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CONTENTS I. Subjunctive Mood; Present subjunctive; Hortatory/ Jussive Subjunctive 2 II. Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs; Purpose Clauses; Relative Clauses of Purpose 4 III. Imperfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose Clauses in Secondary Sequence 6 IV. Perfect Subjunctive; Result Clauses 8 V. Pluperfect Subjunctive; Cum clauses 10 VI. Review: Lessons I-V 12 VII. Correlatives; Domus, Rus; the Locative Case; Vs 14 VIII. Direct Questions 16 IX. The Imperative Mood; the Vocative Case 18 X. Irregular Verb - Fi, fer, factus sum; Certirem facere 20 XI. Review: Lessons VII – X 22 XII. Indirect Questions 24 XIII. The Ablative Case; Separation, Specification, Description; Ablative Uses 26 XIV. Ablative Absolute 28 XV. The Dative Case; Dative with Special Verbs; Dative of Possession, Purpose, Reference; Double Dative 30 XVI. Review: Lessons XII – XV 32 XVII. Conditions 34 XVIII. Gerunds 36 XIX. Gerundives 38 XX. Passive Periphrastic 40 XXI. Review: Lessons XVII – XX 42 XXII. Indirect Commands 44 XXIII. Subjunctive Relative Clauses; Relative Clause of Purpose, Characteristic, and Result 46 XXIV. Supines and Purpose Review 48 XXV. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement 50 XXVI. Review: Lessons XXII – XXV 52 XXVII. Impersonal Constructions 54 XXVIII. Clauses of Fearing 56 XXIX. The Genitive Case; Partitive; Genitive of Description; Objective Genitive; Memin and oblviscor 58 XXX. Review: Lessons XXVII – XXIX 60 Vocabulary by Chapter Regular Verb Conjugations Irregular Verb Conjugations Deponent Verb Conjugations Noun Declensions Adjective Declensions Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs Pronouns Numerals Classified Vocabulary Latin - English Vocabulary English - Latin Vocabulary Index 62 76 82 85 88 88 90 91 93 94 106 117 132 1 Lesson I SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used mainly in subordinate clauses. It can express command, purpose, result, characteristic, indirect question, or circumstance. As a main verb, the subjunctive indicates possibility, probability, or wish. There are four tenses of the subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. Present Subjunctive The present subjunctive of the first conjugation is formed by changing of the present stem to and adding the personal endings. In all other conjugations is inserted between the present stem and the personal endings. singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth amem ams amet moneam mones moneat dcam dcs dcat capiam capis capiat audiam audis audiat dcmus dctis dcant capimus capitis capiant audimus auditis audiant ammus monemus amtis monetis ament moneant First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth amer monear dcar capiar audiar amris moneris dcris capiris audiris ametur moneatur dcatur capiatur audiatur ammur monemur dcmur capimur audimur ammin monemini dcmin capimin audimin amentur capiantur moneantur dcantur audiantur There is no standard translation of the subjunctive verb; the translation of a subjunctive verb is determined by its context. Present Subjunctive of Sum and Possum The present subjunctives of sum and possum are irregular and must be memorized. singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person sum possum sim ss possim posss sit possit smus possmus stis posstis sint possint Hortatory/ Jussive Subjunctive The present subjunctive used as the main verb indicates the ideas of encouragement, wish, or command. A verb used in this way in the first person is called HORTATORY and in the third person JUSSIVE. The hortatory/ jussive subjunctive is translated into English with “let” or “may.” 2 Vvat rgna! Monemus rgem. May the queen live! Let us warn the king. The negative adverb for this construction is n. N capimus urbem. N urbs capitur. Let us not capture the city. May the city not be captured. 3 Vocabulary I Fourth Declension Masculine Nouns adventus,-s, m., approach, arrival cnspectus,-s, m., sight cursus,-s, m., course impetus,-s, m., attack magistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistrate metus,-s, m., fear Third Declension Adjectives dligns,-ntis, careful potens,-ntis, capable, powerful prdens,-ntis, prudent, sensible First Conjugation Verbs appell, (1), accost, address, name confrm (1), encourage, strengthen tempt (1), test, try Adverbs clam, adv., secretly confestim, adv., immediately haud, adv., not at all Exercise I A. 1. Hc impetum hostium manemus. 2. N fdem potentium amcrum temptmus. 3. Prdns in neutram partem met movetur. 4. Tts ns re pblicae sine met dmus. 5. Sit ille prmus cnsul, qu maxim idneus est. 6. Pater metum fliae moritrae in oculs vidre potuit. 7. Conspectus magistrats potentis invidiam servrum confestim confirmvit. 8. Hc ditius manemus, vent enim haud facils sunt. 9. Dux Gallrum adventum Caesaris in Belgicam haud bene tulit. 10. Parvs puells, quae s inter umbrs ab impetibus Gallrum tegere poterunt, in silvs mittmus. 11. Dligents prdentsque semper nbs adsint. 12. Sentum neque advent neque conspect su movre poterat. B. 1. May he not call us! 2. Let us remain here. 3. Fear of the arrival of the god drove the maidens into flight. 4. Let the sailors hold the course of the ships, for Britain is in our sight. 5. The devoted boy announced the arrival of Caesar to the powerful queen. 6. Let us not fear death. 7. Let us approach; let us accost the king. 8. Let us depart at night and journey secretly to our city. 9. Let the deeds of these Roman soldiers strengthen immediately the minds of the powerful magistrates. 10. Let all prudent (people) stop here immediately and depart from the city secretly. 11. He said that his course toward the city was not at all swift. 12. Let us all sit and let us think about these matters diligently. 4 Lesson II IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVES The present subjunctives of the verbs singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person vol, nl, ml and e are irregular and must be memorized. vol velim vels velit nl nlim nls nlit velmus nlmus veltis nltis velint nlint ml mlim mls mlit e eam es eat mlmus mltis mlint emus etis eant . Purpose Clauses A PURPOSE CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which gives the reason behind an action. It answers the question “why?” or “for what purpose?” In Latin a purpose clause has a verb in the subjunctive. Most often a positive purpose clause begins with the conjunction ut and a negative purpose clause begins with the conjunction n. Veni ut audiam. I come to hear (in order that I may hear, in order to hear, so that I may hear, so as to hear). Fugiunt n s videtis. They flee lest you see them (in order not to see them, lest you see them,, in order that you may not see them, so that you may not see them). Lgtus vnit ut pcem petat. The envoy has come to seek peace. There are many ways to express purpose in English, but, unlike English, Latin rarely uses the infinitive to show purpose. Relative Clause of Purpose A RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE