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1. Sam is investigating roots. She uses a microscope to look at a root hair cell. The diagram shows one of the cells Sam sees. (a) (i) Write down the name of the part labelled A. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Write down the job of part A. ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Oxygen moves into the root hair cell by diffusion. What is meant by the term diffusion? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 1 (c) Sam places a growing bean seed on a rotating disc. Finish the sentences about the growing root. Roots normally grow downwards because they are positively …………………… . The root on this bean is growing outwards because Sam has removed the effect of …………………………………… . [2] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 2 2. This question is about fertilisation. (a) Sperm and egg cells are adapted to carry out fertilisation. They both have a nucleus to carry genes. The table shows one adaptation for the egg and sperm. Finish the table to show: • one other adaptation for the egg and why it is useful. • one other adaptation for the sperm and why it is useful. egg sperm adaptation why it is useful nucleus to carry genes nucleus to carry genes [2] (b) Write down the name of the type of cell division that makes egg and sperm cells. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 3 (c) After fertilisation, cell division takes place to form a foetus. The foetus gets some substances from the mother which pass across the placenta. Choose your answers for the following questions from this list. blood (i) carbon dioxide DNA nitrogen oxygen Write down one substance the foetus gets from its mother across the placenta. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Write down one substance the foetus passes to the mother across the placenta. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] 3. Bill investigates the effect of exercise on his pulse rate. He counts his pulse for 30 seconds at rest. He multiplies this by two to get his pulse rate. He pedals an exercise bike for 2 minutes and then counts his pulse again. He repeats the experiment but changes how fast he pedals. The table shows his results. speed of exercise in km / h pulse rate in beats per minute 0 (rest) 76 10 96 15 Macmillan Academy 20 110 25 120 4 (a) Finish the sentence about Bill’s results. When Bill exercises faster his pulse rate ...................................................... . [1] (b) After pedalling at 15 km / h Bill counted 45 beats in 30 seconds. (i) Calculate Bill’s pulse rate after pedalling at 15 km / h. pulse rate ………………………… beats per minute [1] (ii) What is unusual about the result for 15 km / h? ............................................................................................................... [1] (c) Describe the job of the heart. In your answer, include • the job of the left side of the heart • the job of the right side of the heart. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 5 marks] 4. Carol grows carrots to enter in the biggest carrot competition. Macmillan Academy 5 (a) She uses selective breeding to help her to produce large carrots. Put a tick ( ) in the box next to one characteristic Carol wants in her carrots. short stems bright yellow colour large tap root few leaves [1] (b) Describe how Carol would carry out the selective breeding process. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 6 (c) Carrots contain a gene that controls beta-carotene production. Beta-carotene is used to make vitamin A, which is needed for good eyesight. The beta-carotene gene can be removed from carrots and placed in rice plants. Finish the sentences. Choose your answers from this list. cloning cytoplasm genetic engineering membrane mutation nucleus Genes are found in the part of the cell called the ......................................... . Removing the genes from a carrot and putting them into rice is called ………………………………………………… . [2] [Total 5 marks] 5. Sam is investigating roots. She uses a microscope to look at a root hair cell. The diagram shows one of the cells Sam sees. (a) Write down the name of one part of this cell not found in animal cells. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 7 (b) Oxygen moves into the root hair cell by diffusion. What is meant by the term diffusion? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Sam places a growing bean seed on a rotating disc. Finish the sentences about the growing root. Roots normally grow downwards because they are positively …………………… . The root on this bean is growing outwards because Sam has removed the effect of …………………………………… . Root growth is controlled by a hormone called …………………………………… . [3] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 8 6. This question is about fertilisation. Sperm and egg cells carry out fertilisation. They both have a nucleus to carry genes. (a) (i) Write down the name of the type of cell division that makes egg and sperm cells. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) This type of cell division is different to the cell division that makes body cells. Describe one difference. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 9 (b) The nucleus of the egg and sperm both contain DNA. After fertilisation the DNA replicates. Describe the two stages involved in DNA replication. You may draw a labelled diagram to help you. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] 7. Carol grows carrots to enter in the biggest carrot competition. (a) She uses selective breeding to help her to produce large carrots. (i) Describe how Carol would carry out the selective breeding process. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] Macmillan Academy 10 (ii) Describe one reason why selective breeding may cause problems to a species. ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Carrots contain a gene that controls beta-carotene production. The beta-carotene gene can be removed from carrots and placed in rice plants. This process can be used to help people who eat a lot of rice and have a vitamin A deficiency. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 8. Look at the diagram of an artery and vein. (a) Explain why the artery has a thick muscle wall. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 11 (b) Explain why the vein has a large lumen. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 2 marks] 9. Bill investigates the effect of the enzyme catalase. He uses the enzyme to break down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. He measures the rate of the reaction by timing how long it takes to collect 10 cm3 of oxygen. He repeats the reaction at different pH values. The table shows his results. (a) pH time in minutes 2 no reaction 4 20 5 12 6 9 7 13 8 17 Describe the pattern in the results between pH 4 and pH 8. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) What is the optimum pH for catalase? pH .................. [1] Macmillan Academy 12 (c) Explain the result for pH 2. Use ideas about the lock and key theory in your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] [Total 5 marks] 10. This question is about human growth. (a) The diagrams show some sperm cells. Sperm cells swim to egg cells to join with them. Which sperm cell is most likely to reach the egg first? Choose from A, B or C. ................................................. Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 13 (b) Complete the sentences by choosing from the following words. differentiation fertilisation division modification dormancy mutation When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell, this is called …………………..… . The new cell formed starts to grow by cell …………………………………… forming an embryo. As the embryo grows, different types of cells are produced. This is called cell …………………………………… . [3] (c) The developing embryo needs food and oxygen to help it grow. (i) Where does the embryo get its food and oxygen from? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) One of the first organs to develop in the embryo is the heart. Why does the embryo need a heart? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] [Total 8 marks] Macmillan Academy 14 11. (a) Mary has a potato plant growing in her garden. Mary lets the potato plant reproduce asexually, producing four new potato plants. Describe how a potato plant reproduces asexually. You may use a labelled diagram to help you answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] (b) All of Mary’s new potato plants are produced asexually. Mary was expecting them to have the same features. However, three of the plants have white flowers and one has yellow flowers. Suggest why one plant might have different coloured flowers. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 15 (c) Mary’s neighbour Sachin also grows potato plants. Sachin’s potato plants are all different. He decides to use selective breeding to improve his potato plants. Put ticks ( ) in the boxes next to the two features that would be suitable for selection. easily damaged by frost need a lot of watering produce many potatoes on one plant resistant to disease take a long time to grow [2] [Total 6 marks] 12. The enzyme carbohydrase breaks down starch into sugar. John investigates the effect of different pH values on the time taken for carbohydrase to break down starch. The table shows his results. pH value 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 time to break down starch in minutes 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 Macmillan Academy 16 (a) (i) Plot a graph of John’s results. The first point has been plotted for you. Complete the graph by drawing the best curve. [3] (ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH for carbohydrase? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 17 (b) In the body, starch is broken down to sugar so it can be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood. (i) Sugar moves from the small intestine into the blood. Write down the name of the process by which it moves. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Which part of the blood transports sugar around the body? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 13. (a) (i) Look at the list of the stages involved in cloning and implanting cow embryos. Put the stages in the correct order by writing 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the boxes. The first one has been done for you. embryos are collected embryos are implanted into surrogate cows embryos are split, forming clones sperm is collected from selected bulls 1 sperm is used to fertilise eggs from selected cows [1] Macmillan Academy 18 (ii) Most calves are produced by allowing selected animals to breed naturally. However, some farmers use the cloning method described in the stages above to produce calves from selected animals. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of producing calves using this cloning method. advantage ............................................................................................ .............................................................................................................. disadvantage ........................................................................................ .............................................................................................................. [2] (iii) This method for cloning animals is not the only one. Dolly the sheep was produced using a different cloning method. Describe one way the cloning method used to produce Dolly the sheep is different from the cloning method described in the stages above. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) (i) When embryos grow, their cells divide. Write down the name of this type of cell division. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 19 (ii) Embryos are multi-cellular. They are made of many small cells. What is the advantage of being made of many small cells, rather than fewer, larger cells? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 14. The diagram shows some cress seedlings growing next to a window. The seedlings are growing towards the light outside. (a) The seedlings growing towards the light is an example of a tropism. What sort of tropism is this? Put a tick ( ) in one of the boxes to show your answer. positive geotropism positive phototropism negative geotropism negative phototropism [1] Macmillan Academy 20 (b) The growth of cress seedlings towards light is controlled by the plant hormone auxin. Explain how auxin causes the seedlings to grow this way. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (c) As the seedlings grow, new cells are produced by cell division. Look at the diagram. Where does most cell division occur? Choose your answer from A, B, C or D. answer ....................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 21 15. (a) Race horses have been produced by selective breeding over many generations. When horse breeders select horses to breed together they take care not to select horses that are closely related. This is to avoid inbreeding. What could be the consequences of inbreeding? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Race horses need to get oxygen to their muscles as efficiently as possible. (i) Like all mammals, horses’ lungs have alveoli that are adapted for the efficient absorption of oxygen into their blood. Describe one way that alveoli are adapted for the efficient absorption of oxygen. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Like all mammals, horses have a double circulatory system that transports oxygen in the blood quickly from the lungs to the muscles. Why does a double circulatory system transport blood more quickly than a single circulatory system? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 22 16. The diagram shows a type of sex cell. (a) Write down the name of this type of sex cell. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) What is the job of this cell? ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 23 (c) Write about how two parts of this cell help it to do its job. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] 17. (a) The list shows different substances found in the body. carbon dioxide food oxygen These substances move around the body. The arrows in the diagram show where some substances move. substance Write the name of the correct substance above each arrow on the diagram. Choose the substances from the list. Each substance can be used once, more than once or not at all. [3] Macmillan Academy 24 (b) Which part of a cell controls which substances can enter? ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 18. Harry grows potatoes. Harry plants a potato in soil and it grows into a potato plant. Several months later the plant has made many new potatoes. These potatoes can all grow into new plants. (a) Write down the name of this type of reproduction. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) The potatoes grow by producing new cells by cell division. Write down the name of this type of cell division. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 25 (c) Harry grows different types of potatoes. They all have different properties. Some of these properties are shown in the table. type of potato property of potato goldrush asterix Yukon gold pink eye brown red yellow pink high very high high medium good for baking good for potato salads skin colour number of potatoes produced (i) Harry wants to grow potatoes with a brown skin which are good for baking. Which type should Harry grow? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Harry also wants to produce a yellow skinned potato with a very high yield. He decides that he needs to set up a selective breeding programme. Which two types of potato from the table should he use in his programme? ................................................... and ................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 26 (iii) Harry starts his selective breeding programme by growing these two types of potato. Describe what he should do to complete the selective breeding programme. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] [Total 6 marks] 19. Scientists are trying to develop new treatments for heart attacks. (a) Heart attacks may cause heart muscle to be damaged. They are often caused by the build up of a substance in the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle. What is the name of this substance? Put a ring around the answer in this list. cholesterol enzymes plasma protein [1] Macmillan Academy 27 (b) The scientists insert a small tube into a blood vessel in the leg. The tube is moved along inside this blood vessel so that it enters the heart. They use this tube to inject stem cells into the heart muscle. The tube enters the heart through the blood vessel labelled X. Write down the name of blood vessel X. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) The scientists inject stem cells into the heart muscle. They hope that the stem cells will repair the damaged muscle. What are stem cells? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 3 marks] Macmillan Academy 28 20. A scientist is explaining how she can help the police to find a thief. (a) The DNA is removed from the cell. Which part of the cell contains DNA? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) The scientist uses special protein molecules as catalysts to speed up reactions. What are these protein molecules called? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) A suspect’s DNA matches the DNA found at the crime scene. The suspect claims the DNA could match someone else as well. Why is the scientist sure the DNA could not match someone else as well? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 3 marks] Macmillan Academy 29 21. Scientists are trying to develop new treatments for heart attacks. Heart attacks may cause heart muscle to be damaged. (a) Heart attacks are often caused by cholesterol. Explain how cholesterol can cause problems in blood vessels. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) The scientists insert a small tube into a blood vessel in the leg. The tube is moved along inside this blood vessel so that it enters the heart. They use this tube to inject stem cells into the heart muscle. The tube enters the heart through the blood vessel labelled X. Write down the name of blood vessel X. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 30 (c) The scientists inject stem cells into the heart muscle. They hope that the stem cells will repair the damaged muscle. What are stem cells? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (d) Stem cells can be extracted from human embryos. Describe two reasons why some people might object to the use of stem cells. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 6 marks] Macmillan Academy 31 22. Harry grows potatoes. Harry plants a potato in soil and it grows into a potato plant. Several months later the plant has made many new potatoes. (a) The potatoes grow by producing new cells by cell division. Write down the name of this type of cell division. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Harry grows different types of potatoes. They all have different properties. Some of these properties are shown in the table. type of potato property of potato goldrush asterix Yukon gold pink eye brown red yellow pink high very high high medium good for baking good for potato salads skin colour number of potatoes produced Macmillan Academy 32 (i) Harry wants to produce a yellow skinned potato with a very high yield. He decides that he needs to set up a selective breeding programme. Which two types of potato from the table should he use in his programme? ................................................... and ................................................... [1] (ii) Harry starts his selective breeding programme by growing these two types of potato. Describe what he should do to complete the selective breeding programme. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Write down one possible disadvantage of selective breeding programmes. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 33 23. The diagram shows a normal sperm cell. (a) Which part of the sperm cell provides most of the energy? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) The nucleus of the sperm cell is haploid. Why is this important for the correct formation of the zygote? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Scientists have discovered a mutation in the DNA of mice. The mutation changes a protein called the MSJ protein. They have found that this change makes the mice produce sperm without an acrosome. (i) What effect do mutations have on DNA? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 34 (ii) Why is a mutation likely to change the protein that the DNA codes for? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (iii) The sperm that are produced without an acrosome cannot fertilise an egg. Explain why. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] 24. The diagram shows the structure of the placenta. (a) Write down the name of one substance that moves in the direction of the arrows. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 35 (b) Write down the name of the process by which this substance moves. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Write down two ways that the placenta is adapted to speed up the exchange of substances between the mother and the foetus. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] 25. Gareth is looking at cheek cells using a microscope. cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm © Nancy Nehring / iStockphoto.com (a) Answer the following questions using labelled parts from the photograph. (i) Which part of the cheek cell controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 36 (ii) Where in the cheek cell do most chemical reactions happen? ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Gareth now wants to look at some onion cells using a microscope. Describe how he could prepare a microscope slide of onion cells. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] [Total 5 marks] 26. Basil is a gardener. He keeps a diary of the work that he does in his garden. Here is part of his diary. 27th September Today I decided to make some new plants. My strawberries had sent out long shoots. I planted the small plants which were on the end of these shoots. I made new geranium plants in a different way. I cut small shoots off the plants and dipped them into a powder to make them grow roots. I then planted the shoots in some soil. Macmillan Academy 37 (a) What is in the powder that Basil uses to make his geraniums grow? Put a ring around the correct answer in this list. enzymes plant hormones seeds sperm [1] (b) Basil knows that both his new geranium and strawberry plants will look like their parents. Explain why they will look like their parents. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 3 marks] 27. Zoe is expecting a baby and Gary is the father. Macmillan Academy 38 (a) Complete the sentences about Zoe’s baby by writing a word in each space. Zoe’s baby grew from a single cell called a zygote. This cell was formed when a …………………… cell from Gary joined with an egg cell made by Zoe. The cell from Gary can swim to the egg cell because it has a …………………… . The zygote grows into a baby by a type of cell division called …………………… . [3] (b) Zoe reads a book about how babies grow. It shows how the average mass of baby boys changes during the first six months of life. Macmillan Academy age of baby boy in months average mass in kilograms 0 3.3 1 4.4 2 5.4 3 6.2 4 7.0 5 7.5 6 7.9 39 (i) The graph shows the average mass of baby girls. Plot the information in the table about baby boys on this graph. Finish the graph by drawing the best curve. [3] (ii) Write down one difference between the growth of boys and girls during their first six months. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 7 marks] Macmillan Academy 40 28. HHT is a genetic disorder. It makes people have bad nose bleeds. (a) HHT causes problems with blood vessels. There are three main types of blood vessel in the body. Arteries carry blood under high pressure out to the body from the heart. Veins normally carry blood under low pressure back to the heart. Usually there are very small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. (i) Write down the name of these small blood vessels. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) These small blood vessels do an important job in the body. Put a tick ( ) in the box next to their correct job. act as a store of cholesterol for the body allow exchange of materials with tissues contain muscle cells to pump the blood contain valves to stop the blood flowing backwards [1] Macmillan Academy 41 (b) In a person with HHT some of the vessels that join arteries to veins are missing. This means that blood under high pressure flows directly into a vein from an artery. This often causes the vein to break and cause bleeding. Which part of the blood would cause it to clot during a nose bleed? Put a ring around the correct answer in this list. platelets red blood cells white blood cells [1] (c) HHT is caused by a change in a gene. This stops a protein being made that is needed for blood vessel growth. (i) Write down the word used to describe a change in a gene. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Scientists hope to be able to move genes from one person to another so that they do not develop HHT. What name is given to this treatment that scientists are trying to develop? Underline the name in this list. cloning fertilising genetic engineering selective breeding [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 42 29. Zoe is expecting a baby and Gary is the father. (a) Complete the sentences about Zoe’s baby. Zoe’s baby grew from a single cell called a zygote. The zygote has two copies of each chromosome. A cell that has two copies of each chromosome is called …………………… . The zygote grows into a baby by a type of cell division called …………………… . [2] (b) Zoe reads a book about how babies grow. It shows how the average mass of baby boys changes during the first six months of life. Macmillan Academy age of baby boy in months average mass in kilograms 0 3.3 1 4.4 2 5.4 3 6.2 4 7.0 5 7.5 6 7.9 43 (i) The graph shows the average mass of baby girls. Plot the information in the table about baby boys on this graph. Finish the graph by drawing the best curve. [3] (ii) What is the difference between the average mass of baby boys and baby girls at 3.5 months? Use your graph. ............................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Explain why Zoe might use a graph like this once her baby is born. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 7 marks] Macmillan Academy 44 30. HHT is a genetic disorder. It makes people have bad nose bleeds. (a) HHT causes problems with blood vessels. There are three main types of blood vessel. Arteries carry blood under high pressure out to the body from the heart. Veins normally carry blood under low pressure back to the heart. Usually there are very small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. (i) Write down the name of these small blood vessels. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) These small blood vessels do an important job in the body. Put a tick ( ) in the box next to their correct job. act as a store of cholesterol for the body allow exchange of materials with tissues contain muscle cells to pump the blood contain valves to stop the blood flowing backwards [1] Macmillan Academy 45 (b) In a person with HHT, some of the vessels that join arteries to veins are missing. This means that blood under high pressure flows directly into a vein from an artery. This often causes the vein to break and cause bleeding. Veins often break when blood enters under high pressure but arteries do not. Why is this? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) HHT is caused by a mutation which changes the DNA of a gene. This stops the protein that is needed for blood vessel growth being made correctly. (i) What change might occur in the DNA of a gene? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Why could this change stop the protein being made correctly? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 46 (iii) Scientists hope to be able to change a person’s genes so that they do not develop HHT. Write down one reason why some people are worried about scientists being able to change a person’s genes. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 31. Scientists have discovered that cells make special proteins if they get too hot. These proteins are called heat shock proteins and they do many jobs such as repairing damaged enzymes. (a) Explain why enzymes may be damaged if a cell becomes too hot. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) The heat shock proteins are coded for by genes. Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the way that a gene codes for a protein. The amino acids in DNA code for the order of bases in the protein. The DNA codes for proteins by unzipping and making new strands. Each of the four bases in DNA codes for a different amino acid in the protein. The bases in DNA code for the order of amino acids in the protein. [1] [Total 3 marks] Macmillan Academy 47 32. The small intestine has a large surface area. The table shows three of the adaptations that give it such a large area. The name of the second adaptation is missing. name of adaptation diagram of adaptation total surface area of small intestine including adaptation in cm2 folds 10 000 100 000 microvilli (a) 2 000 000 What is the name given to the second adaptation? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Why is it important that the small intestine has such a large surface area? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 48 (c) Write down one other adaptation that the small intestine has that helps it to do its job. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 33. (a) The diagram shows a fertilised egg cell. Z (i) Which part of the cell contains chromosomes? Show your answer by drawing an X on the diagram. [1] (ii) What is the name of part Z? Put a ring around the correct answer. cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm mitochondria vacuole [1] Macmillan Academy 49 (iii) The egg cell has been fertilised. What does fertilisation mean? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (b) Katy is 2 years old. The table shows how her mass changed as she grew. age in months mass in kg Macmillan Academy 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 2.6 5.1 6.5 7.6 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2 50 (i) Use the data in the table to complete the graph. Finish the graph by drawing the best curve through the points. 11 10 9 8 7 mass in kg 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 age in months [2] Macmillan Academy 51 (ii) What phase of growth does the graph show? Put a ring around the correct answer. adolescence childhood infancy maturity old age [1] [Total 7 marks] 34. This question is about the blood system. (a) Complete the following sentences about some of the different substances blood carries around the body. Oxygen enters the blood in the .......................................... and leaves in the body tissues. Food enters the blood in the ............................................... and leaves in the body tissues. [2] Macmillan Academy 52 (b) The diagram shows the heart. X (i) What is the job of the heart? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Part X is a valve. Write down the name of part X. ............................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Bob has a problem with his heart. One of the valves is not working properly. This affects how his heart works. Suggest how. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 53 (iv) Suggest how doctors can cure Bob’s heart problem. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 35. Doug grows strawberries. The diagram shows one of his strawberry plants. (a) When strawberry plants photosynthesise, carbon dioxide enters the plant. (i) Which part of the plant does carbon dioxide enter? Choose your answer from the diagram. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Write down the name of the process by which carbon dioxide enters the plant. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 54 (b) (i) Doug’s strawberry plants can reproduce asexually. Describe how they do this. You may draw on and label the diagram to help you answer. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Doug can also grow new strawberry plants from seeds instead of letting them reproduce asexually. Suggest one disadvantage of growing new strawberry plants from seeds. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (c) Strawberry plant roots grow downwards. This is controlled by a plant hormone. (i) Look at the list. Which one of the processes is also controlled by a plant hormone? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the correct answer. disease resistance fruit ripening photosynthesis respiration [1] Macmillan Academy 55 (ii) Roots grow downwards. What stimulus are they responding to? Put a ring around the correct answer. carbon dioxide gravity oxygen low temperature minerals [1] [Total 7 marks] 36. (a) Katy is 2 years old. The table shows how her mass changed as she grew. age in months mass in kg Macmillan Academy 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 2.6 5.1 6.5 7.6 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.2 56 (i) Use the data in the table to complete the graph. Finish the graph by drawing the best curve through the points. 11 10 9 8 7 mass in kg 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 age in months [2] (ii) Between which ages did Katy grow at the quickest rate? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 57 (b) It is important to check Katy’s mass regularly as she grows. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................. [1] (c) As Katy grows, she produces more body cells. (i) How are her new body cells produced? Put a ring around the correct answer. fertilisation meiosis mitosis variation [1] (ii) The diagram shows a human body cell. X Respiration happens in the parts labelled X. What is the name of the parts labelled X? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] Macmillan Academy 58 37. The diagram shows the heart. X (a) Part X is a valve. Write down the name of part X. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Arteries do not contain valves, but veins do. Explain why veins need valves. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Bob has a problem with his heart. One of the valves is not working properly. This affects how his heart works. Suggest how. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 59 (d) One way of treating heart problems is by heart transplants. Another way is by using mechanical replacements for the damaged parts. Describe one disadvantage of heart transplants compared to using mechanical replacements. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 38. Doug grows strawberries. The diagram shows one of his strawberry plants. (a) When strawberry plants photosynthesise, carbon dioxide enters the plant. (i) Write down the name of the process by which carbon dioxide enters the plant. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 60 (ii) Carbon dioxide enters plants through their leaves. Describe two ways leaves are adapted for efficient absorption of carbon dioxide. 1 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... [2] (b) Doug’s strawberry plants can reproduce asexually by growing runners. Doug can also grow new strawberry plants from seeds instead of letting them reproduce asexually. Suggest one disadvantage of growing new strawberry plants from seeds. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Strawberry plants can be damaged by frost. Doug notices that other species of plants are resistant to frost damage. He can not transfer frost resistance to his strawberry plants by breeding them with these other species. How can frost resistance be transferred from one plant species to another? ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 61 39. (a) The diagram shows some bases in a section of DNA. C G T Complete the diagram by writing in the missing letters. [1] (b) How does DNA replicate (make copies of itself)? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (c) Genes are sections of DNA that code for the production of proteins. Mutations are changes to genes that can cause them to code for different proteins. Explain how a change to a section of DNA can lead to a change in the protein it codes for. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 62 40. Look at the diagram of a heart. X (a) Look at the statements. Which one is a true statement about the heart? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the correct statement. It is the largest organ in the body. The right side pumps blood to the lungs. The left side pumps blood to the lungs. Arteries take blood back to the heart. [1] (b) (i) Write down the name of part X. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Write down the job of part X. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (c) Some people need to have a heart transplant. Macmillan Academy 63 Some scientists want to clone mammals to provide hearts for transplant. (i) Write down the name of the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Some people object to the cloning of mammals. Suggest why. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 64 41. (a) Stephen uses a microscope to look at leaf cells. Look at the diagram. It shows one of the leaf cells. ........................................ ........................................ Label the diagram. Choose from this list. cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus vacuole [2] Macmillan Academy 65 (b) Stephen then makes a microscope slide to show stained onion cells. Here is a list of some of the apparatus he uses: • • • microscope slide cover slip knife Describe how Stephen could use the apparatus to make a stained slide of onion cells. You may use a labelled diagram to help you. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] 42. This question is about DNA. (a) Which part of the cell contains DNA? Put a ring around the correct answer. cell membrane cell wall nucleus vacuole [1] Macmillan Academy 66 (b) Sections of DNA called genes code for proteins. Enzymes and some hormones are proteins. (i) Describe the effect of enzymes on chemical reactions in the body. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Plant hormones control the growth of shoots and roots. Write down one other thing that plant hormones control. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 67 (c) Scientists can use DNA to identify people. They use a process called DNA fingerprinting. Look at the diagram. It shows the DNA fingerprints of four people suspected of a crime. It also shows the DNA from the crime scene. Which suspect, A, B, C or D, was present at the crime scene? .................... Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 68 43. This question is about selective breeding. The table shows information about four varieties of blueberries. variety part of the season when fruit is ready fruit can be harvested by machine Spartan early large with tangy flavour yes Toro midseason medium size and sweet no Bluecrop midseason large but bitter yes Northblue midseason small with wild blueberry taste no Sandra is a commercial grower. She grows all four blueberry varieties to sell to supermarkets. (a) Which variety of blueberry has been bred to be in the shops earliest in the year? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Toro is a popular variety in the shop. Suggest one disadvantage of growing Toro blueberries. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Sandra wants to grow a new variety of blueberry. She uses selective breeding to produce blueberries that are large and sweet. Write down two varieties she could use in her breeding program. