Download Observational Learning

LEARNING
Chapter 6
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Applied Psychology: Learning
Theory in the Real World
LEARNING
Defining Learning
• A relatively permanent change in
knowledge or behaviour that results
from experience.
– Adaptation by learning is flexible.
– Humans adapt to life’s demands by
learning and not by instinct.
– The key to learning is association.
LEARNING
Classical Conditioning
– A type of learning in which an organism
comes to associate one stimulus with
another (also called Pavlovian
conditioning).
• Classical Conditioning involves learning
that one event predicts another.
• This type of learning involves
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An unconditioned stimulus
An unconditioned response
A conditioned stimulus
A conditioned response
Classical Conditioning
Basic Principles
• Acquisition
– Formation of a learned response to a stimulus
through presentation of an unconditioned
stimulus
• Extinction
– Elimination of a learned response by removal of
the unconditioned stimulus
• Spontaneous Recovery
– Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned
response after a rest period
Classical Conditioning
Generalization & Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization
– The tendency to respond to a stimulus that
is similar to the conditioned stimulus
• Discrimination
– In classical and operant conditioning, the
ability to distinguish between different
stimuli
Operant Conditioning
The Principles of
Reinforcement
•Operant Conditioning
– The process by which organisms
learn to behave in ways that produce
reinforcement.
•Reinforcement
– Any stimulus that increases the
likelihood of a prior response.
Operant Conditioning
The Principles of
Reinforcement
•Punishment
– Any stimulus that decreases the
likelihood of a prior response.
•Shaping
– Using reinforcements to guide an
animal or person gradually toward a
specific behavior.
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement & Punishment
Increases
Behavior
Present
Stimulus
Remove
Stimulus
Decreases
Behavior
Positive
Positive
Reinforcement Punishment
(give money)
(give chores)
Negative
Reinforcement
(take away
chores)
Negative
Punishment
(take away
money)
Observational Learning
The Process of Modeling Involves:
• Attention
– One must pay attention to a behavior and its
consequences.
• Retention
– One must recall what was observed.
• Reproduction
– Observers must have the motor ability to
reproduce the modeled behavior.
• Motivation
– Observer must expect reinforcement for modeled
act.
Observational Learning
– Learning that takes place when
one observes and models the
behaviour of others.
•Studies of Modeling
– Children and others model both
antisocial and prosocial behavior.