uses the relative pronoun in place of ut. Lgtus mittitur qu pcem petat. (= Lgtus mittitur ut pcem petat.) An envoy is sent to seek peace (in order to seek peace, so as to seek peace, in order that he may seek peace, so that he may seek peace). Epistuls scrbit quibus t laudet. ( = Epistuls scrbit ut t laudet.) He writes letters with which to praise you. He writes letters by which he may praise you. He writes letters to praise you. 5 Vocabulary II 3rd Declension Feminine Nouns aets,-ttis, f., age auctrits,-ttis, f., authority, influence calamitas, calamitatis f. calamity, disaster cvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, state cupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greed (+ gen.) difficults,-ttis, f., difficulty lberts,-ttis, f., freedom potests,-ttis, f., power pax, pacis f. peace Adverbs fer, adv., almost, nearly paen, adv., almost Verbs contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, hold together, sustain obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtain pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, extend, pertain retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrain, keep (from) sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, hold (up), sustain differ, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ, scatter perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report Conjunction ut (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the result that ne (+subj), in order that ....not ; lest Exercise II A. 1. Cum hostibus contendunt n vincantur. 2. Mults difficultts perferet ut liberttem obtineat. 3. Fer omns hae rs nbs pertinent. 4. Obtinre aut retinre amcs haud poteram. 5. Ad urbem venit ut illa ira obtineat quae cvits dederat. 6. Scrb ut mea verba d eius maxim cupiditte ad t perferantur. 7. S sustinet n d curs incept lbtur. 8. Semper dcbat magistrats nn potesttibus, sed auctritte differre. 9. Vestrae aetts aut nihil aut nn multum inter s differunt. 10. Magnopere contendunt ut nunc aut magistrtum gerant aut in su potestte habeant es qu sunt in magistrt. 11. Sls cupiditts sequuntur quibus sus vts melirs faciant. 12. Postquam amcs gratis gimus, invidiam sequ nlmus. B. 1. They will defend the walls in order to save the citizens. 2. We carry lights in order that we not wander from the way. 3. They endure angry masters in order to obtain their freedom. 4. Let us restrain them through fear lest they wage war against us. 5. Let us be willing to make the journey with them lest they have any difficulties. 6. A few (men) run suddenly to the gates in order to keep the enemy from the camp. 7. Let him prefer to have authority rather than power. 8. They will destroy liberty with the sword in order to preserve their power. 6 9. 10. Let us prefer to hold back our anger rather than to wage war. You will uphold the laws of the republic in order that you may have the liberty which you have sought. 7 Lesson III IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The Imperfect Subjunctive is formed by adding the active or passive personal endings to the present active infinitive. singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth amrem monrem dcerem caperem audrem amrs monrs dcers capers audrs amret monret dceret caperet audret amrmus monrmus dcermus capermus audrmus amrtis monrtis dcertis capertis audrtis amrent monrent dcerent caperent audrent Deponent verbs add -re- (or –ere- for the third and third I-stem conjugations) to the present stem before the passive personal endings. Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth conrer verrer sequerer paterer mentrer conrris verrris sequerris paterris mentrris conrtur verrtur sequertur patertur mentrtur conrmur verrmur sequermur patermur mentrmur conrmin verrmin sequermin patermin mentrmin conrentur verrentur sequerentur paterentur mentrentur Sequence of Tenses Tenses in Latin are divided into two sequences: P RIMARY and SECONDARY/HISTORICAL. The tense of the main verb determines the tense of the subjunctive verb in certain subordinate clauses. If the main verb is present, future, present perfect (with “have” or “has”), or future perfect, the sequence is primary and the present or perfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. If the main verb is imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect, the sequence is secondary and the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. Sequence Primary/ Present Secondary/ Historical Main Verb Present Future Present Perfect (has/have) Future Perfect Imperfect Aorist Pluperfect Subjunctive Verb in Subordinate Clause Present (action at the same time or after the main verb) Perfect (action prior to main verb) Imperfect (action at the same time or after the main verb) 8 Pluperfect (action prior to main verb) Purpose Clauses in Secondary Sequence A purpose clause has a present subjunctive if the main verb is in primary sequence and an imperfect subjunctive if the main verb is in secondary sequence. Venibam ut audrem. Fgeram n vidrer. vit ut pcem peteret. I was coming to hear (in order that I might hear, so that I might hear, in order to hear, so as to hear). I had fled lest I be seen (in order that I might not be seen, so that I might not be seen, in order not to be seen, so as to not be seen). He went to seek peace. 9 Vocabulary III 1st Declension Feminine Nouns amcitia,-ae, f., friendship insula,-ae, f., island littera,-ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), pl. letter, literature pecnia,-ae, f., money prvincia,-ae, f., province sententia,-ae, f., opinion pax, pacis, f., peace 1st Conjugation Verbs compar (1) , achieve, gather, prepare spr (1), hope 3rd Conjugation Verbs animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice, pay attention to dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose incend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set fire to intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand Adverb undique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sides Exercise III A. 1. Pecniam comparvit ut potesttem suam sustinret. 2. Litters ms n ex provinci excders. 3. r incendor quod m nn dfendbs. 4. In ill loc manbat ut in urbem clam incderet. 5. Gall in insul dus nocts constitrunt ut urbem prm lce capere comparrent. 6. Sprvit s causs bell intellegere posse ut pacem comparret. 7. Pater fliam dcere vetuit ut iussa mtris animadverteret. 8. Mlits difficultts fugae verit ex castrs excessrunt ut aquam equsque ab hostibus caperent. 9. Litterae rgum sententis d cvitte qus legere nn perferre possum continurunt. 10. Animadvert enim et doctus sum ex tus litters t omnibus in rbus habuisse bonam causam. 11. Ducs in prvincis pcem cvittis et amcitiam proximrum gentium sustinurunt ut potesttem suam confrmrent. B. 1. He gathered his friends in order to sustain his magistracy. 2. The king hoped that our friendship would preserve the peace on all sides. 3. I have come to the city in order to prepare the boys before their father dies. 4. The Romans decided to burn the city lest the people test the power of their authority. 