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 69 (d) New blueberry varieties could also be produced by genetic engineering. (i) Explain what is meant by the term genetic engineering. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Describe one disadvantage of genetic engineering. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 44. Look at the diagram of a heart. X (a) (i) Write down the name of part X. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Write down the job of part X. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 70 (b) The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Some people need to have a heart transplant. People often have to wait a long time for a heart transplant. Suggest one reason why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 45. Look at the diagram. It shows the cloning technique used to produce Dolly the sheep. sheep A sheep B egg cell body cell surrogate sheep gives birth to Dolly Macmillan Academy 71 (a) Describe the cloning technique used to produce Dolly. Use the diagram to help you. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] (b) Is Dolly a clone of sheep A or B? Explain your answer. sheep ................ reason why .................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Some people object to the cloning of mammals. Suggest why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 72 46. This question is about DNA. (a) Scientists can use DNA to identify people. They use a process called DNA fingerprinting. Look at the diagram. It shows the DNA fingerprints of four people suspected of a crime. It also shows the DNA from the crime scene. Which suspect, A, B, C or D, was present at the crime scene? .................... Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 73 (b) Look at the flow diagram. It shows the stages in the production of a DNA fingerprint. Finish the flow diagram by writing in the missing stages. DNA is isolated from the tissue sample collected at the crime scene. DNA is cut into fragments and placed on a gel. DNA fingerprint is compared with a known sample. [2] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 74 47. Look at the picture. It shows rice being planted in China. (a) Rice belongs to the plant kingdom. Write down the name of one structure found in a plant cell that is not found in an animal cell. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Scientists have taken the gene that controls beta-carotene and placed it into rice. (i) Humans convert beta-carotene into a vitamin. Write down the name of this vitamin. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) People living in China rely on rice for food. Suggest why this genetically engineered rice could help them. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 75 (iii) Describe one disadvantage of genetic engineering. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] 48. Look at the diagram. It shows a villus from the small intestine. capillaries Macmillan Academy 76 (a) The capillaries provide a good blood supply, which helps speed up diffusion. Describe two other ways the villi are adapted to speed up the rate of diffusion in the small intestine. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Capillaries are adapted to carry out their function. Explain how. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 3 marks] 49. (a) Look at the diagram of a cheek cell. On the diagram, label the nucleus. [1] Macmillan Academy 77 (b) Look at the list. ring Put a around the part of the cell where most chemical reactions take place. cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus [1] (c) Chromosomes are found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are made from a chemical. Write down the name of this chemical. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (d) Cells divide so that organisms can grow bigger. Write down one other reason why cells divide. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (e) Look at the diagram of a sperm cell. acrosome (i) The acrosome contains a type of chemical. Write down the name of this type of chemical. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 78 (ii) Describe the job of this chemical in sexual reproduction. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 50. Gary and Peter are twins. They both came from the same fertilised egg. (a) Finish the sentences about Gary and Peter. Choose the best words from this list. clones different identical similar zygotes Gary and Peter have ………………………… genes. This makes them naturally occurring …………………………… . [2] (b) Like all infants Gary and Peter are monitored by a health visitor to make sure they are growing normally. Their masses are measured every three months. The table shows their masses. age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Gary’s mass in kg 2.8 5.2 6.8 8.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.3 Peter’s mass in kg 3.0 6.0 8.0 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.6 Macmillan Academy 79 Peter’s mass has been plotted on the graph below. Peter Gary 14 13 12 11 10 mass in kg 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 age in months (i) Finish the graph by plotting the mass for Gary. The first three points have been done for you. [2] (ii) Draw the best curve for Gary. [1] Macmillan Academy 80 (c) The health visitor is concerned about Gary. Suggest why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 6 marks] 51. (a) The human foetus is attached to the mother by the placenta. Look at the statements. Which one best describes the job of the placenta? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to the best statement. to pass oxygen from the foetus to the mother to pass carbon dioxide from the mother to the foetus to pass oxygen from the mother to the foetus to pass waste from the mother to the foetus [1] (b) During pregnancy a midwife will check the heart of the foetus. Write down the job of the heart. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 81 (c) Arteries are a type of blood vessel. (i) Write down the name of one other type of blood vessel. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) One artery takes blood from the heart to the lungs. A gas leaves the blood in the lungs. Put a ring around the gas that leaves the blood in the lungs. carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxygen [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 82 52. Jennifer has a plant growing by the window. Look at the picture. Jennifer thinks the plant is growing towards light. She investigates whether plants do grow towards light. Here is a list of apparatus Jennifer could use. • two plants • two boxes • scissors Macmillan Academy 83 (a) Describe how Jennifer could use the apparatus to prove the plants grow towards light. You may use a labelled diagram to help you. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] (b) Jennifer finds out more about the growth of plants. She finds out that chemicals called hormones control growth. Plant hormones control other processes in the plants. Write down one other process plant hormones control. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 84 53. Gary and Peter are twins. They both came from the same fertilised egg. (a) Like all infants Gary and Peter are monitored by a health visitor to make sure they are growing normally. Their masses are measured every three months. The table shows their masses. age in months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Gary’s mass in kg 2.8 5.2 6.8 8.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.3 Peter’s mass in kg 3.0 6.0 8.0 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.8 12.2 12.6 Macmillan Academy 85 Peter’s mass has been plotted on the graph below. Peter Gary 14 13 12 11 10 mass in kg 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 age in months (i) Finish the graph by plotting the mass for Gary. The first three points have been done for you. [2] (ii) Draw the best curve for Gary. [1] Macmillan Academy 86 (b) The health visitor is concerned about Gary. Suggest why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 54. (a) The human foetus is attached to the mother by the placenta. In the placenta, oxygen diffuses from the mother’s blood into the foetal blood. The placenta is adapted to increase the rate of diffusion. Describe one adaptation. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) During pregnancy a midwife will check the heart of the foetus. Look at the diagram of a heart. Macmillan Academy 87 (i) The diagram shows four valves. One letter shows the tricuspid valve. Which one? Choose from A, B, C or D. answer ............................................................... [1] (ii) What is the function of the tricuspid valve? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (c) The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 55. Look at the picture of a sperm cell. acrosome mitochondria Macmillan Academy 88 (a) (i) The acrosome contains a type of chemical. Write down the name of this type of chemical. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe the job of this chemical in sexual reproduction. ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm. Write down the name of the process that occurs in the mitochondria. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Body cells are produced by mitosis. A type of cell division called meiosis produces sperm cells. Describe how mitosis is different from meiosis. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 89 56. Jennifer investigates phototropism. She grows some oat seedlings in different conditions. Look at the diagrams of Jennifer’s investigation. A light all around A at start B light from left at start (a) after 2 days B after 2 days Finish diagram B. Draw the seedlings after 2 days. [1] Macmillan Academy 90 (b) Jennifer knows that the hormone auxin controls phototropism. She does another investigation. Look at the diagram. It shows her results. Use ideas about auxin to explain the results. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 3 marks] Macmillan Academy 91 57. This question is about DNA fingerprinting. (a) Scientists use DNA fingerprinting to identify DNA left at a crime scene. Look at the flow chart. It shows the main stages the scientists use. Some of the stages are missing. Finish the flow chart by writing in the missing stages. The blood sample is isolated and DNA extracted. The sample DNA is copied to increase the amount. The DNA is placed on a gel. The DNA fingerprint is compared to known samples. [2] (b) The sequence of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein. Look at the sequence of bases for a section of DNA. GTACTCTGA (i) How many amino acids are coded for by this section of DNA? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 92 (ii) Write down the complementary DNA base code for this section of DNA. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] 58. Scott is learning about cells. He uses a microscope to look at some of his cheek cells. The picture shows what he can see. (a) Label the diagram. Choose the best words from this list. cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleus [2] Macmillan Academy 93 (b) Scott finds out about different cells in the body and the jobs they do. Finish the table by writing the job of each cell. The first one has been done for you. cell job it does egg cell develops into an embryo when fertilised sperm cell white blood cell red blood cell [3] (c) Look at the picture of a fertilised egg cell. If this egg implants into the uterus it will grow into a foetus. Describe the two processes involved in growth. 1 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 2 ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 7 marks] Macmillan Academy 94 59. Look at the picture. It shows a strawberry plant reproducing. plantlet (a) Finish the sentences about the strawberry plant. Choose the best words from this list. asexual different identical sexual similar The strawberry plant sends out runners. This is a type of reproduction called ……………………………………… reproduction. The runners have plantlets on them. The plantlets are genetically ……………………………………… to the parent plant. [2] Macmillan Academy 95 (b) Gardeners can make more plants by taking cuttings. Here are four sentences (A-D) about taking cuttings. A Put the cutting into a pot of sandy compost. B Cut a short stem off the parent plant. C Put a clear plastic bag over the plant. D Dip the stem into plant hormone. They are in the wrong order. Fill in the boxes to show the correct order. The first one has been done for you. B [2] (c) The plant stem needs to be dipped into plant hormone. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 96 60. Look at the diagram. It shows the lungs and heart. X (a) Write down the name of part X. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) A gas leaves the lungs and enters the blood. (i) Write down the name of this gas. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe how this gas enters the blood. Include ideas about concentration in your answer. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 97 61. Read the article about bacterial mutations. Bacterial mutations There are many types of bacteria. New strains occur because bacteria keep mutating. Some of these new strains have an advantage when it comes to fighting off antibiotics. MRSA is a bacterium which is resistant to antibiotics. (a) Write down what is meant by the term mutation. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Mutations can occur spontaneously or are caused by some factors. Write down two factors that can cause mutations to occur. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2 ..................................................................................................................... [2] Macmillan Academy 98 (c) Bacteria reproduce in the body and make us ill. They reproduce by dividing into two. This can take about 30 minutes. If you start with 10 bacteria there would be 40 bacteria after 1 hour. How many would there be after 3 hours? number of bacteria .......................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] 62. Scott is learning about cells. (a) He finds out that muscle cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. Explain why muscle cells need large numbers of mitochondria. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Scott uses a microscope to look at a plant leaf cell. He sees three structures that are not in muscle cells. Write down the names of two of these structures. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2 ..................................................................................................................... [2] Macmillan Academy 99 (c) Scott looks on the internet and finds out about stem cells. Stem cell research: Yes or no? The debate on stem cell research continues. New laboratories for stem cell research are being built in Newcastle. Scientists will use stem cells taken from early embryos to make different body tissues. Some scientists claim the research could lead to the cure of some diseases. However, some people object to this research. (i) Explain what is meant by the term stem cell. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Some people object to stem cell research. Suggest one reason why. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] Macmillan Academy 100 63. Plants can be cloned by taking a cutting. (a) The plant stem needs to be dipped into plant hormone. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Plants can also be cloned by tissue culture. Describe the method used. In your answer include • the precautions taken • the conditions needed. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] (c) During cloning, cells divide by mitosis. During mitosis, chromosomes in the nucleus divide. Describe one other thing that happens to the chromosomes during mitosis. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 101 64. Look at the diagram. It shows the lungs and heart. X (a) Write down the name of part X. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Oxygen leaves the lungs and enters the blood. Describe how oxygen enters the blood. Include ideas about concentration in your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 102 (c) The cells lining part X are very thin. This helps them carry out their function. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 65. Read the article about bacterial mutations. Bacterial mutations There are many types of bacteria. New strains occur because bacteria keep mutating. Some of these new strains have an advantage when it comes to resisting antibiotics. MRSA is a bacterium which is resistant to antibiotics. Macmillan Academy 103 (a) Look at the graph. It shows the number of MRSA cases between 1990 and 2005. 20000 number of reports 15000 10000 5000 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 year Estimate the rise in cases between 1990 and 2003. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Mutations can occur spontaneously or are caused by some factors. Write down two factors that can cause mutations to occur. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2 ..................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Mutations are changes to DNA. (i) How could the structure of DNA change? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 104 (ii) Why may a DNA change alter the functioning of a cell? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] 66. This question is about human growth. (a) The list shows the main phases of human growth. adolescence childhood infancy maturity old age Write out the phases in order of age. The last one has already been done for you. 1 ..................................................................... 2 ..................................................................... 3 ..................................................................... 4 ..................................................................... 5 ........................ old age ............................... [2] Macmillan Academy 105 (b) Kate and Steve are twins. The graph shows how their mass changes as they grow. 70 Steve 60 Kate 50 mass in kilograms 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 age in years (i) For how many years was Kate heavier than Steve? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Between which ages was Steve growing at the fastest rate? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 106 67. Ann grows strawberry plants. Strawberry plants can reproduce sexually or asexually. plantlet (a) (i) The table shows some of the stages when a strawberry plant reproduces asexually. Put the stages in the correct order. Write numbers in the table to show your answer. The first one has been done for you. stage order Buds grow on the runners. The parent plant grows long stems called runners. 1 The runners die. The plantlets on the runners grow roots. The buds on the runners grow leaves and become plantlets. [2] Macmillan Academy 107 (ii) All of Ann’s strawberry plants have been produced by asexual reproduction. They are genetically identical. Why are they genetically identical? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Ann’s neighbour Harry grows apple trees. He has grown his apple trees from seeds. His trees are not genetically identical. Describe one advantage of Harry’s apple trees not being genetically identical. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 68. This question is about genes. (a) The list shows some things found in cells. amino acid cytoplasm DNA membrane nucleus protein Finish the sentences by choosing words from the list. You may choose each word once, more than once or not at all. Macmillan Academy 108 (i) Genes are made of a chemical called ................................................ . [1] (ii) The genes in a cell are found in the ................................................... . [1] (iii) The movement of substances in and out of a cell is controlled by the ......................................................................... . [1] (b) Many genes tell cells to make enzymes. Enzymes control different chemical processes in living things. Look at the list. diffusion photosynthesis protein synthesis respiration Write down one process that is not controlled by enzymes. Choose your answer from the list. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 109 69. This question is about the blood system. Dominic has cut his arm in an accident. He has gone to hospital because his arm is bleeding. The doctor tells him he is lucky he has not cut an artery. (a) A cut artery is more serious than a cut vein. Why is a cut artery more serious than a cut vein? Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Dominic’s arm stops bleeding before he has any treatment. What makes the bleeding stop? In your answer, include • • what part of the blood is involved what it does. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 110 70. This question is about plant growth. (a) Niamh is growing some bean seeds in glass jars. light light C light E B F A (i) D Look at the diagrams. Which three are the shoots? Choose from A, B, C, D, E and F. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 111 (b) The boxes show some uses of plant hormones and the effects of these hormones. Draw lines to join each use of hormone with the effect of the hormone. Draw only three lines. use of hormone effect of hormone used to grow new begonia plants from cuttings makes some plants grow very quickly and then die used to remove weeds from a lawn makes roots grow more quickly used after transporting green tomatoes from Spain makes fruit ripen quickly [2] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 112 71. This question is about growth. (a) Kate and Steve are twins. The graph shows how their mass changes as they grow. 70 Steve 60 Kate 50 mass in kilograms 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 age in years (i) For how many years was Kate heavier than Steve? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Between which ages was Steve growing at the fastest rate? ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 113 (b) (i) Kate and Steve’s dad planted a tree in the garden when they were born. As the tree has grown, its mass has changed in a different way from Kate and Steve’s masses. Draw a line on the graph to show how the mass of the tree has changed. It has not been trimmed and the growing conditions have been good. mass in kilograms 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 age in years [1] (ii) Growth involves cell division. Where in the tree does cell division mainly happen? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 114 72. (a) Harry grows apple trees. He has grown his apple trees from seeds. His trees are not genetically identical. Describe one advantage of Harry’s apple trees not being genetically identical. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Harry’s friend Ed grows cauliflower plants by tissue culture. The new cauliflower plants are genetically identical. Describe how to grow new cauliflower plants by tissue culture. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 115 73. This question is about genes. (a) Many genes tell cells to make enzymes. Enzymes control different chemical processes in living things. Look at the list. diffusion photosynthesis protein synthesis respiration Write down one process that is not controlled by enzymes. Choose your answer from the list. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (b) (i) Genes are made from DNA. The diagram shows DNA copying itself (replication) by ‘unzipping’ to form two new double strands. Complete the diagram. Write either A, C, G, or T in each A G T . T C A G T [2] Macmillan Academy 116 (ii) Look at the list. before cell division during cell division just after cell division When does DNA copy itself? Choose your answer from the list. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] 74. This question is about the blood system. John’s kidneys are not working properly. His blood system has to be connected to a kidney (dialysis) machine two or three times a week. The kidney machine does the job of John’s kidneys. It removes waste substances from John’s blood. The diagram shows how the kidney machine works. tube X carries blood containing waste to the kidney machine X Y waste passes out of tubes Y Z tube Z carries ‘clean’ blood back to his body Macmillan Academy 117 (a) Look at the diagram of the kidney machine. The tubes X, Y and Z do the same jobs as the kidneys’ blood vessels. Draw lines to join each tube with the vessel it does the same job as. Draw only three lines. tube blood vessel X artery Y vein Z capillary [2] (b) The blood from John’s arm contains waste substances. Which part of the blood contains waste substances? ........................................................................................................................ [1] (c) When a doctor checks on John, she listens to his heart beat. His heart is in the centre of his chest. However, she listens to the left side of John’s chest, where the heart beat is louder. Why is the heart beat louder on the left side? ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 118 75. This question is about plant growth. (a) The boxes show some uses of plant hormones and the effects of these hormones. Draw lines to join each use of hormone with the effect of the hormone. Draw only three lines. use of hormone effect of hormone used to grow new begonia plants from cuttings makes some plants grow very quickly and then die used to remove weeds from a lawn makes roots grow more quickly used after transporting green tomatoes from Spain makes fruit ripen quickly [2] (b) The diagram shows some cress seedlings growing inside a box. The box has a hole in one side to let in light. The seedlings start to grow towards the light because the plant hormone auxin collects on the shaded side of their shoots. light Macmillan Academy 119 The seedlings are then put on a motorised turntable which turns around slowly once every hour. The diagram below shows the seedlings when the motor is first switched on. light (i) In which direction will the seedlings grow now? ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] 76. (a) The diagram shows a sperm cell and an egg cell. sperm cells (drawn to scale) sperm cell (not to scale) Macmillan Academy egg cell 120 (i) Look at the diagrams. Describe one way that you can see that the sperm cell is different from the egg cell. Explain how this difference helps the sperm cell do its job. how the sperm cell is different .............................................................. ............................................................................................................... how this helps the sperm cell ............................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Lots of sperm cells are produced at the same time. Explain why. ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Kangaroos have 12 chromosomes in each skin cell. How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell from a kangaroo? ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 121 77. (a) Mary is investigating how cress seedlings grow. cress seedlings She wants to do an experiment to find out if cress seedlings grow towards light. Describe how she should do her experiment. In your answer, include • how to set up the equipment • what to look for • how to make it a fair test. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [3] Macmillan Academy 122 (b) Mary finds out that cress seedlings do grow towards light. Look at the list. positive geotropism negative geotropism positive phototropism negative phototropism Which term describes the response of cress seedlings growing towards light? Choose your answer from the list. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] 78. (a) The table shows where different substances enter and leave the blood in humans. Complete the table. substance where substance enters the blood where substance leaves the blood oxygen .................................................... body tissues ............................................ body tissues lungs digested food .................................................... body tissues [3] Macmillan Academy 123 (b) Substances such as oxygen can enter and leave cells by diffusion. Look at the diagrams of five cells. The dots show the concentration of oxygen. A B D C E Which diagram shows the diffusion of oxygen? Choose A, B, C, D or E. ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 124 79. (a) The boxes show some parts of cells and their functions. Draw a straight line to join each part of the cell with the correct function. Draw only three lines. part of the cell function cytoplasm carries genes membrane controls movement of substances in and out of cell nucleus where many chemical reactions happen [2] (b) Many chemical reactions in cells are controlled by enzymes. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Clare is investigating how pH affects the time it takes for amylase to break down starch. The table shows her results. Macmillan Academy pH time taken to break down starch in minutes 2 8.0 4 6.0 6 4.2 8 3.5 10 4.0 125 (i) Plot the results on the grid below. Finish the graph by drawing the best line. 8 7 6 5 time taken to break down starch 4 in minutes 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 pH 6 7 8 9 10 [2] (ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH of amylase? ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 5 marks] Macmillan Academy 126 80. (a) Owen is a farmer. He has a herd of dairy cows. The list shows features of some of his cows. A B C D E aggressive behaviour brown coat colour high milk production large horns resistance to disease Owen wants to improve his herd by selective breeding. Which two features should he select for? Choose two letters from the list. ...................................................... and ......................................................... [2] Macmillan Academy 127 (b) Owen also grows apples to sell. His apples are large and taste sweet. However, there are not many apples on each tree. There are some wild apples growing near his farm. The wild apples are small and taste sour. Each wild apple tree produces lots of apples. Owen’s apples wild apples Owen thinks that if he breeds his apple trees with the wild apple trees he will only get apple trees that produce lots of large, sweet apples. Will he only get apple trees that produce lots of large, sweet apples? ..................................... Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 3 marks] 81. This question is about cells. (a) (i) Kangaroos have 12 chromosomes in each skin cell. How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell from a kangaroo? ................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 128 (ii) How many chromosomes are in a kidney cell from a kangaroo? ................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Look at the diagrams of cell division. cells genetically identical cells not genetically identical cells genetically identical cells not genetically identical A B C D (i) Which diagram describes meiosis? Choose A, B, C or D. ................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Which diagram describes mitosis? Choose A, B, C or D. ................................................................................................................ [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 129 82. Mary is investigating how cress seedlings grow. Sun window Macmillan Academy 130 (a) She finds out that cress seedlings grow towards light. Look at the list. positive geotropism negative geotropism positive phototropism negative phototropism Which term describes the response of cress seedlings growing towards light? Choose your answer from the list. ......................................................................................................................... [1] (b) What causes cress seedlings to grow towards light? In your answer, include • the plant hormone involved • what the hormone does. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... [3] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 131 83. (a) Substances such as oxygen can enter and leave cells by diffusion. Look at the diagrams of five cells. The dots show the concentration of oxygen. A B C D E Which diagram shows the diffusion of oxygen? Choose A, B, C, D or E. ......................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The diagrams show air sacs from the lungs of three different people. blood capillaries Ed (i) John Alan What is the scientific name for the air sacs in lungs? ................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 132 (ii) Look at the diagrams. Ed has the greatest rate of diffusion of oxygen into his blood. Describe two reasons why. 1 ............................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 4 marks] 84. (a) Many chemical reactions in cells are controlled by enzymes. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Clare is investigating how pH affects the time it takes for amylase to break down starch. The table shows her results. Macmillan Academy pH time taken to break down starch in minutes 2 8.0 4 6.0 6 4.2 8 3.5 10 4.0 133 (i) Plot the results on the grid below. Finish the graph by drawing the best line. 8 7 6 5 time taken to break down starch 4 in minutes 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 pH 6 7 8 9 10 [2] (ii) Look at the graph. What is the optimum pH of amylase? ................................................................................................................ [1] (b) Amylase takes much longer to break down starch at pH 12. Suggest why. ......................................................................................................................... [1] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 134 85. (a) Natasha is a dog breeder. She breeds racing dogs called greyhounds. Over the next few years, she wants to produce better racing dogs by selective breeding. The first stage is to breed her fastest female dog with a fast male dog. Describe the next stages. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Natasha makes sure that the dogs she breeds together do not have the same parents. Explain why. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... [2] [Total 4 marks] Macmillan Academy 135 86. (a) Janet’s class is investigating the directions that roots and shoots grow. They grow bean seeds in jam jars. They put the beans in different positions. They let them grow on a window sill for a few days. These are their results. Describe these results. Explain why the shoots and roots grow in these directions. Shoots ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ Roots ............................................................................................................ [4] Macmillan Academy 136 (b) Many of the tomatoes we eat are imported from other countries. They are often picked while they are still green and unripe. Later they are ripened before they are sold. (i) Suggest why tomatoes are transported while they are unripe. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) How can tomatoes be ripened quickly before they are sold? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] 87. The diagram shows a human heart. (a) Describe the main job of the heart. ........................................................................................................................ [1] Macmillan Academy 137 (b) It is important that part E works properly. Explain what will happen if it does not work properly. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] (c) Which blood vessels are arteries? Choose from A, B, C or D. ........................................................................................................................ [1] (d) (i) Blood vessels carry blood round the body. Write down the name of a blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Some blood vessels allow materials to move in and out of the blood. Write down the name of the blood vessels that exchange materials with the tissues. ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 6 marks] Macmillan Academy 138 88. Amy uses a microscope to look at some muscle cells. Amy draws a diagram of what she can see. (a) Label the diagram. Choose the best words from this list. cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleus [3] (b) Finish the table by writing in the name of the cell part next to the job it does. Job Name of cell part Controls what the cell does and contains genetic information Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell The place where chemical reactions take place; contains enzymes to speed up these reactions [3] Macmillan Academy 139 (c) Give two reasons why muscle cells need protein. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ [2] [Total 8 marks] 89. (a) Many of the tomatoes we eat are imported from other countries. They are often picked while they are still green and unripe. Later they are ripened before they are sold. (i) Suggest why tomatoes are transported while they are unripe. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) How can tomatoes be ripened quickly before they are sold? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (b) Pat and Janet did an experiment with cress. They grew cress seeds next to a lamp. Look at their results. lamp lamp cress seedlings cress seeds at the start Macmillan Academy after 5 days 140 The seedlings grew towards the light. Explain why. Answer as fully as you can. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... [4] [Total 6 marks] 90. The diagram shows a human heart. (a) Explain why vessels B and C are arteries. .......................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Look at the diagram. Why does the right ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right atrium? .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... [1] (c) It is important that part E works properly. Macmillan Academy 141 Explain what will happen if it does not work properly. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Some animal hearts do not have two ventricles Fish have only one ventricle. Explain the advantage of having two ventricles. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... [2] [Total 6 marks] 91. This question is about growth. (a) Describe two differences between animal and plant growth. Difference One ............................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ Difference Two ............................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ [2] Macmillan Academy 142 (b) The table shows some information about the growth of a bean plant. A bean seed was given water and allowed to germinate. Time in weeks from planting bean seed Weight in grams 0 3.1 0.5 4.9 1.0 2.6 1.5 5.1 2.0 10.0 2.5 20.6 3.0 41.5 4.0 64.7 5.0 86.1 6.0 101.3 7.0 110.0 8.0 128.4 9.0 131.1 10 134.9 11 135.1 12 136.5 13 137.6 14 138.4 15 139.8 Look at the table. (i) During what period did the seed lose dry weight? Between week ........................................................................... and week ........................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why this happened. ............................................................................................................... [1] Macmillan Academy 143 (iii) Explain what is happening in the plant between weeks10 and 15? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [2] (c) New plants can also be grown by taking cuttings. original plant plants grown from cuttings The new plants are clones. (i) What is a clone? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain why cloning plants is easier than cloning animals. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... [1] [Total 8 marks] Macmillan Academy 144
