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CHAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE: CELL REPRODUCTION (LIFE SCIENCE)
Know definition of:
1) mitosis: process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei
2) chromosomes: structures in the nucleus that contain DNA
3) asexual reproduction: new organisms are produced from one parent(DNA identical
to DNA of parent organism)
4) fission: type of asexual reproduction in which organism divides into two equal parts
5) budding: type of asexual reproduction in which new organism grows from body of
parent organism
6) regeneration: type of asexual reproduction when an organism repairs damaged or
lost body parts
7) sexual reproduction: new organism produced when sex cells from two parents
combine
8) sperm: sex cell from male parent
9) egg: sex cell from female parent.
10) Meiosis: process of nuclear division that produces sex cells
11) Diploid: a cell that has two of every kind of chromosome
12) Haploid: a sex cell with just one chromosome from each pair (# of chromosomes in
a gamete)
13) Fertilization: the joining of an egg and sperm
14) Zygote: the cell that forms in fertilization
15) DNA: chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid; controls cell activity with coded
instructions
16) Gene: section of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of a specific protein
17) Mutation: any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell
18) Clone: an individual that is genetically identical to one of its parents
19) RNA: nucleic acid which carries the code for making proteins from the nucleus to
the ribosomes
20) Gamete: reproductive cells (either sperm or egg)
Know:
1) that most of the life of any cell is spent in a period of growth and development called
interphase
2) that in mitosis the two nuclei contain the same number and type of chromosomes as
the parent cell.
3) Stages of mitosis and what occurs in each:
Interphase: nucleus clearly visible, chromosomes not visible but are actively
duplicating themselves
Prophase: chromosomes fully visible; nucleolus and nuclear membrane
fade/disappear. Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell. Between centrioles, spindle
fibers stretch across cell.
Metaphase: double-stranded chromosomes line up across center of cell. Each
centromere attaches to spindle fibers.
Anaphase: centromere divides. Two strands of each chromosome separate. Strands
move to opposite ends of cell
Telophase: Centioles and spindle fibers disappear. Chromosomes stretch out and
become harder to see. Nuclear membrane forms around each mass of chromosomesnew nucleolus appears in each new nucleus.
4) how plant cell mitosis differs from animal cell mitosis (cell plate forms between two
new nuclei- becomes new cell wall… do not have centrioles, but do have spindle
fibers)
5) examples of budding (yeast, hydra), regeneration (starfish, sponges, planaria),
fission(bacteria)
6) That human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, human sex cell s have 23
individual chromosomes
7) That after meiosis, four cells are produced.
8) That adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine in a DNA strand
9) That proteins are made up of amino acids
10) The difference between RNA and DNA (RNA is single stranded and contains uracil
rather than thymine)
11) That in cell division, the nucleus divides, then the cytoplasm divides
12) The difference between mitosis and meiosis (mitosis- body cells…. Meiosis: sex
cells, eight steps in cell division, new cells have half as many chromosomes as
original)
13) be able to identify each part of a DNA molecule from a picture and write its name
14) know how DNA copies itself (enzyme breaks bonds between nitrogen bases, two
strands of DNA separate. Bases attach to each strand and pair up with new bases.
Order of bases in new strand matches order of bases in original. New DNA has one
strand of original DNA and one new strand)
15) know difference between a clone and an identical twin