5. He hoped that he would lose the desire of money so that he might not also lose his friends. 6. I understand that a prudent man has been chosen to speak to the magistrates on behalf of the citizenry. 7. The girls hoped that the day would be beautiful so that they could lead their friends almost to the sea. 8. The pirates held the sailors in secret for many days so that money would be given for their lives. 9. He hoped that he would receive the best province so that he could bring back as much money as possible. 10. His opinions show that he understands nothing about literature. 10 11 Lesson IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The perfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –er plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem of the verb. singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person First Third -stem Second Third amverim monuerim dxerim cperim audverim Fourth amvers monuers dxers cpers audvers amverit monuerit dxerit cperit audverit amvermus monuermus dxermus cpermus audvermus amvertis monuertis dxertis cpertis audvertis amverint monuerint dxerint cperint audverint The perfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject, followed by the appropriate form of the present subjunctive of sum. First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth amtus,-a sim amtus,-a ss amtus,-a,-um sit monitus,-a sim monitus,-a ss monitus,-a,-um sit ductus,-a sim ductus,-a ss ductus,-a,-um sit captus,-a sim captus,-a ss captus,-a,-um sit audtus,-a sim audtus, -a ss audtus,-a,-um sit amt,-ae smus amt,-ae stis monit,-ae smus monit,-ae stis duct,-ae smus duct,-ae stis capt,-ae smus capt,-ae stis amt,-ae,-a sint monit,-ae,-a sint duct,-ae,-a sint capt,-ae,-a sint audt,-ae smus audt,-ae stis audt,-ae,-a sint Singular Plural Result Clauses A RESULT CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which explains the outcome of an action or situation. It is introduced by the subordinating conjunction ut and has its verb in the subjunctive. A negative result is introduced by ut and a negative adverb, pronoun or adjective (nn, nm, nihil, numquam, etc.). The sentence which introduces a result clause often contains one of the following adjectives or adverbs, which anticipates and points to the result clause. Adjectives Adverbs tantus, -a, -um so large, so much, so great (showing quantity) ade so, to such an extent ita so tlis, -e such, of such a sort (showing quality) sc so, in such a way (modifies verbs only) tot (indeclinable) so many tam so, such (modifies adj. and other adv. only) 12 Rx tam rtus est ut flius eum timeat. The king is so angry that (his) son fears him. Rx ita dcbat ut rgna prope eum nn stret. The king was speaking in such a way that the queen did not stand near him. Result clauses do not follow the sequence of tenses. The perfect subjunctive is commonly used after a main verb in secondary/historical sequence. Rmnus exercitus tantus erat ut nm eum vcerit. The Roman army was so large that no one defeated it. 13 Vocabulary IV Adverbs ade, ita, item, sc, tam, so, to such an extent so, thus likewise so, thus (only modifies verbs) so (only modifies adjectives and adverbs) Adjectives firmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, strong tantus,-a,-um, so great tlis,-e, such tot, so many (indeclinable) 3rd Declension -io Verbs excipi, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receive praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, advise, direct, order recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, accept, receive s recipere, retreat suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, undertake 2nd Declension Masculine Nouns numerus,-, m., number populus,-, m., people vcus,-, m., village Exercise IV A. 1. Vcus ita parvus erat ut ibi cnsistere nllent. 2. Tant r incensus est ut s nn retinre potuerit/posset. 3. Tanta erat potests in eius magistrt, ut cvs eum rtinre nllent. 4. Verbs rts nihil facilius mittitur, nihil celerius excipitur. 5. Iter mihi per tuam prvinciam tle erat, ut illum vcum ante tertium diem nn vderim. 6. Amcs tam male dlgist ut in tant numer turum neque audis virum bonum neque num vides. 7. Sallustius scrpsit Catilnam tam ardentem in cupiditte esse ut rem pblicam dlre temptverit. 8. Ego semper docu, monu, bene praecp omnia quae possum. 9. Praecepta derum ade secutus est, ut nocte ad Italiam cum socis nvibusque fgerit. 10. Tot sunt fructs labrum eius ut flcissimus ab omnibus habetur. B. 1. There were so many ships in the sea that they could not see the water. 2. He was a man of such a sort that he undertook any task. 3. He stood so firmly on the wall that he could not be moved. 4. The consul is so firm in his opinions that no one is able to move him. 5. So great was the authority in that man that very many (people) wished to follow him. 6. Then night so dark received us that the stars in the sky were scarcely able to be seen. 7. He received so many very bad men into his trust that we all heard about his evil deeds. 8. Your letter reported so many bad (things) to me that I withdrew immediately from my province. 9. The population is likewise so wretched that no one wishes to get hold of the city. 10. He will make the journey in such a way that he comes before night. 11. The rage of the goddess was so great that she wished to destroy the man, his weapons and all his ships. 14 Lesson V PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The pluperfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –iss- plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem of a verb. singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person First Second Third Third -stem Fourth amvissem monuissem dxissem cpissem audvissem amvisss monuisss dxisss cpisss audvisss amvisset monuisset dxisset cpisset audvisset amvissmus monuissmus dxissmus cpissmus audvissmus amvisstis monuisstis dxisstis cpisstis audvisstis amvissent monuissent dxissent cpissent audvissent The pluperfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject, followed by the appropriate form of sum. First Second Third Third I-stem monitus,-a essem monitus,-a esss monitus,-a,-um esset ductus,-a essem ductus,-a esss ductus,-a,-um esset captus,-a essem captus,-a esss captus,-a,-um esset monit,-ae essmus monit,-ae esstis duct,-ae essmus duct,-ae esstis capt,-ae essmus capt,-ae esstis monit,-ae,-a essent duct,-ae,-a essent Fourth singular amtus,-a essem amtus,-a esss amtus,-a,-um esset audtus,-a essem audtus,-a esss audtus,-a,-um esset plural amt,-ae essmus amt,-ae esstis amt,-ae,-a essent audt,-ae essmus audt,-ae esstis capt,-ae,-a essent audt,-ae,-a essent Cum Clauses Cum, in addition to being a preposition meaning with, can also be a subordinating conjunction meaning when, after, since, or although. In a TEMPORAL CLAUSE, (where cum means when or after,) the verb is indicative if the main verb is in primary sequence and subjunctive if the main verb is in secondary sequence. Cum librum habe, leg. When(ever) I have a book, I read. Cum haec dxisset, signum dedit. When he had said this, he gave the signal. In a CAUSAL CLAUSE, (where cum means since,) the verb must be subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses. Cum hosts videmus, currimus. Since we see the enemy, we run. Cum hosts vdissmus, cucurrimus. Since we had seen enemy, we ran. In a CONCESSIVE CLAUSE, (where cum means although,) the verb is subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses. Tamen, nevertheless, is often found in the main clause of such a sentence. 