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DNA & Protein Synthesis Notes
2.
Name___________________________assign.#______
UNIT GOALS:
– Distinguish between ________ and __________.
– Explain the role of DNA in ___________________ and ____________________ cellular information.
– Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of __________ __________ including
– alterations during replication, insertions, deletions, substitutions, mutagenic factors, radiation, chemicals.
– Examine the use of DNA _______________ in forensics, medicine and agriculture.
DNA
4.
Location
Function
5.-9.
Person/persons
Time Period
Conclusions / What we learned from them
Fredrick Griffith
Oswald Avery
Rosalind Franklin &
Maurice Wilkins
Erwin Chargaff
Watson & Crick
13. STRUCTURE of DNA: 1- ________________ ____________ 2- ______________
A Nucleotide
_______________ 3- Held together by _______________ _____________. Made of
_______________ ______________________.
14. DNA is a ________________ ________________. Nucleic acids are made of
_____________________.
15. DNA is a long chain of _______________. There are ___ nucleotides.
Nucleotide
parts
1: _______________________
DNA molecule.
2: _______________________
3:________________________
16.
4 Bases
The sides of the ladder are made up of
______________ and __________________.
What is the sugar? ________________________
17. ___ always pairs with ___, & ___ always pairs
with ____. (Chargaff’s Rule)
18. Would thymine be able to pair up with guanine?
_______
20. The sequence of nucleotides forms the
__________ _______________ information of an
organism.
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DNA Replication
(Making Copies)
21 Before a cell divides it needs to ______________ ___ _____________ of its DNA.
22. DNA has the unique ability to make an _______ copy of itself in a process called ___________.
Chromosome Structure:
23. DNA is packed very ____________ in the _____________. Human nucleus has ____
meter of DNA! Smallest human chromosome has 30 _______________ base pairs.
24. A chromosome has DNA and protein-___________. Tiny sections of DNA are called
__________.
25. Before cell division, the DNA must be _____________________ exactly. Each strand
can be used to make __________ _______________ strand.
26. Many ________________ are involved.
27. -29.
Steps
1. The two parent strands are
unwound and unzipped with the
help of DNA ___________.
2. DNA polymerase attaches new
_________________ to the
parent strands
**Each new strand formed is a complement of one of the original, or parent, strands.
31. The replication of DNA is called _______-_______________________ replication. Because the parent
strand is used to _________ the two _______ strands.
The parent strands are unwound with the help of __________ _____________ (an enzyme).
It is unwound at the __________________________ bubble.
32. **When all of the DNA in the chromosomes of the cell have been copied by replication,
there are now ______ ___________ of the genetic information that will be ________ _____
to new cells during ______________ or to new generations through the process of
____________.
What’s the other side?
Enzymes involved in replication:
Why does the cell need to make copies
of the DNA?
34:
35.
Title:”___________________ ______________________”
Process called:
Process called:
31. Where are proteins made? _____________ Can the DNA leave the nucleus? _________
How does the “code” get to the ribosome? _______________________________________
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37.-47.
Protein Synthesis
Step 2: ________________________
Step 1: _______________________
Location:___________
Location:___________
 A _____________________ of the DNA is
made…the copy is called _________________
______ or mRNA.
 The mRNA ___________ ______ _________ to
the ribosome.
 During transcription the
DNA__________________ and RNA nucleotide are
______________ _____ with the DNA bases.
 The section that is copied is called a ___________.
 The gene contains the ____________for a protein.




Once the mRNA copy is made, it can _____ _____ the
ribosome to be to make a ____________ (translated)
To have the correct translation of the code, mRNA
__________ must join with the correct ______________
of the tRNA.
There are _______ amino acids.
_______ brings the amino acids to the ribosome.
o The three letter code on the mRNA is called a
______________.
o The three letter code on the tRNA that is matched
up with the mRNA is called an
____________________..
40. Compare and Contrast:
Transcription/ Translation Practice:
DNA
What is the correct Amino Acid Sequence?
RNA
DNA: A C G T A T C G A T C G T A C
# of Strands
Bases
DNA: T C C C G T A T G C T A G T C G T A
Sugar
Leave the nucleus?
48. Eukaryotic DNA processing:
Sometimes the DNA is cut up before it leaves the nucleus.

