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Transcript
Organic Molecules The molecules of life. The building blocks of life. Organisms are composed of: • • • • • Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids MACROMOLECULES Organic Molecules • The Building blocks of life (US!) • ORGANIC (Scientific Meaning): Compounds that contain CARBON; usually in ring or chain formation –Carbon is usually bonded with Hydrogen & Oxygen (C, H, O) Carbon Atoms: Building Blocks of Macromolecules • Total of 6 Electrons, 4 Valence Electrons • Carbon can form: – four covalent bonds – Single, Double, Triple or Quadruple bonds – Each bond shares a PAIR of electrons • Allows Carbon to make LARGE molecules (macromolecules) Carbon Bonds to Build a Variety of Shapes • Straight chains • Branched chains • Rings Macromolecules aka Polymers • Macromolecules – aka POLYMERS (“many parts”) which are made of smaller units, linked together, called MONOMERS (“one part”) How do MONOMERS form POLYMERS? and H2O Condensation Reaction (aka dehydration synthesis) - Water is released when a bond forms. Condensation Reaction How are POLYMERS broken down into MONOMERS? H2O Hydrolysis Reaction - Water is added to break bonds Hydrolysis Making Biological Molecules and H2O Condensation Reaction (Builds Macromolecules) H2O Hydrolysis Reaction (Breaks down Macromolecules) http://www.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html 4 Types of ORGANIC Macromolecules of Life • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 1. Which 3 Macromolecules can be found in foods & beverages? 2. Can you think of foods that are high in each of the 3 macromolecules? 3. Why do we need Carbs, Lipids & Proteins in our diet? Carbohydrates –Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water –Organic compound that contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio • Glucose: C6H12O6 –Function: quick energy supply, cell identity (found on cell membranes) –“carb loading” is used by cells to store energy –End in “–ose” indicates carb – Examples: • Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) • Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) • Polysaccharides (cellulose & starch (plants), glycogen) ENERGY is stored in the BONDS Which chemical reaction breaks downs the polysaccharide into monosaccharides? Carbs • Starch = long-term energy storage for plants, made of chains of GLUCOSE Carbs • Cellulose = glucose polymer that forms the cell walls of plants gives plants structural support. Carbs • Glycogen = long-term energy storage for animals, stored in the liver. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=43700 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7b2NNoWdmsY Simple vs Complex Carbs • Simple Sugars: table sugar, molasses, honey, alcohol, white bread, white pasta, white rice, fried chips, sugary cereals, fruit juices, candy, and milk – Nutritionally “empty” – Excess turned to fat • Complex Sugars: vegetables, whole grain breads and pastas, beans, peas, brown rice, sweet potatoes, oats, fruits, and whole grain cereals – Contains Fiber – Controlled digestion, used slower & less likely to turn to fat Lipids • Function: Stored energy & controlling water movement • Composed of: fatty acid and glycerol (carb made from glucose in the body), Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen • Hydrophobic & Non-polar: do not dissolve in polar molecules such as water, oil & water do NOT mix • 3 Groups: – 1. true fats: glycerols, triglycerides (in food) – 2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes – 3. Steroids (cholesterol) & Waxes Fats: Triglycerides • Fats: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (triglyceride) • 2 Types of Fats: –Saturated: Do NOT contain any double bonds between the carbons –Unsaturated: Do contain one or more double bonds between the carbons 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid Tails Phospholipids • Made of 1 phosphate molecule and 2 fatty acid tails. • Make up our Cell Membranes • The phosphate head is hydrophilic • The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. Steroids • Lipids characterized by a 4-carbon skeleton. • Cholesterol is an important steroid found in all animal tissue. – Strengthens cell membranes – Too much builds up in blood and clogs arteries http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php? video_id=43703 Proteins – Function: structure & support of cells, chemical reactions – Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen – Monomers are AMINO ACIDS • Held together by peptide bonds Chemical Reactions • All chemical reactions (metabolism) need ENERGY. • Activation energy: the energy required for a chemical reaction to begin Energy is required for all biochemical reactions… • ENZYMES are proteins that acts as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a reaction – They decrease the activation energy needed to begin the reaction – Names end is “ase” (Lactase, DNA Polymerase) • Do not work alone: Enzyme & Substrate pair Chemical Reactions • Enzyme-Substrate Pair – Enzyme: the catalyst that speeds up reactions – Substrate: substance that needs to be changed (broken down) – Active site: location where substrate binds to enzyme – Enzymes are unique: • Never change shape or form! • Only fit one substrate! • Can be reused! Enzymes Lower a Reaction’s Activation Energy • Enzymes have to physically fit with a substrate. • VERY SPECIFIC, there is a specific binding site • “Lock & Key” Model Enzymes need Optimum Conditions to Work! • Temperature: an increase will cause proteins to break down • pH • Enzyme-Substrate Concentration: equal amount of enzyme and substrate particles • If we did not have enzymes, chemical reactions would occur too slow to sustain life. Diabetes: Enzymes • Insulin: protein (51 amino acids long) that breaks down polysaccharides into Glucose – Glucose is small enough to be absorbed by cells for energy – When there is an excess of Glucose, it is stored in the liver as Glycogen • Glucagon: protein that is released by cells to convert Glycogen into Glucose during periods of time where no food is eaten RECAP… • Why is Carbon important to life? • 4 Classes of Macromolecules? • Carbohydrates – Function? – Structure? – 3 Types? Examples? – Polysaccharides in Plants? Animals? RECAP… • Proteins – Functions? – Elements composed of? – 3 Levels of structure? – Purpose of Enzymes? – 3 conditions necessary for Enzyme function? Warm Up 1. What are the 2 components of ALL lipids? 2. What 2 purposes do all lipids have for our bodies? 3. Why are true fats also called “triglycerides”? 4. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? Nucleic Acids • Function: store and transfer genetic information within a cell • Types: • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Holds our Genetic code in chromosomes, “code” is translated to make PROTEINS • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid – Assists DNA in making proteins (Nucleic Acids Cont…) • Made up of Nucleotides (monomer) – 5 carbon sugar: Deoxyribose or Ribose – Phosphate – Nitrogen Base THINK! • Which contains more energy? - 4 calories / gram –Proteins - 9 calories / gram –Lipids –Carbohydrates - 4 calories / gram • How do we measure ENERGY in food? • CALORIES!