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BODY SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 4
VOCABULARY
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Neuron
Impulse
Gland
Endocrine Gland
Hormone
Enzyme
Alveoli
Pathogen
Antibody
HOW IS THE BODY ORGANIZED?
CHAPTER 4, LESSON 1
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Cell – The smallest unit of life
• Tissue – A group of the same type of cells working
together doing the same job
• Organ – A grouping of different tissues combined
together into one structure to perform a main job in
the body
• Organ System – A group of organs working together
to carry out a life process
TISSUES & ORGANS
• Tissue – A group of the
same type of cells
working together doing
the same job
• Organ – A grouping of
different tissues
combined together into
one structure to perform
a main job in the body
ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Organ System –
A group of
organs working
together to carry
out a life process
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Transports oxygen,
nutrients and cell wastes
• Made up of the heart,
arteries, veins, capillaries
and blood
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Breaks down foods into
a form the body can use
for energy
• Made up of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach,
liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, small intestine
and large intestine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Controls internal
conditions, growth,
development and
reproduction
• Made up of glands that
secrete hormones:
– Pituitary, Thyroid,
Parathyroids, Adrenals,
Pancreas, and Gonads
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Defends the body
against pathogens
• Made up of white
blood cells and the
lymphatic system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Allows body
movement and
movement of
substances within the
body
• Made up of the
muscles and tendons
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Controls body
movement, thought
and behavior
• Made up of the brain,
spinal cord and
nerves
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Produces sex cells
and offspring
• Consists of the
gonads
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Provides the body
with oxygen and
removes wastes from
the blood
• Consists of the
trachea and lungs
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Provides body
protection and support;
interacts with muscles
to allow movement
• Made up of bones,
ligaments and cartilage
MOVEMENT
CHAPTER 4, LESSON 2
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Support – Framework to keep body shape
Protection – Cranium protects the brain, ribs protect your heart & lungs
Movement – Muscles are attached to bones, when muscles contract the
bones move
Blood Production – Some bones have red bone marrow, this makes red
cells, white cells & platelets for blood
Storage Of Minerals – The bones store Calcium and Phosphorous
BONE STRUCTURE
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Periosteum
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Marrow Cavity
Cartilage
– All layers of bones
are made of living
cells, and have a
blood supply
MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION
• Supports the skeleton
• Aids in movement
• Controls vital
processes such as
breathing and heartbeat
MUSCLE CELL TYPES
• Skeletal Muscle –
Connects to bones to aid
in movement
• Cardiac Muscle – Found
only in the heart
• Smooth Muscle – Found
lining organs and blood
vessels
MUSCLE FUNCTION
• Voluntary muscles
– Muscles that contract (move) only when you
want them to
• Skeletal Muscle
• Involuntary muscles
– Muscles contract (move) on their own
• Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
MOVEMENT
• Skeletal muscles attach to
bones
– The tissue that attaches
them is called a tendon
• When we move a joint,
one group of muscles
contracts, while the
opposite muscle group
relaxes
CONTROL
CHAPTER 4, LESSON 3
OVERVIEW
• Your nervous and
endocrine systems
extend out to all
parts of the body.