15 Cum hosts nn videmus, tamen currimus. Although we do not see the enemy, nevertheless we are running. Cum hosts nn vdissmus, tamen currbmus. Although we had not seen the enemy, nevertheless we were running. 16 Vocabulary V 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives angustus,-a,-um, narrow dignus,-a,-um, worthy (+ ablative) propinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboring reliquus,-a,-um, remaining, rest 2nd Declension Neuter Nouns forum,-, n., forum., impedmentum,-, perculum,-, n., praesidium,-, n., signum,-, n., vinculum,-, n., proelium, -ī n. 3rd Declension Nouns honor, honris, m., esteem, office ms, mris, m., custom, pl. behavior, character ms mairs, tradition 1st Conjugation Verb incit (1), arouse, urge on marketplace m., hindrance., pl. baggage danger, peril assistance, defense, protection sign, signal, standard chain, fetter battle 3rd Declension -io Verbs ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatch s ripere, escape aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave Exercise V A. 1. Cum hoc signum vidre velimus, puells quae id accipiant mittimus. 2. Cum adessem, tamen verbum dcere territus sum. 3. Nihil d proxim nocte dcam, cum semper amcus mihi fuers. 4. Cum ms mirum mlits digns don agrrum esse habeat, tamen consul nn dat. 5. Cum pecnia d manibus repta esset, dominus equs per propinqus vis incitvit ut mals agricols caperet. 6. Cum clarissimum sdus trs virs in vcum dxisset, paucs dis mansērunt ut fns vidrent. 7. Cum hostis tlum de eius man riperet, cum celeritte saxum propinquum cpit ut s dfenderet. 8. Cum haec virs dcta essent et clam castrs excessissent, ad campum gred parvimus. 9. Cum nm aut auxilium aut praesidium popul ferret, angustum per iter excessrunt ut impetum in hosts facerent. 10. Cum mrs huius gentis tam simils illus sint, duae haud inter s differunt. B. 1. When the enemy will be in our camp for a long time, we order them to be held in chains. 2. Since the leader had found the narrow way through the mountains, he ordered the army to march through it. 3. Since part of the camp had been destroyed by the storm, the remaining part was moved to guard the baggage. 4. Although the allies were gravely wounded in the battle, yet the remaining soldiers fought bravely to night. 5. Since the little boy had approached the messenger to lead him to the forum, he was held in the highest honor by his friends. 6. Although the task was undertaken by very many people, nevertheless the senate was unwilling to ask for money from the consuls. 7. Since the dangers of the city frighten mothers, they cannot bear their daughters to go out of their own houses or into the forum. 17 8. Although the Roman people undertook great works in their city, those works have nevertheless collapsed due to age. Lesson VI REVIEW: LESSONS I – V Overview of the Subjunctive Mood Pres. Active Formula Present stem + vowel + active personal endings Passive Examples amem moneam dcam capiam audiam Formula Present stem + vowel + passive personal endings Examples amer monear dcar capiar audiar Impf. Present active infinitive + personal endings amrem monrem dcerem caperem audrem Present active infinitive + passive personal endings amrer monrer dcerer caperer audrer Perf. Perfect stem + -eri- + personal endings amverim monurim dxerim cperim audverim Perfect passive participle (-us, -a,-um) + present subjunctive of sum amtus,-a sim monitus,-a sim ductus,-a sim captus,-a sim audtus,-a sim Perfect stem + -isse- + amvissem Perfect passive participle amtus,-a essem personal endings monuissem (-us, -a, -um) + imperfect monitus,-a essem OR dxissem subjunctive of sum ductus,-a essem Perfect active infinitive cpissem captus,-a essem + personal endings audvissem audtus, -a essem Remember that sum, possum, vol, nl, and ml have irregular forms and must be memorized. Plup. Uses of the Subjunctive Independent Use Hortatory / Jussive -main verb is present subjunctive Subordinate Uses Purpose Clause -ut/n + subjunctive verb Relative Clause of Purpose - relative pronoun + subjunctive verb Moneam regem. Let me warn the king. Moneant regem. May they warn the king. Veni ut audiam. I come to listen. Virum ms qu pcem peteret. I sent a man to ask for peace. Result Clause - ut or ut … nn + subjunctive verb -main clause often contains tantus,-a, -um, talis,-e, tot, ade, ita, sc, tam Cum Clauses -Temporal: when; after (primary sequence uses indicative, secondary sequence uses subjunctive) -Causal: since (subjunctive) Sc virum vocv ut constterit. I called the man in such a way that he stopped. Cum librum habet, legit. When he has a book, he reads. Cum hosts vderit, currit. Since he has seen the enemy, he is running. Cum amcum videret, tamen fgit. -Concessive: although (subjunctive) Although he saw a friend, (nevertheless) he ran away. 18 Exercise VI A. 1. Celeriter emus ut amcs nostrs vinculs ripimus. 2. Ns tam amc excipibat ut perculum nn animadvertermus. 3. Hanc urbem dlre nlint! 4. Plrims labrs passa est ut obtinret id quod habuit. 5. Intellegmus potentissims prdentissimsque inter s differre. 6. Sc omnia clam parvist ut mihi nihil aut t ips aut ab ull ali d tu advent scrptum sit. 7. In conspect paen ttius urbis domus est mea, ut nm m vocre nn possit. 8. Cum reliqu mlits perculum excipere malint quam proeli rip, ns signum magn cum virtte suscipimus. 9. Magistrtus prdns nulls difficultts habbit cum sententis popul intellegat et ira cvium sustineat. 10. Anim servrum inter spem et metum sc capt sunt, ut auctritte consulis modo dxerint. 11. Sps lberttis servs ade git ut magn cum dligenti labrrent. 12. Sensit s in tant percul esse ut null vi rip posset. B. 1. We will hold back our anger in order to become your friends. 2. He loved her to such an extent that he did not leave her alone. 3. Since we had left the forum, we were unable to undertake the remaining tasks. 4. May you be careful and sensible in all your deeds. 5. I am unable to punish him in such a way that he wishes always to be away from the city. 6. It is the custom of that man always to seek peace and friendship so that he may avoid fear and envy. 7. He carried himself so bravely that he strengthened their slipping spirits for all things. 8. In the sight of all, this wicked (man) so stirred up the people that they were not able to restrain themselves. 9. Let us secretly select a worthy man who should direct our sons in the customs of our ancestors. 10. Such great hatred followed him that he was killed in the sight of gods and men in (his) most sacred magistracy. 