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BODY SYSTEMS CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY • • • • • • • • • Neuron Impulse Gland Endocrine Gland Hormone Enzyme Alveoli Pathogen Antibody HOW IS THE BODY ORGANIZED? CHAPTER 4, LESSON 1 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cell – The smallest unit of life • Tissue – A group of the same type of cells working together doing the same job • Organ – A grouping of different tissues combined together into one structure to perform a main job in the body • Organ System – A group of organs working together to carry out a life process TISSUES & ORGANS • Tissue – A group of the same type of cells working together doing the same job • Organ – A grouping of different tissues combined together into one structure to perform a main job in the body ORGAN SYSTEMS • Organ System – A group of organs working together to carry out a life process CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • Transports oxygen, nutrients and cell wastes • Made up of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Breaks down foods into a form the body can use for energy • Made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Controls internal conditions, growth, development and reproduction • Made up of glands that secrete hormones: – Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenals, Pancreas, and Gonads IMMUNE SYSTEM • Defends the body against pathogens • Made up of white blood cells and the lymphatic system MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Allows body movement and movement of substances within the body • Made up of the muscles and tendons NERVOUS SYSTEM • Controls body movement, thought and behavior • Made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Produces sex cells and offspring • Consists of the gonads RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Provides the body with oxygen and removes wastes from the blood • Consists of the trachea and lungs SKELETAL SYSTEM • Provides body protection and support; interacts with muscles to allow movement • Made up of bones, ligaments and cartilage MOVEMENT CHAPTER 4, LESSON 2 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Support – Framework to keep body shape Protection – Cranium protects the brain, ribs protect your heart & lungs Movement – Muscles are attached to bones, when muscles contract the bones move Blood Production – Some bones have red bone marrow, this makes red cells, white cells & platelets for blood Storage Of Minerals – The bones store Calcium and Phosphorous BONE STRUCTURE • • • • • Periosteum Compact Bone Spongy Bone Marrow Cavity Cartilage – All layers of bones are made of living cells, and have a blood supply MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION • Supports the skeleton • Aids in movement • Controls vital processes such as breathing and heartbeat MUSCLE CELL TYPES • Skeletal Muscle – Connects to bones to aid in movement • Cardiac Muscle – Found only in the heart • Smooth Muscle – Found lining organs and blood vessels MUSCLE FUNCTION • Voluntary muscles – Muscles that contract (move) only when you want them to • Skeletal Muscle • Involuntary muscles – Muscles contract (move) on their own • Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle MOVEMENT • Skeletal muscles attach to bones – The tissue that attaches them is called a tendon • When we move a joint, one group of muscles contracts, while the opposite muscle group relaxes CONTROL CHAPTER 4, LESSON 3 OVERVIEW • Your nervous and endocrine systems extend out to all parts of the body. • They communicate with and control all body systems NERVOUS SYSTEM • The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli • It is composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves PARTS OF THE BRAIN • • • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain – Interprets information that the senses gather, controls movement, thinking and language Cerebellum: Back of the brain – Coordinates muscle movement • “Muscle memory” Brain Stem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord – Controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and digestion NERVES • Neurons: Nerve cells • Dendrites: Carry messages from the environment or other neurons toward the cell body • Axons: The long fiber that carries messages away from the cell body to the next neuron • R EFLEXES Reflexes occur in the spinal cord, and are not controlled by the brain • The patellar tendon is hit, causing it to stretch • The body responds by making your leg kick • All this information is sent to the brain afterward, but the actual reflex response is controlled by the spinal cord, not the brain – Examples – Sneezing, coughing, blinking, pulling away from a painful stimulus THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • The endocrine system helps balance your body’s processes such as growth and bloodsugar levels • These process are slow, and last a long time GLANDS & HORMONES • Endocrine Gland: An organ that produces and releases hormones into the blood • Hormone: Chemical messengers that target specific cells BIOFEEDBACK LOOP • Endocrine glands keep body substances in balance – The brain senses there is a lot of glucose in the blood – The brain tells the pancreas to release a hormone (insulin) to bring down the glucose level – When the glucose level gets too low, the brain tells the pancreas to release another hormone (glucagon) to raise the glucose level TRANSPORT CHAPTER 4, LESSON 4 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • The function of each organ of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells of the body THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION The Mouth • Begins mechanical and chemical digestion • Mechanical – Chewing food breaks it down to smaller pieces, increasing surface area • Chemical – Saliva contains enzymes THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION Esophagus • Brings food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis • Smooth muscle surrounding the esophagus contracts, forcing the food downward THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION Stomach • Mechanical and chemical digestion • Mechanical – Contractions churn and mix food • Chemical – Glands produce mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin – Mucus – Coats and protects the inner lining – Hydrochloric Acid – Helps pepsin work better – Pepsin – Breaks proteins down into smaller fragments THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION Small Intestine • Absorption of nutrients – Up until now, food has only been broken down chemically and mechanically – Villi are folds inside the small intestine, and have capillaries inside the folds THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION Large Intestine • Water absorption – Also called the colon – No digestion occurs here ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS Liver • Produces bile – Breaks down fats – Stored in the gall bladder THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION Pancreas • Gland that serves 3 functions – Produces insulin which regulates blood sugar levels – Produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats – Produces sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FUNCTION • The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood • The circulatory system’s function is to circulate the blood so that oxygen and nutrients can get to the body tissues, and waste products can be transported to their proper places THE HEART • The heart is a muscle that acts as a pump for the blood – When the heart contracts blood is forced out, and when it relaxes, blood enters • Separated into 4 chambers – Left and Right Atria – Top portions; blood enters – Left and Right Ventricles – Bottom two portions; blood is pumped out BLOOD VESSELS • Arteries: – Carry blood away from the heart – Carry oxygenated blood • Veins: – Carry blood to the heart – Carry de-oxygenated blood • Capillaries: – Smallest blood vessels – Diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products occur here – One cell thick BLOOD • Blood Plasma – The liquid part of the blood • Red Blood Cells – Shaped like discs with a dimple on each side – Carry oxygen to the rest of the body BLOOD • White Blood Cells – Have many different shapes and sizes – Protect the body by eating germs such as viruses and bacteria BLOOD • Platelets – Not complete cells – Form blood clots THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • The immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens. It consists of nonspecific defenses and specific defenses • Pathogen: A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES • The skin is the body’s most important nonspecific defense – The skin provides a barrier that keeps most pathogens out – Oil and sweat glands produce an acidic environment that kills many bacteria • Secretions such as mucus, saliva, sweat and tears contain lysozyme – Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down cell walls of many bacteria – Mucus in the nose and lungs trap bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES • • • • • • • Immune response: Specific defenses that attack pathogens Antigen: Substance that triggers an immune response Antibody: Protein that helps destroy pathogens – Antibodies are shaped like the letter Y and have 2 identical antigen binding sites Pathogens are covered with antigens Antibodies attach to the antigens and begin to clump the pathogens together This attracts white blood cells, which engulf and destroy the pathogens The body remembers the pathogen and continues to make antibodies specific to it, thereby speeding up the response in the future