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Depression Background: 1. A type of mood disorder (includes: depressive, bipolar, and secondary to general medical condition (GMC)) 2. Must distinguish between normal sadness i.e. bereavement 3. Prevalence rate of 3 to 5% in general population in Canada 4. Runs a chronic or recurrent course with high risk of mortality and morbidity 5. Neurotransmitter dysfunction at level of synapse (decreased activity of serotonin, norepinepherine, dopamine) 6. Mean onset ~30 year, M:F 1:2 History: Depression: MSIGECAPS M: Depressed Mood S: Increase/decreased Sleep I: Decreased Interest G: Guilt E: Decreased Energy C: decreased Concentration A: Increased/decreased Appetite P: Psychomotor retardation S: Suicidal ideation Mania: GST PAID G: Grandiosity S: Sleep, decrease need T: Talkative P: Pleasure and pain A: Activity I: Inattention D: Distractibility Psychotic features: up to 20% of MDD patients can exhibit psychotic features of hallucination or delusions Medical Workup for Mood Disorder: Routine screening Physical examination (to rule out general medical condition) CBC-d, electrolytes, liver panel, glucose, urea, creatinine, folate (metabolic disturbance), Vit B12 Thyroid function test Electrolytes Urinalysis, urine drug screen ECG Ethanol level (intoxication or withdrawal) Major Depressive D/O 1. 5 (or more) symptoms that affect function for >2 weeks and represent a change in function. (See DSM IV) 2. Not due to physiological effects of a general medical condition or substance abuse Differential: Dysthymia, Bipolar Disorder, Substance Induced Mood Disorder Treatment: 1. Emergent: admit to hospital for high suicide risk or danger to self or others. May require certification. 2. Treatment Options: a) Medication (SSRI, SNRI, Bupropion, Mirtazipine, TCA, and MAOI) If patient is started on medication they must be monitored weekly for suicidal ideation for 4 to 6 weeks. Note: anxiety and depression often co-exist so treatment of depression can unmask anxiety disorder and unresponsive anxious patients should be screened for bi-polar b) Psychotherapy (interpersonal, cognitive, behavioural, supportive, psychodynamic) c) Social: Education, regular exercise program, establish therapeutic alliance 3. Follow up: close follow up for response and safety assessment 4. Referral: refer to psychiatry if treatment resistant, psychotic features, thought disorder or unsure of diagnosis.