11. Let another, more worthy of these chains, stand before you so that I may sit among you, free. 12. When I had read your first letter, I thought about all the disasters which you and I have suffered. 19 Lesson VII CORRELATIVES CORRELATIVES are paired words which express or imply a comparison. Commonly used correlatives include the following: Adverbs (indeclinable) tam . . . quam as . . . as tantum . . . quantum as much . . . as tant . . . quant the . . . the (by how much . . . by so much) Adjectives talis . . . qualis alius . . . alius ali . . . ali alter . . . alter tantus . . . quantus tot . . . quot (indeclinable) such . . . as one . . . another some . . . others the one . . . the other as great . . . as as many . . . as Nihil est tam turpe quam hoc scelus. Nothing is as disgraceful as this crime. Quant avidius loquitur, tant minus animadvert. The more eagerly he speaks, the less I pay attention. Tale est tuum carmen nbis qualis somnus fesss. Such is your song to us as sleep (is) to the weary. Names of Towns, Small Islands, domus, and rs For the names of towns, small island, domus, and rs, no preposition is used to express place where, place to which, and place from which. Place where is expressed by the LOCATIVE CASE. The locative case is the same as the genitive for singular nouns of the first and second declensions. For all other declensions and all plural nouns, the locative case is the same as the ablative. 1st declension singular 2nd declension singular Genitive form Genitive form 3rd declension and plurals Ablative form Romae at or in Rome Corinth at or in Corinth dom at or in the home Athens at or in Athens rr at or in the country A noun in apposition with a locative must be in the ablative case, with or without a preposition. Romae, pulcherrim urbe, manre vult. He wants to stay in Rome, a very beautiful city. Place to which is expressed by the accusative case. Domum bimus. Romam emus. Let us go to Rome. We will go home. Place from which is expressed by the ablative case. Exercitus Rom Brundisium contendit. The army marched from Rome to Brundisium. Irregular Noun: vs, vs, f. Vs, vs, f. is an irregular noun and declines in the following way. The genitive singular and dative singular are rare. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Singular: force; violence Plural: strength vs (vs) (v) vim v vrs vrium vribus vrs (-s) vribus Do not confuse vs with vir, vir, m., man, a noun of the second declension. 20 Vocabulary VII 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives avidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy certus,-a,-um, certain, set inimcus,-a,-um, hostile, unfriendly invtus,-a,-um, unwilling vvus,-a,-um, alive Adverb umquam, ever 3rd Conjugation Deponent Verbs colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out 3rd Declension Nouns rs, rris, n., country, countryside vs, vs, f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, violence, (pl.) strength Exercise VII A. 1. Semper tlis cvis sit, qulis hodi est. 2. Quot homins, tot sententiae sunt. 3. Nemo tam avid in for loquitur quam ille. 4. Quant liber longior est, tant etiam peior est. 5. Tempus habs tle qule nm habuit umquam. (Cic. Philippics 7.27) 6. Ms erum erat esse tam laets cum propinqus Rmae, quam sls rr. 7. Cum nbscum rs profectus esset, tamen semper Rmae esse volbat. 8. Ego m tantum numerum inimcrum nactum esse vide, quantus est hominum in urbe. 9. Consul dxit, “Tlis tum fortuna huius urbis ac Rmn imperi erit, qulis nostra vs fuerit.” 10. Invidiam erum ade aegr tulit, ut s rs clam moverit et ibi mults anns manret. B. 1. He is such a man as his father was. 2. There are as many enemies as friends among you. 3. Setting out for home from Rome, he spoke with his friend about all that had been done in the senate. 4. I have acquired these things so that you love me as much as I wish (to be loved). 5. He gave as great thanks to the dead man as he has ever given to a living one. 6. He acquired his magistracy as much by friendship as by hatred. 7. By how much more avidly you will have sought peace, by so much will war be more bitter. 8. Although you were conversing avidly and happily, they thought that you were speaking with them unwillingly. 9. She has acquired so many enemies in the city that she prefers to live her life in the country rather than in Rome. 10. The senate and the Roman people not only allow but even want the authority of Cicero to be as great as one man’s authority can be in a free state. 21 Lesson VIII DIRECT QUESTIONS A DIRECT QUESTION is an interrogative sentence that gives the exact words of the speaker. A direct question may begin with an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, or PARTICLE. Interrogative pronoun: quis, quid, who, what (the plural of this word is the same as the plural of the relative pronoun): Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Masculine Singular Feminine quis cuius cui quem qu quis cuius cui quem qu Quis haec dxit? Cuius liber est ille? Qus vocvist? Quid vs? Neuter quid cuius cui quid qu Masculine Plural Feminine qu qurum quibus qus quibus quae qurum quibus qus quibus Neuter quae qurum quibus quae quibus Who said this? Whose book is that? Whom did you invite? What do you want? An interrogative adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender. Quantus et qualis est exercitus hostium? How large and of what sort is the enemy’s army? Utram sententiam sequar? Which opinion (of the two) shall I follow? The interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod is declined like the relative pronoun. Qu vir sunt in vc? Which men are in the village? Quam prvinciam dlgit? What province did he choose? Interrogative adverbs, as in English, stand at the beginning of the sentence. Quando ex urbe grediris? When will you leave the city? Qu tantam spem nactus est? From where did he acquire such great hope? Interrogative Particles When question is not introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb, one of the following particles may be used. The enclitic –ne is attached to the first word of an open question (expecting a yes or no answer). There is no corresponding English translation. Curruntne equ? Are the horses running? A question expecting the answer yes begins with nnne (nn+n). Nnne omns adsunt? Aren’t they all here? They are all here, aren’t they? Surely they are all here? A question expecting the answer no begins with num. Num id verris? You aren’t afraid of that, are you? Surely you are not afraid of that? Alternative questions begin with the word utrum and use an or annn to express the alternative. Utrum opus facere potes, annn? Can you do the work, or not? Utrum mter tua ea dxit an pater? Did your mother say that or your father? 22 Vocabulary VIII Interrogative Pronoun quis, quid who?, what? Adjectives finitimus,-a,-um, quantus,-a,-um, fidlis,-e, nbilis,-e, qulis,-e, quot neighboring how great?, how much? faithful, loyal noble what kind of?, what sort of? how many? (indeclinable) 2nd Declension Nouns cibus,-, m., lgtus,-, m., tribnus,-, m., food envoy, legate tribune 3rd Conjugation Verb incol, -ere, incolu, ─, inhabit Adverbs cr, why? omnn, altogether quamdi, how long? quand, when? qu, to where?, whither? quotins, how often? unde, from where, whence utrum...annn, whether…or not utrum…an, whether…or -ne, (introduces a question) nnne, surely (expects a “yes” answer) num, surely…not (expects a “no”answer) Exercise VIII A. 1. Quis cibum mlitibus msit? 2. Quam partem terrae incolunt ill Gall, quibuscum bellum gerere saep volbmus? 