Download Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life

Unit 1 The Nature of Life
Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life
Atoms
- Atom – the basic unit of ___________
- The subatomic _____________ that make up _________ are ___________, neutrons, &
______________
- Nucleus – the ___________ of the _______
- Electron – a _________________ charged ______________
Elements & Isotopes
- Element – a _________ substance that consists entirely of ______ type of ________
- Isotopes - _________ of the same ____________ that differ in number of ____________
o Because they have the same ____ of ____________, all _____________ of an
____________ have the same ______________ properties
Chemical Compounds
- Compound – a ______________ formed by the _____________ combination of ___ or more
_______________
o Ex.) ________
Chemical Bonds
- The __ main types of ____________ bonds are _________ bonds & _____________ bonds
- Ionic bond – formed when __ or more _____________ are _______________ from 1
_______ to another
- Ions - ________________ & _________________ charged _______
- Covalent bond – forms when _____________ are __________ between _________
- Molecule – the _____________ unit of most _______________
- Van der Waals Forces – the slight _______________ between _____________ charged,
nearby ______________
The Water Molecule
- A _________ molecule is ________ because there is an __________ distribution of
____________ between the _____________ & _______________ atoms
- Cohesion – an ________________ between molecules of the _________ substance
o Ex.) _________
- Adhesion – an _______________ between molecules of _______________ substances
o Ex.) __________ molecules to __________
Solutions & Suspensions
- Mixture – a material composed of __ or more ____________ or ______________ that are
_____________ mixed together, but not _______________ combined
- Solution – all components _____________ distributed
- Solute – the _____________ that is ______________
- Solvent – the ____________in which the ___________ dissolves
o Ex.) In a _________________ solution, ________ is the ____________ &
________ is the _____________
Acids, Bases, and pH
- pH scale - _________________ system to indicate the _______________ of ____ ions in
______________, ranges from _______
- Acid – any ______________ that forms _____ ions in ____________
- __________ solutions have __________ concentration of ____ ions than pure _________
& have ____ values _____________
- The _____________ the concentration of ____ ions, the ___________ the ____ number
- Base – a _____________ that produces _____________ ions in solution
- _________, or alkaline, solutions have __________ concentrations of _____ ions than pure
________ & have ____ values _____________
- The ________ the concentration of _____ ions, the _________ the ____ value (up to ___)
- Buffers – weak ________ or ________ that can react with strong ________ or ________
to prevent sharp, sudden changes in ____
The Chemistry of Carbon
- Organic Compounds - ______________ created by _______________
- ___ groups of ____________ compounds found in __________ things are
_________________, lipids, ____________ acids, & _______________
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates - ______________ made up of ____________, hydrogen, &
_____________ atoms
- ____________ things use ___________________ as their main source of __________
o Ex.) ___________ & ___________
Lipids
- Lipids – made mostly from ___________ & ______________ atoms
- They can be used to store __________
o Ex.) _________, oils, ______________
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids – molecules that _________ & transmit ___________ information, made up of
________________
- Nucleotide – has __ parts: a ___________ sugar, a ________________ group, & a
_______________ base
- There are __ kinds of ____________ acids: _____ (ribonucleic acid) & _____
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
- _____ contains the sugar _________, _____ contains the sugar _______________
Proteins
- Proteins – molecules that contain _____________, carbon, ____________, & ___________
- ____________ are made up of ________ of __________ __________
- Amino acids - ________________ with an __________ group on one end & a ___________
group on the other end, there are more than ____ in ___________
- _____________ help to carry out ______________ reactions, transport small
____________ in & out of _______, & fight ___________
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reaction – process that __________, or transforms, __ set of _____________
into another
- Reactants – the ____________ or _____________ that _______ into a ______________
reaction
- Products - _____________ or compounds ______________ by a chemical reaction
- ____________ reactions always involve ___________ in the ___________ bonds that join
_______ in ______________
Energy in Reactions
- __________ is _______________ when chemical ________ are ____________, &
______________ when chemical bonds are ______________
Energy Changes
- ____________ reactions that release ________ often occur _________________
- ____________ that _________ energy will not occur without a source of _________
- _____________ need to carry out _____________ that require _________ in order to
stay ________
- ____________ release the energy needed to ________, breathe, __________, & even
__________ through chemical reactions
- Chemical reactions occur when humans ______________, or break down (__________) food
Activation Energy
- Activation energy – the _________ needed to get a reaction ___________
Enzymes
- Catalyst – a substance that _________ up the _______ of a chemical reaction
- Enzymes - ___________ that act as ________________ catalysts
o _______________ speed up _______________ reactions that take place in ______
- ___________ are specific, they _____________ only __ chemical reaction
- ___________ provide a _______ where _____________ can be brought together to
________
- Substrates – the ____________ of ____________________ reactions
The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
- The ___________________ complex is a site where _______________ can be brought
together to ________
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- ____________ may be affected by a change in ____, _______________, or a change in
___________
- _____ & _______________ cause _____________ to change their __________,
preventing them from fitting together in the _____________________ complex