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LEARNING Chapter 6 Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Applied Psychology: Learning Theory in the Real World LEARNING Defining Learning • A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that results from experience. – Adaptation by learning is flexible. – Humans adapt to life’s demands by learning and not by instinct. – The key to learning is association. LEARNING Classical Conditioning – A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another (also called Pavlovian conditioning). • Classical Conditioning involves learning that one event predicts another. • This type of learning involves • • • • An unconditioned stimulus An unconditioned response A conditioned stimulus A conditioned response Classical Conditioning Basic Principles • Acquisition – Formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus • Extinction – Elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus • Spontaneous Recovery – Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period Classical Conditioning Generalization & Discrimination • Stimulus Generalization – The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus • Discrimination – In classical and operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish between different stimuli Operant Conditioning The Principles of Reinforcement •Operant Conditioning – The process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce reinforcement. •Reinforcement – Any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response. Operant Conditioning The Principles of Reinforcement •Punishment – Any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response. •Shaping – Using reinforcements to guide an animal or person gradually toward a specific behavior. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement & Punishment Increases Behavior Present Stimulus Remove Stimulus Decreases Behavior Positive Positive Reinforcement Punishment (give money) (give chores) Negative Reinforcement (take away chores) Negative Punishment (take away money) Observational Learning The Process of Modeling Involves: • Attention – One must pay attention to a behavior and its consequences. • Retention – One must recall what was observed. • Reproduction – Observers must have the motor ability to reproduce the modeled behavior. • Motivation – Observer must expect reinforcement for modeled act. Observational Learning – Learning that takes place when one observes and models the behaviour of others. •Studies of Modeling – Children and others model both antisocial and prosocial behavior.