• They communicate
with and control all
body systems
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system controls
and coordinates functions
throughout the body and
responds to internal and
external stimuli
• It is composed of the brain,
spinal cord and nerves
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain
– Interprets information that the senses
gather, controls movement, thinking
and language
Cerebellum: Back of the brain
– Coordinates muscle movement
• “Muscle memory”
Brain Stem: Connects the brain to the
spinal cord
– Controls blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing and digestion
NERVES
• Neurons: Nerve cells
• Dendrites: Carry messages
from the environment or other
neurons toward the cell body
• Axons: The long fiber that
carries messages away from
the cell body to the next
neuron
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R
EFLEXES
Reflexes occur in the spinal cord,
and are not controlled by the brain
• The patellar tendon is hit, causing
it to stretch
• The body responds by making your
leg kick
• All this information is sent to the
brain afterward, but the actual
reflex response is controlled by the
spinal cord, not the brain
– Examples – Sneezing,
coughing, blinking, pulling
away from a painful stimulus
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The endocrine system
helps balance your
body’s processes such
as growth and bloodsugar levels
• These process are slow,
and last a long time
GLANDS & HORMONES
• Endocrine Gland: An
organ that produces and
releases hormones into
the blood
• Hormone: Chemical
messengers that target
specific cells
BIOFEEDBACK LOOP
• Endocrine glands keep body
substances in balance
– The brain senses there is a lot
of glucose in the blood
– The brain tells the pancreas to
release a hormone (insulin) to
bring down the glucose level
– When the glucose level gets
too low, the brain tells the
pancreas to release another
hormone (glucagon) to raise
the glucose level
TRANSPORT
CHAPTER 4, LESSON 4
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• The function of each organ of the digestive
system is to help convert foods into simpler
molecules that can be absorbed and used by
cells of the body
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
The Mouth
• Begins mechanical and
chemical digestion
• Mechanical – Chewing food
breaks it down to smaller
pieces, increasing surface
area
• Chemical – Saliva contains
enzymes
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Esophagus
• Brings food from the mouth
to the stomach through
peristalsis
• Smooth muscle surrounding
the esophagus contracts,
forcing the food downward
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Stomach
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Mechanical and chemical digestion
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Mechanical – Contractions churn and
mix food
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Chemical – Glands produce mucus,
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
– Mucus – Coats and protects the
inner lining
– Hydrochloric Acid – Helps pepsin
work better
– Pepsin – Breaks proteins down into
smaller fragments
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Small Intestine
• Absorption of nutrients
– Up until now, food has only
been broken down
chemically and
mechanically
– Villi are folds inside the
small intestine, and have
capillaries inside the folds
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Large Intestine
• Water absorption
– Also called the colon
– No digestion occurs
here
ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Liver
• Produces bile
– Breaks down fats
– Stored in the gall
bladder
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION
Pancreas
• Gland that serves 3 functions
– Produces insulin which
regulates blood sugar levels
– Produces enzymes that break
down carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats
– Produces sodium
bicarbonate, which
neutralizes stomach acid
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTION
• The human circulatory system consists of the heart,
blood vessels, and the blood
• The circulatory system’s function is to circulate the
blood so that oxygen and nutrients can get to the body
tissues, and waste products can be transported to their
proper places
THE HEART
• The heart is a muscle that acts as
a pump for the blood
– When the heart contracts
blood is forced out, and when
it relaxes, blood enters
• Separated into 4 chambers
– Left and Right Atria – Top
portions; blood enters
– Left and Right Ventricles –
Bottom two portions; blood is
pumped out
BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries:
– Carry blood away from the heart
– Carry oxygenated blood
• Veins:
– Carry blood to the heart
– Carry de-oxygenated blood
• Capillaries:
– Smallest blood vessels
– Diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide
and waste products occur here
– One cell thick
BLOOD
• Blood Plasma
– The liquid part of the
blood
• Red Blood Cells
– Shaped like discs with a
dimple on each side
– Carry oxygen to the rest
of the body
BLOOD
• White Blood Cells
– Have many different
shapes and sizes
– Protect the body by
eating germs such as
viruses and bacteria
BLOOD
• Platelets
– Not complete cells
– Form blood clots
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• The immune system is the body’s primary
defense against pathogens. It consists of
nonspecific defenses and specific defenses
• Pathogen: A bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can cause disease
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
• The skin is the body’s most important nonspecific defense
– The skin provides a barrier that keeps most pathogens out
– Oil and sweat glands produce an acidic environment that kills
many bacteria
• Secretions such as mucus, saliva, sweat and tears contain
lysozyme
– Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down cell walls of many
bacteria
– Mucus in the nose and lungs trap bacteria
SPECIFIC DEFENSES
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Immune response: Specific defenses that attack
pathogens
Antigen: Substance that triggers an immune
response
Antibody: Protein that helps destroy pathogens
– Antibodies are shaped like the letter Y and
have 2 identical antigen binding sites
Pathogens are covered with antigens
Antibodies attach to the antigens and begin to
clump the pathogens together
This attracts white blood cells, which engulf and
destroy the pathogens
The body remembers the pathogen and
continues to make antibodies specific to it,
thereby speeding up the response in the future