any data b/c his wife/cousin was VERY religious and he belonged to the WHIG party (influential politics...his findings would have destroyed his family financially and politically) -Wallace: contemporary of Darwin. Found the same trends and findings while working in India/Africa. Wrote to Darwin to clarify findings. Darwin got worried he would be beaten to the punch, but he coordinated a publication with Wallace. Since Darwin had more info than Wallace, he is given the credit. KEY FINDING: - Variation exists within the population already. Those individuals that are best able to get resources and stick around long enough to have babies are considered the “best fit” for the environment. AKA survival of the fittest. -This variation that the parents were born with themselves, can be passed to their offspring...as long as the variation is in the DNA and the DNA is passed in the gametes. Darwin found human’s already picking traits that they wanted in pets (Artificial Selection) and so he Evolution: Evidence & Theory: Ch. 13 postulated that if human’s can choose, so can nature, hence Natural Selection. REQUIREMENTS for NATURAL SELECTION 1. There is variation among the individuals of a population, and this variation exists as different gene alleles. 2. This variation can be passed on to offspring. 3. Parents have LOTS of babies, but only some will survive to reproduce. 4. There is a limited supply of resources in any given environment, so this sets up a competition to get these resources. 5. Those that have the traits/correct allele versions will be able to get these resources in order to live in the environment. 6. Overtime, the population changes such that the traits of the more successful reproducers become more prevalent in the population. EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION The Fossil Record A. DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSILS: Most direct evidence for macroevolution (evolution on a BIG scale) Relative Age: Look at the fossils pulled out of the ground. Law of Superposition means the further down you are, the older you are. Absolute Age: To find the age of the fossil, use radioactive isotopes to date. B. Succession of Forms: Caminacules Lab & phylogeny ... you look like your relatives, but occasionally there are blanks in the fossil record. Either the line died out (Extinction) or “missing links” pop up. Ex. Ambulocetus (whale with legs), archaeopteryx (bird w/ reptile bone pattern), Lucy. Evolution: Evidence & Theory: Ch. 13 Evidence for Evolution: 1. Fossil Record 2. Embryology: all organisms in their early developmental patterns looked similar. Links to perhaps a common ancestor that was shared. 3. Anatomical Record: Homologous/Analogous & Vestigial Structures 4. DNA Evidence: compare the DNA sequences among several organisms. The most closely related organisms have the fewest number of differences in their DNA sequences. (Usually chose a common protein gene to look at.) BEST EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONSHIPS! Patterns of Evolution: 1. Coevolution: long term evolutionary adjustment of organisms to each other (Ex. Flowers and their pollinators) 2. Convergent Evolution: organisms that have no common ancestry, but look similar BECAUSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY LIVE. (Ex. Sharks and dolphins) 3. Divergent Evolution: organisms that have a common ancestry, but look different BECAUSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY LIVE. (Opportunity for speciation.) Pace of Evolution: *Only point of contention among the evolutionists...how fast does evolution occur? 1. Punctuated Equilibrium Evolution: 2. Evidence & Theory: Ch. 13 Gradualism: