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Specialized Structures Vocabulary Review Trait Vocabulary Review • Trait – A characteristic Variation Variation • Differences in appearance of an inherited trait among members of a species. Why is variation important? Why is variation important? • It gives a species (group of plants or animals) a better chance to live, or a survival advantage. Charles Darwin – Natural selection • Survival of the fittest The Voyage of HMS Beagle Traits and Survival Environmentally Influenced Traits Camouflage • Allows the prey to hide • Confuses the predator • Helps Predators Sneak up on Prey Camouflage: • The ability to blend in with its environment because of its inherited traits. What is hiding in here? How about here? And the last one… Antarctic toothfishAntifreeze Fish What on earth? • Toothfish can survive in freezing waters • Large, deep sea predatory fish found only in Antarctica. • Contain special proteins that act like anti-freeze • Commercial Fishermen started overfishing after the Patagonian toothfish was depleted. Special Qualities of the toothfish • https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=OEIMuncbts Natural Selection vs. Adaptation • Natural Selection: • Inherited Traits change over time from generation to generation Occurs when: 1. There is variation in the traits of organisms within ia species. 2. The traits give individuals an advantage over others in surviving 3. The individuals will be likely to have more offspring. SNOWSHOE HARES Hare in summer Hare in winter Cite examples of genetic traits in organism due to natural influences. “Survival of the fittest” • Natural selection is the process by which traits become either more or less common in a population. “hide me!” Genetic trains in organisms due to manmade influences. Peppered Moth • • • • Dark colored peppermoths were rare before 1811. The light colored moths were seen all over England. During the Industrial Revolution, when coal was used, the city was blanketed in dark soot. The white moths were seen more readily, and the dark colored moths started to show up more often. Soon, the light colored moths were almost gone, and the dark had taken over. It was a result of camouflage in a clean environment vs. camougflage in a dirty environment. The moths are now known as the best example of Darwin’s evolution. Dodo Bird Not as dumb as you might think • • • • Dodo birds lived on the island of Mauritis near Madagascar. They were discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese, and in only 174 years became extinct. Contemporary accounts claim that men brought as many as 50 large birds on board their ship a day, and often about half were dodoes.4 Although scientists once believed the birds died because of lack of intelligence, this has been disproved. Dodoes only laid one egg at a time. When explorers came to the island the rats, pigs, and monkeys which arrived with the sailors and pillaged the dodo’s vulnerable ground nests. Dodoes did not need to fly because they had abundant food on the island. This made them easy prey for the sailors to catch and eat. Bristlecone Pine (high altitude) • Grow up near the treeline • Smaller phloem and xylem help water reach the top • Grow Slowly • Live a long time • Spread out Owls Owls • Owls are nocturnal (awake at night) – have large eyes to see • Serrated feathers on wingtips help them fly silently • Sharp beaks and talons help it catch prey Hummingbird Hummingbirds • Drink nectar from flowers • Wings help them hover in midair • Can fly backwards • Long tongue to help get nectar Specialized Structures Some traits that allow an organism to survive in one environment but not another. These traits are often referred to as Specialized Structures. Desert Cactus Check out these feet? Why are they so different? Snowshoe Hare Cottontail Rabbit Bristlecone Pine Temperature Control Keeps a warm layer close to the body. What else controls a polar bear’s temperature? Sweat glands help keep the body cool. What is latherin? Orchids in the rainforest • Grow in rainforests • Require warm and wet climate • Open in morning and close at noon • Scent attracts bees, birds, and butterflies • Large leafs help with photosynthesis Desert cactus • The desert cactus does not receive water. • Spines keep away predators • Wax keeps water in • Roots grow when it rains then die again • Water is stored in plant The evolution of Bugs Bunny Crocodiles – WHY? The American alligator (commonly found in the Florida Everglades) Tough skin, sharp jaws,and A lack of natural predators Have kept this creature Alive for millions of years. Elephant Seals Ano Nuevo State Park – CA: In November, the male elephant seals start arriving on shore and fighting. Those that win all the fights are crowned alpha bulls. The alpha bulls rule harems of around 50 female elephant seals. The truly vanquished males retreat to what is now known as "Losers' Beach." The beaten “sneaker bulls” loiter on the fringes of the harems hoping to find an unattended female on the edge of the harem. Defense against predators Scales Shells That’s All, Folks!