* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biochemistry Powerpoint
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Multi-state modeling of biomolecules wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Enzyme inhibitor wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry ... ... the chemistry of living things. There are only 106 kinds of stuff in the world. Each type of stuff is called an ... Element- substances that are composed of only one type of atom. (pure) Living things are made up of only some of these elements. All elements are made up of small particles called ... • Atoms • Nucleus • Protons: positive charge • Neutrons: neutral charge • Electrons: negative charge Electrons move around the nucleus, but not necessarily in perfect circles. The 4 organic compounds we get from food are: • • • • Carbohydrates- mostly sugars and starches for energy (70%) Lipids(Fats)- needed in small amounts to regulate cells (10%) Proteins- needed to build and maintain body (20%) Nucleic Acids- needed to build genetic code (found in all foods) Carbohydrates Digested into small monomers called monosaccharides. Glucose is an example of one. Also fructose, galactose, maltose, ... C6H12O6 Monomer- one molecule Polymer- 2+ molecules combined Carbohydrates Two monosaccharides bonded together form a disaccharide, a small polymer. One water molecule is removed to join the 2 C12 H22O11 monosaccharides. Carbohydrates Many monosaccharides joined together to create a large polymer, called a polysaccharide. The many starches are a good example. Lipids Digested into 2 smaller monomers, Fatty acid(oleic) fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids are larger molecules that are Glycerol mainly used to maintain cell health. Proteins Digested into 21 different monomers called amino acids. These “building blocks” recombine into new protein according to the animal’s genetic code. Here are a few amino acids. Glutamine Arginine Phenylalanine These join together in your body to make hair, skin, muscle, etc.!! Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to make a dipeptide, a small polymer. In reality, most proteins are made of MANY amino acids joined together to make a polypeptide, a large polymer. Nucleic Acids Compounds that make up our genetic material, DNA. One Nucleotide The base unit or monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide. Several nucleotides bond together to create a DNA molecule, a polymer. METABOLISM and ENZYMES Metabolism: all of the reactions in a cell. Two basic kinds of reactions: 1.Catabolic- complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. Ex. Digesting starch into monosaccharides for energy 2. Anabolic- complex molecules are built up from simpler ones. Ex. Combining amino acids to build muscle protein In order for catabolic and anabolic reactions to happen at the speed necessary to sustain life, the reactions need Enzymes. Catalyst- a chemical that speeds up reactions Enzymes- protein molecules that catalyze a biological reaction. Enzymes only work on specific substances(substrates). Enzymes are reusable. - Active Site: portion of the enzyme that the substrate fits in Substrate- molecule being acted on by the enzyme Product(s)- molecule or molecules created by the reaction Ex. Catabolic reaction splitting one molecule into two Action of enzyme (Catabolic reaction) enzyme-substrate complex enzyme-product complex substrate products enzyme enzyme Action of enzyme (Anabolic reaction) enzyme-substrate complex substrate enzyme enzyme-product complex product enzyme Enzymes • Lock and Key Analogy: lock = enzyme, key = substrate. product Substrate product Enzyme Lock and key hypothesis Enzymes in the Human Body(2700 enzymes) 1. Amylase in saliva speeds the breakdown of starch (catabolic) 2. Lipase from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of lipids in the small intestine (catabolic) 3. Polymerase is used in building DNA from monomer nucleotides. (anabolic) 4. GTPases work in the cells to create protein chains from amino acids. (anabolic) 5. Nuclease from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of DNA into nitrogen bases and sugars for the production of nucleotides (catabolic) Enzymes in Biotechnology 1. Washing powders that have enzymes are called biological washing powders. They act on certain stains such as blood, grass stains: proteases, oils, fats: lipases. They make the detergent more effective (gets stains out better) and more efficient (use less) 2. Esterase removes glues and other chemicals from recycled paper as it is in the pulp stage for making new paper 3. Proteases and Lipases are used to tan(soften) leather and and remove hair and fat. 4. Cellulase is used to make ethanol for cars/trucks from corn and other grains. 5. Maltase and Oxidase are used to create sugar from grain, replacing the need for sugar cane growth. movie