Exon - RNA sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mRNA

Intron - RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing
49. Answer:_____
#1 DNA
50. Answer:______
T A C
C G C
51. Answer:______
T C C
G C C
52. Answer:______
G T C
G A C
A A T
There are
________different
amino acids.
______ bases ______
for each amino acid.
A C C
A C T
mRNA
_____________________________________________________________________________
tRNA
_____________________________________________________________________________
AAs
_____________________________________________________________________________
#2 DNA
________________________________________________________________________________
mRNA
A U G
tRNA
________________________________________________________________________________
AAs
________________________________________________________________________________
A C U
A G C
U G G
G G G
U A U
U A C
U U U
U A G
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Mutations
•
•
Every so often genes do change.
A sudden change in the genetic code is
called a ___________.
•
Most mutations have little or no
___________ on the organism.
•
Mutations can be spontaneous or may be
caused by environmental factors called
________________.
Mutations in DNA usually occur through one of two processes:
1- DNA damage from environmental agents such as :
____________, ______________, ________________,
___________________ (ex: substances in tobacco products)
2- Errors that occur when a cell replicates its DNA in
preparation for cell division.
•
•
56.
______________
An enzyme may “fix” the wrong base.
Types of Mutations
1. _______ _______ ________________
 The substitution of one
amino acid for another
during protein synthesis.
 Can be harmless or it change
the entire protein.
 Ex: _______-________
anemia
2. _________________ mutation
 _____________ or
_______________
 When one or more base
pairs are __________
into a DNA molecule or
__________ from it.
 Causes a reading frame
shift during
_____________.
DNA Technology
61. Forensics: DNA fingerprinting is used to __________________ people through a process
known as DNA fingerprinting.
63. Gel electrophoresis: Scientist ____________ up DNA into ____________ using enzymes.
They load the pieces into a ____________ and run electricity through the _______. The
pieces of DNA move to the other end of the gel. The smaller pieces move farther. The gel
is then __________________ to a known sample.
66. Medicine: Researchers use recombinant DNA technology to analyze genetic changes.

They cut, splice together, and insert the modified DNA molecules from different
species into bacteria or another type of cell that rapidly replicates and divides.

The cells copy the foreign DNA right along with their own DNA.

An example of this is the gene for ___________ ______________ inserted into a
bacterium. This is how human insulin is mass produced.
68. Agriculture:

Sheep are used in the production of alpha-1 antitrypsin, which is used in the treatment of
emphysema.
• Goats are also producing the CFTR protein used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
• The buds of ____________plants are vulnerable to worm attacks. The buds of a modified cotton plant resist these
____________, resulting in increased cotton production.
• These gene insertions are ecologically ____________ than
pesticides. They affect only the _______________ pest.
Cloning
• Plant biologists have used DNA technology to produce plants with
many _____________ _________. These include increased
disease resistance, herbicide resistance, and increased nutritional
content.
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73. Scientists today have developed genetically ____________ __________.
Among them are strains of bacteria that
• eat up ________ ___________
• manufacture alcohol and other _____________
• process _______________.
 Make human ___________
There is ______________about possible ____________ to the environment and the general population as genetically
engineered bacteria are introduced.
DNA - The Double Helix
DNA & RNA COLORING
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The structure is a double helix, which
is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is
deoxyribose. Color all the phosphates pink (one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyriboses blue (one is
labeled with a "D") .
The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases The bases are known by their coded letters A, G, T,
C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine.
This is known as the "Base-Pair Rule
Color the thymines orange.
Color the adenines green.
Color the guanines purple.
Color the cytosines yellow.
Note that that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate.
The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. Color the hydrogen bonds gray.
Messenger RNA
So, now, we know the nucleus controls the cell's activities through the chemical DNA, but how? It is the sequence of
bases that determine which protein is to be made. The only problem is that the DNA is too big to go through the
nuclear pores. So a chemical is used read the DNA in the nucleus. That chemical is messenger RNA It takes the
"message" of the DNA to the ribosomes and "tells them" what proteins are to be made. Messenger RNA is similar to
DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has no thymine. Instead of thymine, mRNA contains the base Uracil. In
addition to that difference, mRNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid.
Color the mRNA as you did the DNA, except:
**Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown.
Color the images according
to the instructions
DNA - The Double Helix
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Online Biology Activities
Name__________________________________________________
Part I. DNA Workshop
Click “DNA Workshop”. Click “DNA Replication”
1) Match up the bases. What were the last three bases you had to put in the new strand? ___, ___, ___
Click Protein Synthesis
2) What is the 1st codon that you produced (start at the top) ___________________
Click OK
3) What are the 3 amino acids in the protein? _________________, _________________, _______________
Part II. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS VIRTUAL LAB
Go through the tutorial. Answer the questions as you go.
1. How can scientist sort and measure pieces of DNA?
2. What is the gel made of?
3. Where do you place the DNA?
4. What makes the DNA move?
5. Which strands move the quickest?
6. Why do we stain the DNA?
Now it’s your turn!
7. What was the purpose of putting the combs into the gel?
8. What is the purpose of the loading buffer?
9. What was the purpose of the size standard?
10. What do you think the charge on a DNA molecule is?
11. Why did you stain the gel?
12. What are the sizes of the 3 pieces of DNA that you ran? Look carefully! (“bp” stands for base pairs)
13. Give an example of the usefulness of gel electrophoresis.
14. What are restriction Enzymes?
Part III. Genetics Science Learning Center
What is DNA?
(http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/)
***Click on the link that says "Tour the Basics" ***Keep clicking “next”.
1. What does DNA stand for? __________________________________________________________________
2. Why is DNA called a blueprint? _______________________________________________________________
3. The "twisted ladder" shape of the DNA molecule is called a __________________________________________
4. Name the four bases found in a DNA molecule. ___________________________________________________
5. A DNA strand is made of ______________ which make up _______________ which make up sentences.
6. These “sentences” are called ________________________________________________________________
On the top bar click:
What is a Gene? Hint - Look at the navigation bar at the top, you'll need to click on "What is a Gene" to continue.
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7. What is a gene? __________________________________________________________________________
8. Blood cells use a protein called _______________________ to capture and carry oxygen.
9. When a gene is changed, it is said to be _______________________________________________________
10. A mutation in the hemoglobin gene cause what disorder? ___________________________________________
On the top bar click:
What is a Chromosome?
11. If you stretched the DNA from a cell out, how long would it be? _______________
12. How many chromosomes are in a human cell? ___________ in a mosquito? ________ a carp? _________
On the top bar click:
What is a protein?
13. How is a protein like a car engine? ____________________________
14. Receptor proteins are responsible for picking up ___________________
15. Each gene in DNA encodes information on how to make a _________________________
16. Once in the cytoplasm, the _______________ reads the message.
Part IV: Engineer a Crop – Transgenic Manipulation
***Read and answer the questions as you complete the animation.
1.
How do you create a transgenic plant?
2.
What does the gene from the bacterium Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) produce?
Click “Begin” – Follow the steps and read the information after each step to answer the questions.
1. What did you add to the vector?
2.
What is a vector?
3.
Once the bacterium is inside a plant cell, what is it capable of doing?
4.
Why did you put the bacterium in the growth medium?
5.
Why did you add small pieces of tomato plant leaves to the Argobacterium?
6.
Why did you move the plant cells to the growth medium?
7. What happens to the cells when you spray the herbicide on the leaf cuttings? Which cells are capable of growing as a
result of the herbicide?
8.
Why did you add the plant to the growth chamber?
9.
How did you test to see if the tomato plant was resistant?
VIDEO CLIPS ON WEBSITE:
RNA & DNA Manipulation
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1.
What is in the nucleus?
2. What is DNA responsible for?
3. How is RNA different from DNA? How is it similar?
4. How many Amino acids are there?
5. What do restriction enzymes do? Where were they first found?
6. Give 2 things we can now do with recombinant DNA.
Understanding the impact of Gene Alteration (video clip on website)
1.
What did the “Human Genome Project” do in 2003?
