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NUTRITION & THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - - Answers 1. the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy 2. Any 3 of: body size (larger, higher); physical activity (more active, higher); sex (males higher); age (older, lower); hereditary factors (higher or lower) 3. ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion 4. amylase; starts digestion of starch 5. -cells in the alimentary call can be organized into highly specialized organs for digestion -more efficient at digesting foods & absorbing nutrients 6. bolus; chyme 7. -mouth: teeth chew food -stomach: muscles contract frequently to break apart food -small intestine: bile emulsifies fat 8. peristalsis (rhythmic contractions of muscles) 9. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins & minerals 10. villi & microvilli 11. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus 12. liver, pancreas, gall bladder, salivary glands... 13. sphincters (gastroesophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter) 14. mucus: protects the lining of the stomach from acid & enzymes hydrocholoric acid: kills pathogens, activates pepsinogen pepsinogen: when activated, digests proteins 15. a lesion or open sore in the lining of the stomach; usually caused by a species of bacteria 16. the abdominal muscles & the diaphragm 17. bicarbonate ions 18. -prosecretin (is converted into secretin and signals the pancreas) -enterokinase (converts trypsinogen to trypsin) -erepsins (protein-digesting enzymes) -bicarbonate ions -pancreatic lipases (break down fats) 19. 2.5 cm in diameter * up to 7 metres long duodenum is about 25-30 cm long 20. jejunum & ileum; absorption of nutrients occurs here 21. bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder