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Transcript
ROMAN CIVILIZATION In addition to Greece, a significant classical civilization was ancient Rome Its history from 500 B.C.- 600 A.D is known as the Classical Era. Impact of Geography on Rome: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Rome The Geography of Rome Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea The Romans were influenced by the Greeks & neighboring Etruscans The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman religion was polytheistic & based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed) The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman writing was called Latin & was based on Greek writing The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman architecture borrowed heavily from Greek styles Like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a forum for markets & public gatherings The Culture of Ancient Rome Society was divided among 3 major groups: At the top were the nobles, called patricians, who controlled most of the land & held key military & gov’t positions (made up 5% of Roman citizens) The Life of the Patricians The Culture of Ancient Rome Society was divided among 3 major groups: Most people were commoners, called plebeians, who were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants; Plebeians paid the majority of taxes (made up 95% of Roman citizens) The Life of the Plebeians The Culture of Ancient Rome Society was divided among 3 major groups: At the bottom of society were slaves & other non-Roman citizens Based upon this image, what was Roman government like? The Government of Ancient Rome Rome was originally ruled by kings, but in 509 B.C. the Romans created a republic A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect representatives who make laws for them. The most important feature of the republic was the Senate, whose 300 members were elected by citizens to make laws & taxes The Government of Ancient Rome In 451 B.C., government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law The Roman Military Rome was protected by an advanced army that was divided into groups of 5,000 soldiers called legions Each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men called a century By the 3rd century B.C., the Romans conquered the Italian peninsula & began to exert power in the Mediterranean world But, the growth of Rome threatened Carthage, the superpower of the Mediterranean world Expansion/growth was necessary because As Roman population continued to grow, Rome needed more land In a series of battles known as the Punic Wars, Rome defeated Carthage & began the dominant power in the Mediterranean After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories in Northern Europe & gained great wealth One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a politician named Julius Caesa Problems for the Roman Republic • Rome’s expansion brought wealth, but also created problems: • The addition of new lands & sources of slave labor increased the gap between the rich & poor • Generals who controlled the armies became more powerful than the politicians in the Senate • Struggles for power led to a series of civil wars in Rome The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named dictator in 46 B.C. A dictator is ruler who He initiated a series of heads the reforms that offered Roman military and citizenship to conquered controls with people & created new jobs total authority Many Senators feared Caesar’s popularity & power as dictator of Rome In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavian & his best general, Marc Antony End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire • Caesar’s death changed Rome: • People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began The Rise of the Roman Empire Octavian emerged as the unchallenged leader of Rome, was given the title Augustus (“Exalted One”), & became Rome’s first emperor Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the Senate still met but the emperor had all the real power The Pax Romana Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, & expansion known as the Pax Romana (“the Roman Peace”) from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. Pax Romana During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its height & brought great wealth to Rome The Pax Romana became the “golden age” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built roads & a merit-based bureaucracy to rule the empire Roman aqueducts brought water to cities Roman architects used new styles like domes & concrete to beautify cities Emperors built arenas & used chariot races, gladiator events, & theater to entertain the poor The Roman Coliseum Conclusions • Rome expanded from a city, to a republic, to an empire • The era of the Roman Republic introduced representative democracy • The era of the Roman Empire sparked the Pax Romana & the “golden age” of Roman innovation & culture THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Rome built great stuff • Rome built great roads to travel on and aqueducts to bring water into the city. • Rome also built great stadiums and amphitheaters for the entertainment of the people. • Romans also developed the use of the arch. Rome was a Republic • A republic is a form of government where people elect representatives. • The United States has a representative government. We learned about this form of government from the Romans. The Senate • The Senate led the Roman Empire. • They made the laws for the republic. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Rome’s women got shafted • Rome might have had representative government, but not all people were represented. • Roman women were not allowed to vote. Roman Citizenship • Romans had a strong sense of citizenship. • Roman citizens were protected by Rome, but had a duty to participate in society and to make it better. • The philosophy that preached good citizenship was called Stoicism. • Stoicism stressed the importance of being a good citizen. Roman Law and Rights • Roman laws stressed fairness and common sense. • There was equal treatment under the law in Rome and people were considered innocent until proved guilty when accused of a crime. • We took much of our system of government from the Romans. Roman Art • Mosaics were popular in Rome. A mosaic is a picture made out of small, colored tiles or pieces of glass. • The Romans also made great statues that looked like the real thing, even though they were made from stone. Rome’s first emperor • Octavian is Rome’s first emperor. • He took the name Augustus Caesar. • Under his rule, Rome expanded and enjoyed a period of peace. Pax Romana • Rome lived in peace for 200 years. • It was called the Pax Romana, the Peace of Rome. Unfortunately for Rome, the peace would not last. Rome grew weak • Rome grew weak because it had grown too large. • Another reason Rome grew weak is that they had tax problems and couldn’t raise enough money to keep the roads from crumbling. • Slavery was also a problem in the empire. With so many slaves, the people did not need to work. • Internal problems that helped Rome’s downfall were corrupt generals, civil wars, and economic problems. Barbarians at the gates • Romans called the people who destroyed Rome Barbarians. • Romans called anyone who didn’t speak Greek, even though the word barbarian actually means uncivilized, lacking in culture and violent. • The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD. • The eastern part of the empire would survive. Byzantium • The eastern part of the Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium. Constantinople • Constantinople was named for emperor Constantine. • Constantine was important because he legalized Christianity in the empire. • Under Constantine’s rule, Christianity spread greatly. • He moved the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople. Constantinople grows • Constantinople became a leading center of trade. • Trade helped the Byzantine Empire grow rich. Justinian • Justinian was the greatest of the Byzantine emperors. • Justinian made many changes in the laws. • His laws were called The Code of Justinian. • Justinian also built many churches throughout the empire. Disagreements between east and west • Most of the people in the Byzantine Empire were Christian, but the people in the west and the people in the east disagreed about how to worship God. • This led to a split in the Catholic Church. It was called a schism. • A schism is a split. The Roman Catholic Church had a schism, splitting in half. Two churches • The church in the east was called Eastern Orthodox. • The church in the west was called Roman Catholic. Patriarch • The leader of the church in Constantinople was called the Patriarch. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Pope • The leader of the church in Rome was called the Pope. Constantinople is captured • The split in the church weakened the Byzantine Empire. • In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire came to an end. The Byzantine Empire preserves great stuff • The Byzantine Empire preserved the art and literature of the Greeks and Romans. • Without the Byzantine, the world may have lost great treasures of the past.