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Transcript
CHAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE: CELL REPRODUCTION (LIFE SCIENCE) Know definition of: 1) mitosis: process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei 2) chromosomes: structures in the nucleus that contain DNA 3) asexual reproduction: new organisms are produced from one parent(DNA identical to DNA of parent organism) 4) fission: type of asexual reproduction in which organism divides into two equal parts 5) budding: type of asexual reproduction in which new organism grows from body of parent organism 6) regeneration: type of asexual reproduction when an organism repairs damaged or lost body parts 7) sexual reproduction: new organism produced when sex cells from two parents combine 8) sperm: sex cell from male parent 9) egg: sex cell from female parent. 10) Meiosis: process of nuclear division that produces sex cells 11) Diploid: a cell that has two of every kind of chromosome 12) Haploid: a sex cell with just one chromosome from each pair (# of chromosomes in a gamete) 13) Fertilization: the joining of an egg and sperm 14) Zygote: the cell that forms in fertilization 15) DNA: chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid; controls cell activity with coded instructions 16) Gene: section of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of a specific protein 17) Mutation: any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell 18) Clone: an individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents 19) RNA: nucleic acid which carries the code for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes 20) Gamete: reproductive cells (either sperm or egg) Know: 1) that most of the life of any cell is spent in a period of growth and development called interphase 2) that in mitosis the two nuclei contain the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. 3) Stages of mitosis and what occurs in each: Interphase: nucleus clearly visible, chromosomes not visible but are actively duplicating themselves Prophase: chromosomes fully visible; nucleolus and nuclear membrane fade/disappear. Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell. Between centrioles, spindle fibers stretch across cell. Metaphase: double-stranded chromosomes line up across center of cell. Each centromere attaches to spindle fibers. Anaphase: centromere divides. Two strands of each chromosome separate. Strands move to opposite ends of cell Telophase: Centioles and spindle fibers disappear. Chromosomes stretch out and become harder to see. Nuclear membrane forms around each mass of chromosomesnew nucleolus appears in each new nucleus. 4) how plant cell mitosis differs from animal cell mitosis (cell plate forms between two new nuclei- becomes new cell wall… do not have centrioles, but do have spindle fibers) 5) examples of budding (yeast, hydra), regeneration (starfish, sponges, planaria), fission(bacteria) 6) That human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, human sex cell s have 23 individual chromosomes 7) That after meiosis, four cells are produced. 8) That adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine in a DNA strand 9) That proteins are made up of amino acids 10) The difference between RNA and DNA (RNA is single stranded and contains uracil rather than thymine) 11) That in cell division, the nucleus divides, then the cytoplasm divides 12) The difference between mitosis and meiosis (mitosis- body cells…. Meiosis: sex cells, eight steps in cell division, new cells have half as many chromosomes as original) 13) be able to identify each part of a DNA molecule from a picture and write its name 14) know how DNA copies itself (enzyme breaks bonds between nitrogen bases, two strands of DNA separate. Bases attach to each strand and pair up with new bases. Order of bases in new strand matches order of bases in original. New DNA has one strand of original DNA and one new strand) 15) know difference between a clone and an identical twin