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Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior Unit 12 - Overview • Introduction to Psychological Disorders • Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders • Mood Disorders • Schizophrenia • Other Disorders Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders Introduction • How should we define psychological disorders? • How should we understand disorders? • How should we classify psychological disorders? Defining Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders • Psychological disorders –Disturbed behavior –Dysfunctional behavior –Maladaptive behavior • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Understanding Psychological Disorders Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model • Philippe Pinel • Medical model –Mental illness (psychopathology) Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach • Interaction of nature and nurture • Influence of culture on disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –DSM-5 • Diagnostic labels • Criticisms of the DSM Labeling Psychological Disorders Labeling Psychological Disorders • Rosenhan’s study • Power of labels –Preconception can stigmatize • Stereotypes of the mentally ill • Insanity Rates of Psychological Disorders Rates of Psychological Disorders Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorder –Generalized anxiety disorder –Panic disorders –Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder –2/3 women –Continual worry, jittery, agitated and deprived –Free floating anxiety sleep Panic Disorder Panic Disorder • Panic disorder –Panic attacks Phobias Specific Phobia • Phobias –Specific phobia –Social anxiety disorder –Agoraphobia Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessive-compulsive disorder –An obsession versus a compulsion –Checkers –Hand washers Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Trauma Stressor and Related Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • Post-traumatic stress disorder –PTSD –“shellshock” or “battle fatigue” –Not just due to a war situation • Post-traumatic growth Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Learning Perspective • Classical and operant conditioning –Stimulus generalization –Reinforcement • Observational learning • Cognition Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Biological Perspective • Natural selection • Genes –Anxiety gene –Glutamate • The Brain –Anterior cingulate cortex Module 67: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder • Major depressive disorder – Problems regulating appetite – Problems regulating sleep – Low energy – Low self-esteem – Difficulty concentrating and making decisions – Feelings of hopelessness • Persistent depressive disorder Bipolar and Related Disorders Bipolar Disorder • Bipolar Disorder –Mania (manic) • Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc. –Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder –Bipolar disorder and creativity Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders • Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression • Depression is widespread • Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s • Most major depressive episodes self-terminate • Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often proceed depression • With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective • Genetic Influences –Mood disorders run in families • Heritability • Linkage analysis • The depressed brain • Biochemical influences –Norepinephrine and serotonin Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective • Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact –Self-defeating beliefs • Learned helplessness • Rumination –Explanatory style • Stable, global, internal explanations –Cause versus indictor of depression? Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle Module 68: Schizophrenia Spectrum Symptoms of Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia (split mind) –Not multiple personalities –Psychosis (psychotic disorder) Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking and Disturbed Perceptions • Disorganized thinking –Delusions • Delusions of persecution (paranoid) –Word Salad –Hallucinations –Breakdown in selective attention Symptoms of Schizophrenia Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions • Inappropriate Emotions –Flat affect • Inappropriate Actions –Catatonia –Disruptive social behavior Onset and Development of Schizophrenia Onset and Development of Schizophrenia • • • • • Statistics on schizophrenia Onset of the disease Positive versus negative symptoms Chronic (process) schizophrenia Acute (reactive) schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Dopamine Overactivity • Dopamine Overactivity –Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor –Dopamine blocking drugs • Glutamate Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy • Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy –Frontal lobe and core brain activity –Fluid filled areas of the brain Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy • Maternal Virus During Pregnancy –Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia –Influence of the flu during pregnancy Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors • Genetic predisposition • Twin studies Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors • Possible warning signs – Mother severely schizophrenic – Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation) – Separation from parents – Short attention span – Disruptive or withdrawn behavior – Emotional unpredictability – Poor peer relations and solo play Module 69: Other Disorders Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders • Somatic symptom disorder –Somatic (body) –Conversion disorder • Functional neurological symptom disorder –Illness anxiety disorder • Hypochondriasis Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders –Fugue state –Dissociate (become separated) Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder • Dissociative identity disorder (DID) –Multiple personality disorder Dissociative Disorders Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder • • • • Genuine disorder or not? DID rates Therapist’s creation Differences are too great • DID and other disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders • Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosa –Binge -eating disorder Personality Disorders Personality Disorders • Personality disorders –Cluster A • Schizoid personality disorder –Cluster B • Histrionic personality disorder • Narcissistic personality disorder • Antisocial personality disorder –Cluster C • Avoidant personality disorder Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder • Antisocial personality disorder –Sociopath or psychopath • Understanding antisocial personality disorder