3. Tune fli fliaeque litters rgis legunt? 4. Quamdi tribnus mlitum iussa consulis verbtur? 5. Nnne fidlis servus auxilium rgnae nbil feret? 6. Utrum Caesarem ipsum di ill dcentem audvist, annn? 7. Num iam nocte ex urbe grederis ? 8. Unde nntius fidlis epistulam tulit quae mortem patris nntivit? 9. Utrum ipse rem pblicam servbit, an alis dlre patitur? 10. Uter consul in urbe aderit et uter in provincis aberit? 11. Cum servus esset omnn invtus impedimenta domin portre, confestim alis vocvit qu onera ferrent. B. 1. What tribes inhabit this land? 2. Where will the queen wish to go to, when we undertake (fut. perf) the war? 3. How many men will be sent to seek food in the night? 4. With what sort of books will you teach literature? 5. What gifts does fortune give to the faithful, and when? 6. Where did the envoys set out to and when will they return? 7. How often has the envoy been sent into Gaul to seek peace? 8. How great a fire did the soldiers make when they destroyed the farmer’s fields? 9. Why do the students not listen to every word of the teacher, who has terrified them? 23 10. As often as the nobles snatched them from danger, so often did the citizenry give thanks to the gods. 24 Lesson IX THE IMPERATIVE MOOD The IMPERATIVE MOOD is commonly used to express commands or entreaties. The present imperative active singular is the same as the present stem (+ -e for the 3rd conjugation). The present imperative active plural is formed by adding –te to the present stem (+-ite for the 3rd conjugation). Imperative Active Singular Plural First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am amte mon monte tege tegite cape capite aud audte Love! Warn! Cover! Take! Hear! Imperative Passive The present imperative passive singular is formed by adding –re to the present stem of the verb (-ere for the 3rd conjugation). The present imperative passive plural is formed by adding -min (-imin for the 3rd conjugation). Passive forms are most commonly used with deponent verbs. First Singular Plural Second Third Third stem Fourth conre verre sequere patere mentre conmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin Try! Be afraid! Follow! Endure! Lie! Irregular Imperatives The four verbs, dc, dc, faci, and fer, have irregular singular forms in the present imperative active: dc, dc, fac, fer. Fer has an irregular plural present imperative active: ferte. Negative Commands Latin does not use the word nn to express a negative command. A negative command may be expressed two ways: Nl (singular) and nlte (plural) with the present infinitive: Don’t punish me! Don’t punish me! Nl m pnre! Nlte m punre! N with the 2nd person perfect subjunctive: N eum cpertis! Don’t seize him! The Vocative Case The VOCATIVE CASE is used for direct address and is often offset by commas in English. It has the same form as the nominative except in the second declension, where nouns and adjectives ending in –us have the vocative singular ending –e. Nouns and adjectives ending in -ius and the adjective meus in the masculine singular have the vocative ending -. The plural vocatives of nouns and adjectives are generally the same as the nominative. dominus – domine Marcus - Marce Lclius - Lcl flius - fl Ven domum, m fl! O rgna, aud mea carmina! meus - m nntius - nnt Come home, my son! O queen, listen to my songs! 25 Vocabulary IX Third Declension Nouns facti, factinis, f., faction multitd, multitdinis, f., crowd, multitude rti, rtinis, f., speech rtinem habre, give a speech rati, ratinis, f., reason, theory servits, servittis, f., slavery sollicitd, sollicitdinis, f., care, worry virts, virttis, f., excellence, strength, virtue clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout Third Conjugation Verbs accd, -ere, access, accessum, go towards admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow mitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send away cd, -ere, cess, cessum, go, yield committ, -ere, comms, commissum, engage, entrust concd, -ere, concess, concessum, dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, grant, yield dismiss, send away remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back Exercise IX A. 1. Audte clmrs mlitum! 2. Nl, m Marce, id facere quod ego fc. 3. Factinem parv, Anton, ut mihi magistrtum concds. 4. N clmr multitdinis cessers; patere istum virum dcere. 5. Quant met sentus t incittus est, quant sollicitdine cvits! 6. Cnsul vim multitdinis timns et r mtus, ratinem tilissimam re pblicae habuit. 7. Dcite quod vultis dcere; nolte facere quod facere nn vultis. Omnia ista vbs concdam et remittam. 8. Lgtus nntivit metum exercits tantum esse ut mlits angustam viam animadvertere nn possent. 9. msit vtam, sed fmam nactus est; dedit vtam, patriam accpit. 10. Populus erat tam incnsus ut mult in urbem tot factinibus incittam admitt nn possent. 11. Mter post id factum neque domum ad s venre flium passa est neque in conspectum. B. 1. Send away your worry! 2. Lead them into slavery! 3. Say nothing about this matter to my enemies! 4. Approach, my son, stop and look upon the wretched body of your father! 5. Do not, my Brutus, send your Cicero away from you, but lead him with you. 6. The wisest say that virtue alone makes a life happy. Let us concede this to them. 7. I am sending back this gift for the same reason for which I sent back those others. 8. Although he was almost dead, still he did not wish to be sent back into slavery. 9. Let us concede that virtue without reason is not able to be in a human being. 10. Do not commit yourself to the trust of those men. 11. Worry becomes slavery for the mind; let reason admit courage into the heart. 12. Do not say that this man did the same thing which his friend did. 26 Lesson X IRREGULAR VERB: F f, fer, factus sum be made, be done, become, happen F is used as the passive of the verb faci. F and faci have no passive endings in the present, imperfect, and future. INDICATIVE Active pres. impf. fut. perf. plup. fut. p. faci facis facit facimus facitis faciunt facibam faciam fc fceram fcer Passive f I am made, become fs you are made, become fit he is made, becomes (it is done) fmus we are made, become ftis you are made, become funt they are made, become, are done fbam I was being made, was becoming fam I will be made, will become factus,-a sum I have been made, have become factus,-a eram I had been made, had become factus,-a er I will have been made, will have become SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. Impf. perf. plup. faciam facerem fcerim fcissem fam ferem factus,-a sim factus,-a essem PARTICIPLES pres. perf. fut. faciens, facientis -------factrus, -a,-um INFINITIVES -------factus,-a,-um -------- pres. perf. fut. facere fcisse