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Biochemistry ...
... the
chemistry of
living things.
There are only 106 kinds
of stuff in the world.
Each type of stuff is called
an ...
Element- substances
that are composed
of only one type of
atom. (pure)
Living things are made up of
only some of these elements.
All elements are made up of
small particles called ...
• Atoms
• Nucleus
• Protons: positive charge
• Neutrons: neutral charge
• Electrons: negative charge
Electrons move around the
nucleus, but not necessarily in
perfect circles.
The 4 organic compounds we
get from food are:
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates- mostly sugars and
starches for energy (70%)
Lipids(Fats)- needed in small
amounts to regulate cells (10%)
Proteins- needed to build and
maintain body (20%)
Nucleic Acids- needed to build
genetic code (found in all foods)
Carbohydrates
Digested into small
monomers called
monosaccharides.
Glucose is an example
of one. Also fructose,
galactose, maltose,
...
C6H12O6
Monomer- one molecule
Polymer- 2+ molecules combined
Carbohydrates
Two monosaccharides
bonded together
form a disaccharide,
a small polymer.
One water molecule is
removed to join the 2
C12 H22O11
monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates
Many monosaccharides
joined together to
create a large polymer,
called a
polysaccharide.
The many starches
are a good example.
Lipids
Digested into 2
smaller monomers,
Fatty acid(oleic)
fatty acids and
glycerol.
Lipids are larger
molecules that are
Glycerol
mainly used to
maintain cell health.
Proteins
Digested into 21 different
monomers called amino
acids. These “building
blocks” recombine into
new protein according
to the animal’s genetic
code.
Here are a few amino acids.
Glutamine
Arginine Phenylalanine
These join together in your body to make
hair, skin, muscle, etc.!!
Two amino acids are joined
together by a peptide bond to make
a dipeptide, a small polymer.
In reality, most proteins are made of
MANY amino acids joined together
to make a polypeptide, a large
polymer.
Nucleic Acids
Compounds that
make up our
genetic
material, DNA.
One Nucleotide
The base unit or
monomer of a nucleic
acid is a nucleotide.
Several nucleotides
bond together to
create a DNA
molecule, a polymer.
METABOLISM and ENZYMES
Metabolism: all of the reactions in a cell.
Two basic kinds of reactions:
1.Catabolic- complex molecules are broken down into
simpler ones. Ex. Digesting starch into
monosaccharides for energy
2. Anabolic- complex molecules are built up from
simpler ones. Ex. Combining amino acids to build
muscle protein
In order for catabolic and anabolic reactions to happen at the speed
necessary to sustain life, the reactions need Enzymes.
Catalyst- a chemical that speeds up reactions
Enzymes- protein molecules that catalyze
a biological reaction. Enzymes only work on
specific substances(substrates). Enzymes
are reusable.
- Active Site: portion of the enzyme that
the substrate fits in
Substrate- molecule
being acted on by
the enzyme
Product(s)- molecule
or molecules created
by the reaction
Ex. Catabolic reaction splitting
one molecule into two
Action of enzyme
(Catabolic reaction)
enzyme-substrate
complex
enzyme-product
complex
substrate
products
enzyme
enzyme
Action of enzyme
(Anabolic reaction)
enzyme-substrate
complex
substrate
enzyme
enzyme-product
complex
product
enzyme
Enzymes
• Lock and Key Analogy: lock = enzyme, key =
substrate.
product
Substrate
product
Enzyme
Lock and key hypothesis
Enzymes in the Human Body(2700 enzymes)
1. Amylase in saliva speeds the breakdown of starch
(catabolic)
2. Lipase from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of
lipids in the small intestine (catabolic)
3. Polymerase is used in building DNA from monomer
nucleotides. (anabolic)
4. GTPases work in the cells to create protein chains
from amino acids. (anabolic)
5. Nuclease from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of
DNA into nitrogen bases and sugars for the
production of nucleotides (catabolic)
Enzymes in Biotechnology
1. Washing powders that have enzymes are called biological
washing powders. They act on certain stains such as blood,
grass stains: proteases, oils, fats: lipases. They make the
detergent more effective (gets stains out better) and more
efficient (use less)
2. Esterase removes glues and other chemicals from recycled
paper as it is in the pulp stage for making new paper
3. Proteases and Lipases are used to tan(soften) leather and
and remove hair and fat.
4. Cellulase is used to make ethanol for cars/trucks from
corn and other grains.
5. Maltase and Oxidase are used to create sugar
from grain, replacing the need for sugar cane growth.
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