Transgenics
1.
What is a transgenic organism?
2. How did they alter the cow? What can the cow now do?
3. What are the pigs growing for people?
Manipulation of DNA- Using genes therapy to replaces defective or missing genes
1.
What is gene therapy?
2. How do the genes get into the cell?
Manipulation of DNA- Separation of DNA Fragments Using Gel Electrophoresis
1.
How did they get the fragments of DNA? (What cut them up?)
2.
What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?
3.
What do the fragments of DNA do in the gel when electricity is run through it?
DNA and Protein Synthesis Review
name_______________________________
DNA STRUCTURE:
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1.
What do the letters DNA stand
for?___________________________________________________
2. The “backbone” of the DNA molecule is made up of two components, what are these?
_______________________________ and _______________________________
3. What are the four different bases?
a. _______________________________
_______________________________
c. _______________________________
_______________________________
b.
d.
4. Write the complementary sequence to following DNA strand:
AATTCGCCGGTATTAGACGTT
5.
DNA REPLICATION:
6. Why would a strand of DNA need to replicate?
______________________________________
7. Describe what happens when a strand replicates? _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. Why is it called semi-conservative replication? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
9. Consider the following DNA strand: Write the sequence of bases for the product of transcription here:
Remember! transcription produces RNA using the DNA strand as a template!
½ DNA Strand: TAC CGT TCT GCT AAA TAT ACC ACT
10. What is the third codon in the mRNA you produced in? ______
11. What would be the the third anticodon? ______
12. What is the function of the following in translation?
Messenger RNA: _____________________________________
Ribosome: __________________________________________
Transfer RNA: ______________________________________
13. What is the relationship between codon and anticodon? Why is it important? _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. Using the mRNA you produced in #9, what is the sequence of amino acids in the protein?
_______________________________________________________
MUTATIONS:
15. What is a mutation? ____________________________________________________________
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16. Are mutations good or bad? Explain? ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
17. What are 3 basic types of mutation? ________________________________________________
18. Fill in the missing information:
DNA TECHNOLOGY:
19. How can DNA technology (information) be used in medicine? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
20. How can DNA technology (information) be used in agriculture? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
21. How can DNA technology (information) be used in Forensics? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
22. Which suspect is responsible for the crime (sample DNA taken
from crime scene)? ____________
23. What is a transgenic organism? ______________________
______________________________________________
24. What are restriction enzymes? ______________________
______________________________________________
25. What is recombinant DNA? _________________________
______________________________________________
BIOLOGY ACTIVITY: Gene Mutations and Proteins
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Objective: To demonstrate how gene mutations affect the production of proteins?
Procedure:
1. Use the following base sequence of one strand of an imaginary DNA molecule:
AATTGAACACATGCGCCC.
2. Write the base sequence for an mRNA strand that would be transcribed from the given DNA sequence. Place your
results in the table below.
3. Use the table on page 303 to determine the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein fragment. Place your
results in the table below.
Original Strand of DNA
Original ½ of DNA strand
A A T T G A A C A C A T G C G C C C
mRNA from
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
4. 1st MUTATION: If the fifth base in the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, how would this affect
the resulting protein fragment? Write the new protein fragment in the table below.
Original ½ of DNA strand
A A T T G A A C A C A T G C G C C C
mRNA
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
How is this protein different from the original protein in #3 (before the mutation)?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
What type of mutation took place? __________________________________
5. 2nd MUTATION: If G were added to the original DNA strand after the third base, what would the resulting
mRNA look like? How would this addition affect the protein? Show your results in the table below.
Original ½ of DNA strand
A A T T G A A C A C A T G C G C C C
mRNA
Protein (Amino Acid Sequence)
How is this protein different from the original protein in #3 (before the mutation)?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
What type of mutation took place? __________________________________
Mutation information:
There are five possible results of a mutation.
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1. Silent mutation: When a base pair is substituted but
the change still codes for the same amino acid in the
sequence:
________________________________
Ex: TCT and TCC both code for the amino acid Serine
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
7. What type of mutation is this?
Mutated Strtand: AGTAGCAAGCTGACGT
2. Substitution: When a base pair is substituted and
the new codon codes for a different amino acid:
Ex: TCT codes for Serine and CCT codes for Proline
________________________________
FROM YOUR BOOK:
3. Premature Stop: When a substitution results in the
formation of a STOP codon before all of the codons
have been read and translated by the ribosome.
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACC –– GTGGTCTGAAACACC
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-STOP
4. Codon Deletion or Insertion: A whole new amino
acid is added, or one is missing from the mutant
proton:
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACC –– GTGGTCTGCCGAAACACC
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-Cys-Pro-Asn-Thr
5. Frame Shift: When a deletion or insertion results in
a different base pair being the beginning of the next
codon, changing the whole sequence of amino acids
Ex: GTGGTCCGAAACACCT ––-- GTGGTCGAAACACCT
Val-Val-Pro-Asn-Thr
Val-Val-Glu-Thr-Pro
QUESTIONS:
1. Which type of mutation is responsible for new
variations (alleles) of a trait?
_____________________________
2. Which type of mutation results in abnormal amino
acid sequence?
___________________________________
3. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the
mRNA?
_____________________________________
4. Are all mutations bad? Explain.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. What type of mutation is this?
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
Mutated Strtand: AGTAGCCTAGCTGACGT
________________________________
6. What type of mutation is this?
Original Strand: AGTAGCTAGCTGACGT
Mutated Strtand: AGTAGCTAGTGACGT
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