factrus,-a,-um esse fer factus,-a,-um esse factum r IMPERATIVES singular plural fac facite f fte certirem facere, to inform; certior fier, to be informed Certior modifies the direct object of faci or the subject of fi. T certirem faciam. Es certirs fcit. I will inform you. (I will make you more certain) He informed them. (He made them more certain) F is used to express the passive, to be informed. Rx certior d consili fit. The king is being informed about the plan. 27 Vocabulary X Verbs fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen cre (1), create, elect impetr (1), obtain (by asking) auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase addc, -ere, addx, adductum, influence, Adverbs itaque, and so spont, of one’s own accord, voluntarily Nouns celerits, celerittis, f., speed, swiftness facults, faculttis f., ability, opportunity, skill lead to Preposition ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a weapon), apud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of lead away, remove Exercise X A. 1. Mter d fli certior fit. 2. Scrba fis, ego magister. 3. Nl umquam inimcus fier. 4. Spont su Camilla in bell in Trins pugnvit. 5. Cum discipul d operibus Cicernis certirs firent, maxim cum cr audvrunt. 6. Quotins ab perculs clamribusque for t pacem mentis petentem ripuist? 7. Serv intellxrunt esse faculttem lberttis; itaque consilium vid temptre comparvrunt. 8. Cum legtus exerctum d celeritte hostium certirem vce auct fcerit, ducem ex castrs sequ contendunt. 9. Cum neque cibum neque pecuniam itiner habrem, apud Crassum constit, ubi impetrv. 10. Postquam opera P. Ovidi Nsnis lgerant, discipul ptbant s omnia d amantibus intellegere. 11. Mre mairum vir in vinculs positus est, cum mlits in urbem dxisset. 12. Quibus mals ade Pon perterrit (sunt), ut etiam auxilia ab Rmns petverint eaque impetrverint. (Cornelius Nepos, Hamilcar 2.3) B. 1. Your slave will become free tomorrow. 2. A way can be made by force. 3. They became most careful in all matters. 4. He informs the pirates about the arrival of the ships and their leader. 5. Contend with your enemies with great virtue and defeat them! 6. Elect Cicero consul, so that he may be able to preserve the city in bad times. 7. Do not abandon the city of your own accord! Wait in order to be informed by your leaders. 8. Don’t draw your weapons in the sight of your mother! 9. Since the water was led to the town, the leaders obtained power over the resources of the people. 10. Become greater than your father was since you have had greater opportunity. 11. The maiden will be made queen when her father, the king, dies. 12. The leader was informed that the enemy had obtained food from their neighbors. 28 Lesson XI REVIEW: LESSONS VI – X Correlatives: paired words that show or imply comparison. Locative Case: With the names of cities, small islands, towns, and domus and rs, the locative case is used to express place where. 1st declension singular 2nd declension singular Genitive form Genitive form 3rd declension and plurals Ablative form Rmae at or in Rome Corinth at or in Corinth dom at or in the home rr in the country Athens at or in Athens Note that these same nouns are used in the ablative to show motion away from and the accusative to show motion towards without any preposition. Direct Questions: Questions can be introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb. A question expecting a yes or no answer is introduced by an interrogative particle. open question expecting a yes expecting a no answer -ne is attached to first word nnne introduces the question num introduces the question Statne puer? Is the boy standing? Nnne puer stat? Surely the boy is standing? Num puer stat? The boy isn’t standing, is he? Imperative Mood: The formation of the imperative mood of a verb is as follows: Present imperative active singular active plural passive singular passive plural = present stem; = present stem + -te; = present stem + -re; = present stem +-min; third conjugation = present stem + third conjugation = present stem + third conjugation = present stem + third conjugation = present stem + -e -ite -ere -imin Four verbs have irregular forms in the present imperative active: dc, dc, fac, fer/ ferte (plural) Negative imperatives are formed in two ways: (1) nl or nlte + present infinitive (2) n + 2nd person perfect subjunctive Vocative: The vocative case is used for direct address. It has the same form as the nominative except in the following: 2nd declension masculine nouns ending in –us -e words ending in –ius - meus - Marc Marcus! domin master! nnt messenger! Vergil Vergil! m fl my son! F is used as the passive form of faci and has only passive meanings. The idiom certiorem facere means to inform: Nntius eum certirem faciet. The messenger will inform him. The passive uses the nominative case with fi: Magister d discipul certior fit. The teacher is being informed about the student. 29 Exercise XI A. 1. Librs quantum sine r tantum sine invidi scrpsit. 2. Percula bell praesidi pcis concdant. 3. Fac ut prvinciam retines in potestte re pblicae. 4. Arma, vir, ferte arma; vocat lx ultima (final) victs. (Vergil, Aeneid 2.668) 5. H duo ad cnsulem aggrd cnt ut eum interficerent, ab eius dom* celeriter miss sunt. 6. Cum confestim Brundisium profectus esset, suam prvinciam ditius obtinre nn poterat. 7. Decem nvs, nn prtrum advent, nn v tempesttis, sed scelere socirum missae sunt. 8. D maris et terrae tempesttumque potents, ferte uiam uent facilem. (Vergil, Aeneid 3.528) 9. Maluit dom adesse quam long ab urbe. 10. Utrum mcum dom manbis, an in sentum bis ut cum alis sententiam ds? 11. Amciti omnium optimrum ade sustentus eram ut undique dfenderer. B. 1. Stay at home! 2. Do not send them back into slavery! 3. Set out for Rome at once! 4. By whom was the course of your honors held back? 5. The law forbids him to give a speech in front of the people. 6. A shout is made through the house. 7. He prudently remained in secret at Rome for many days before he undertook his magistracy. 8. Because of his greed he undertook such great crimes that he sent all virtue from himself. 9. Although he often speaks with his enemies, they receive him into their camp unwillingly. 10. These two men, having approached the consul in order to speak with him, were admitted immediately into his house. 11. Although he set out from Rome at once, surely he wished to stay longer among us? 12. Hasn’t Caesar been informed that the Helvetians want to make a journey through the province? 13. We will approach danger on behalf of the state so that our virtue will increase. 