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Foundations Midterm Review
Basic Biology:
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An autotroph is ____organism that makes its own food__________________________________
A heterotroph is ___organism that can not make its own food______________________________
Metabolism is ____chemical reactions that maintain homeostasis in the body_________________
Homeostasis is ____maintaining balance within the body_______________________________
Something is LIVING if it has ALL SIX characteristics of life. List the characteristics.
a. Made of cells
b. Uses energy
c. Grows and develops
d. Can reproduce
e. Maintains homeostasis
f. Adapt to environment
Chemistry of Life:
1. What mnemonic (word) helps you remember the 6 elements in living things. ___CHONPS___________
2. Name the six elements in living things: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
3. What element is in ALL living things? ______carbon__________
Macromolecules
1. Match the macromolecule with its monomer.
a. carbohydrate
nucleotide
b. protein
amino acid
c. nucleic acid
monosaccharide
d. lipid
fatty acid
2. Match the macromolecule with its polymer.
a. carbohydrate
polypeptide
b. protein
polysaccharide
c. nucleic acid
phospholipid
d. lipid
DNA
3. Match the macromolecule with its function.
a. Carbohydrate
codes for proteins in cell
b. Lipid
builds structure/increases rates of reactions
c. Protein
primary source of energy
d. nucleic acid
secondary source of energy
4. Starch is broken down into ___glucose or sugars________________.
5. What is the function of an enzyme? ___speed up rate of reactions_______________________
6. When do enzymes work the best? ___right temperature and pH__(usually of the animal it is
in)_______________________
7. What happens to an enzyme if it becomes too hot or too cold? __doesn’t work_____________
8. What happens to an enzyme if the pH is too high or too low? ___doesn’t work_________________
9. Enzymes end in the 3 letters ___ase__.
10. Many carbohydrates end in the 3 letters __ose____.
11. Waxy coatings on plants protect them. The waxy coating is what type of macromolecule? __lipid_____
Photosynthesis:
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The purpose of photosynthesis is to produce __glucose______ for plants.
What gas does photosynthesis use? ___carbon dioxide ______________
What gas is given off by photosynthesis? __oxygen_________
Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis.
Sunlight + H2O + CO2 ------> C6H12O6 + O2 (photosynthesis)
5. What are the reactants? ___carbon dioxide and water___________________
6. What are the products? __oxygen and glucose____________________
7. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___chloroplast_________________ (what organelle).
Cellular Respiration:
1. The purpose of respiration is to produce __energy or ATP_______ for ALL living things.
2. What gas does respiration use? __oxygen________________
3. What gas is given off by respiration? _carbon dioxide_________________
4. What is the function of the mitochondria? Location where cellular respiration takes place and it makes
ATP
5. Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6+ O2 -------> H2O + CO2 + 38 ATP (cellular respiration)
6. Name the organelle where cellular respiration takes place. ____mitochondria___________
7. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? ____opposite processes – photosynthesis
produces oxygen that respiration needs and respiration makes carbon dioxide that photosynthesis
needs______________________
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:
1. An example of a prokaryote is ____bacteria______.
2. Eukaryotes are __plant__________ and ______animal_______ cells.
3. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar because they both have ___cell membranes_________,
____ribosomes________, ______DNA________________, and cytoplasm.
4. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different. What two things do eukaryotes have that you will not find in a
eukaryote? _____nucleus_________________ and _____membrane bound organelles_____________
5. Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ___eukaryotes________________
Human Body – Respiratory System and Digestive Systems
1. Describe the function of each of the parts of the respiratory system:
nose
Filters dust out of air
trachea
Brings air down to lungs
bronchi
Branches into right and left lung
lungs
Organs where gas exchange takes place
alveoli
Air sacs that move oxygen to blood and remove carbon dioxide from blood
2. What is the purpose of the respiratory system? Bring oxygen into body and remove carbon dioxide from
blood. The oxygen is needed for cellular respiration for mitochondria in cells to produce energy. Carbon
dioxide is released from the cell and moved out of the blood to the lungs to be breathed out.
3. Describe the function of the following organs in the digestive system:
Mouth – chemical digest sugar and mechanically chew food
Esophagus – muscular tube from brings food from mouth to stomach
Stomach – mechanically churns food and chemically secretes enzymes to digest food
Small intestine – finishes digestion AND ABSORBS NUTRIENTS into the cells
Large intestine – absorbs water back into body
Liver – makes bile that digests fats/lipids
4. What is the purpose of the digestive system? Digest food and absorbs nutrients
Cell Organelles