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Module 23
Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia
MOOD DISORDERS (CONT’D)
• Bipolar I disorder
– Marked by fluctuations between episodes of
depression and mania
– Manic episode goes on for at least a week during
which a person is unusually euphoric, cheerful, and
high
– Also has three of the following symptoms: great selfesteem, little need for sleep, rapid speech and
frequently racing thoughts, easily distracted, and in
constant pursuit pleasurable activities
MOOD
DISORDERS
– Prolonged, disturbed emotional state
that affects almost all of a person’s
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
• Major depression
– Major depressive disorder
– Marked by at least two weeks of
continually being in a bad mood,
having no interest in anything, and
getting no pleasure from activities
– Four of the following symptoms:
problems eating, sleeping, thinking,
concentrating, or making decisions;
lacking energy; thinking about
suicide; feeling worthless or guilty
MOOD DISORDERS (CONT’D)
• Dysthymic disorder
– Characterized by being chronically but not continually
depressed for a period of two years
– Person experiences at least two of the following: poor
appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor
concentration, feelings of hopelessness
MOOD DISORDERS
(CONT’D)
• Causes of mood disorders
– Biological factors underlying
depression
• genetic, neurological, chemical, and
physiological components that may
predispose or put someone at risk
for developing a mood disorder
– Psychosocial factors
• personality traits, cognitive styles,
social supports, and the ability to
deal with stressors interact with
predisposing biological factors to put
one at risk for developing mood
disorders
MOOD DISORDERS
(CONT’D)
• Treatment of mood disorders
– Major depression and dysthymic
disorder
• antidepressant drugs
• increase levels of a specific
group of neurotransmitters
(monoamines-serotonin,
norepinephrine, and dopamine)
involved in the regulation of
emotions and moods
• SSRIs
– selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors
– Prozac, Zoloft
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
• Definition and usage
– Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT
• involves placing electrodes on
the skull and administering a
mild electric current that passes
through the brain and causes a
seizure
• treatment consists of 10 to 12
sessions about three times per
week
• used when antidepressant
medication fails to decrease
depression
• serious side effect of ECT is
memory loss
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (CONT’D)
• Definition and usage
– New treatment
– Transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TIMS)
• noninvasive
technique that
activates neurons by
sending pulses of
magnetic energy into
the brain
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
– Inflexible, long-standing traits that significantly impair
functioning or cause great distress in one’s personal
and social life
• DSM-IV-TR describes 10 personality disorders
– Seven of the most common types
• paranoid personality disorder
– pattern of distrust and suspiciousness and perceiving
others as having evil motives
• schizotypical personality disorder
– acute discomfort in close relationships, distortions in
thinking, and eccentric behavior
PERSONALITY DISORDERS (CONT’D)
– Seven common types
• histrionic personality disorder
– excessive emotionality and
attention seeking
• obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder
– intense interest in being
orderly, achieving perfection,
and having control
• dependent personality disorder
– pattern of being submissive and
clingy because of an excessive
need to be taken care of
PERSONALITY DISORDERS (CONT’D)
– Seven common types
• borderline personality disorder
– pattern of instability in
personal relationships, selfimage, and emotions, as well
as impulsive behavior
• antisocial personality disorder
– refers to a pattern of
disregarding or violating the
rights of others without feeling
guilt or remorse
SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Definition and types
– Schizophrenia
• serious mental disorder that lasts
for at least six months and includes
at least two of the following
symptoms: delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized
speech, disorganized behavior,
and decreased emotional
expression
• (HIGH LEVELS OF
DOPHOMINE))
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Subcategories of schizophrenia
– Paranoid schizophrenia
• characterized by auditory
hallucinations or delusions, such as
thoughts of being persecuted by
others or thoughts of grandeur
– Disorganized schizophrenia
• marked by bizarre ideas, often
about one’s body (bones melting),
confused speech, childish behavior,
great emotional swings, and often
extreme neglect of personal
appearance and hygiene
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Subcategories of schizophrenia
– Catatonic schizophrenia
• characterized by periods of wild excitement or
periods of rigid, prolonged immobility
• sometimes the person assumes the same frozen
posture for hours on end
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Biological causes
– Genetic predisposition
• Genetic markers
– identifiable gene(s) or a specific segment of a
chromosome directly linked to some behavioral,
physiological, or neurological trait or disease
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Neurological causes
– Ventricle size
• 80% of brains of schizophrenics show larger than
normal ventricles
– Frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex
• less activation of the prefrontal cortex
• frontal and temporal lobes are smaller
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Environmental causes
– Incidences of stressful events and how individuals
cope
– Hostile parents, poor social relations, the death of a
parent or loved one, and career or personal problems
can contribute to the development and onset of
schizophrenia
– Abstract thinking & planning
– Diathesis stress theory
• some people have a genetic predisposition (a
diathesis) that interacts with life stressors to result
in the onset and development of schizophrenia
More to follow……
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Treatments
– Neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs)
• used to treat serious mental disorders, such as
schizophrenia, by changing the levels of
neurotransmitters in the brain
– Typical neuroleptics
• primarily reduce levels of the neurotransmitter
dopamine
– Dopamine theory
• dopamine neurotransmitter system is somehow
overactive and gives rise to a wide range of
symptoms
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Treatments
– Atypical neuroleptics
• clozapine and risperidone lower levels of
dopamine and also reduce levels of other
neurotransmitters, especially serotonin
• reduce positive symptoms, may improve negative
symptoms, and reduce relapse
SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT’D)
• Evaluation of neuroleptic drugs
– Typical neuroleptics
• phenothiazines
• can produce unwanted motor movements
– Tardive dyskinesia
• appearance of slow, involuntary, and
uncontrollable rhythmic movements and rapid
twitching of the mouth and lips, as well as unusual
movements of the limbs
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
• Definition
– Characterized by a person having a disruption, split,
or breakdown in his or her normal integrated self,
consciousness, memory, or sense of identity
• Dissociative amnesia
– Characterized by the inability to recall important
personal information or events and is usually
associated with stressful or traumatic events
• Dissociative fugue
– Disturbance marked by suddenly and unexpectedly
traveling away from home or place of work and being
unable to recall one’s past
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER (CONT’D)
• Dissociative identity disorder
– Formerly called multiple personality disorder
– Presence of two or more distinct identities or
personality states, each with its own pattern of
perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world