30 Lesson XII INDIRECT QUESTIONS An INDIRECT QUESTION begins with an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or particle and has a subjunctive verb. It is often introduced by a main verb of questioning, but can also follow verbs of knowing, telling, perceiving, or showing and follows the sequence of tenses. Direct Question Translation Indirect Question Translation Quis es? Quid facibat? Who are you? I know who you are. Quand discdere voluit? When did he want to Sci quis ss. Rogvist quid faceret. Mihi dxit quand discdere voluerit. Nescv qur illud scrpsisset. What was he doing? leave? Cur illud scrpsit? Why did he write that? You asked what he was doing. He has told me when he wanted to leave. I didn’t know why he had written that. When a future tense is required in the subordinate clause, the future active participle with the present subjunctive of sum is used in primary sequence, the future active participle and the imperfect subjunctive of sum in secondary sequence. Dc mihi quid pater dctrus sit. Scvit quae puellae canttrae essent. Sciunt, scient They know, will know Scivrunt, scibant They knew, used to know quid faciat. quid fcerit. quid factrus sit. Tell me what the father will say. He knew which girls would sing. what he is doing. what he did. what he will do. quid faceret. what he was doing. quid fcisset. what he had done. quid factrus esset. what he would do. Indirect open questions are usually introduced by num, which does not imply a negative expectation in this use. Rogv num illud vdisss. I asked whether you had seen that. Both direct and indirect questions use utrum, but annn is usually replaced by necne. Nesci utrum adsit an absit. I don’t know whether he is present or absent. Nesci utrum adsit necne. I don’t know whether he is present or not. 31 Vocabulary XII Verbs Nouns narr (1), relate, tell indc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead in trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across conveni, re, convn, conventum, come together, convene, meet inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find nesci, -re, nescv/nesci, nesctum, not know perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, arrive, come to arbor, arbris, f., tree amor, amris, m., love rmor, rmris, m., rumor Adjective vrus,-a,-um, true Preposition praeter (+acc.), along, by, in front of, past Exercise XII A. 1. Sci quand pervneris, sed nsci quamdi mansrus sis. 2. Nescibam quis ea verba dxisset. 3. Rogvit quem ad modum cnsul creretur. 4. Pater nescvit quals arbors essent in agr. 5. Scsne qu nvis nvigverit, quae Brundisium her pervnerat? 6. Nsci qur cnsul mlits trns camps ad castra hostium trdxerit. 7. Cnsul invenre voluit qur Caesar Galliam relquisset, cum perculum copis auctum esset. 8. Mea puella amrem suum esse mairem quam meum nntivit. 9. Rx Priamus et fili convnrunt ut consilium celeriter caperent. 10. Dc mihi unde iter fcers. 11. Nesci utrum pater percula bell nbs prhibuerit necne. 12. Domum pervnit invnitque mtrem, patrem, et equs trns flmen traducts esse. 13. Quotins invenmus rmrs d nbs ab nostrs inimcs incepts esse? B. 1. I understand why you are present; I understood why they were away. 2. I know who met with you yesterday; I knew what reason you had given. 3. He showed me which kinds of trees he had placed around his house. 4. The father did not know whether his son was present. 5. The mother asked whether the gossip about her daughter was true. 6. The master asked where the horses had been led during the storm. 7. By the sight of the trees, the farmer knows when a storm will arrive in the fields. 8. He said that he was unable to report whether our men had defeated the enemy or not. 9. The people went out of the city so that they might see the punishment of the pirates, who had destroyed the bridges. 10. Having been asked how great the winds would be after they went out from the sheltered water, the sailor said that he did not know. 32 Lesson XIII THE ABLATIVE CASE Ablative with Special Verbs The following verbs and their compounds take an ablative rather than a direct object. fungor fruor potior tor vscor perform enjoy gain possession of Pce frumur. Let us enjoy peace. captured. Officis fungitur. He performs his duties. Capts pottur. use eat, live on He gains possession of the Consili eius tbtur. He made use of his advice. Ablative of Separation The ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION is used with verbs of preventing, depriving, removing, freeing, lacking, etc. Sometimes a preposition, /ab or /ex, is used. Note that the Ablative of Place From Which, in contrast, must have a verb of motion. cvs cib intercludere to cut off the citizens from food Caesar hosts nostrs fnibus prohibet. Caesar keeps the enemy from our borders Rx cvs percul lbervrunt. The king freed the citizens from danger. Ablative of Specification The ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION is commonly found with nmine, by name, and certain adjectives, such as dgnus. Rx, Rmulus nmine, Rmam condidit. The king, Romulus by name, founded Rome. Puer similis patr fde est. The boy is like his father in loyalty. Corpore senex est, anim numquam. He is an old man in body, (but) never in spirit. Ablative of Description The ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION must be modified by an adjective. Vir magn virtte est. He is a man of great courage. Virg haud credibil pulchritdine est. She is a maiden of unbelievable beauty. Fac ut bon ss anim. Be of good cheer. Ablative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps Accompaniment Cause Comparison Degree of Difference Manner Means or Instrument Place From Which Personal Agent Place Where or In Which Cum exercit vnit. Facts laudtus est. Epistula brevior libr est. Flmen altius quinque pedibus est. Magn cum virtte rxit. Tl vulnertus est. Animalia ex umbrs vnrunt. Flius mtre amtus est. Formcae sub terr vivunt. 33 He came with an army. He was praised for his deeds. A letter is shorter than a book. The river is five feet deeper. He ruled with great courage. He was wounded with a weapon. Animals came out of the shadows. The son was loved by his mother. Ants live under the ground. Time When from sleep. Prim lce somn excitta est. At dawn she was awakened Vocabulary XIII Deponent Verbs with the Ablative potior, -r, pottus sum (+abl.), gain Verbs possession of fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), perform tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), enjoy, experience, use vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), eat, feed on Third Declension Nouns aes, aeris, n., bronze aes alinum, debt arx, arcis,f., citadel ops, opis f., power, (pl.) resources sl, slis, m., sun lber (1), free, liberate super (1), surpass prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, keep off, prevent cond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city) conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, enroll expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, explain, expose intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block, shut off Second Declension Neuter Nouns negtium,- n., business officium,- n., duty, office Exercise XIII A. 1. Bene libertte su usus est. 2. Hosts mox omn hc terr potientur. 3. Multae cvitts omn aer alin libertae sunt. 4. Nve et copis, qus affert, intercludmin. 5. Mlits ab domibus cvium prohibbantur. 6. Rmn opibus prvincirum s sunt ut potesttem in ill regine confirmrent. 7. Cum hosts castrs pott sint, ibi nocte manre nn possumus; itaque iter ad proximam urbem facimus. 8. Arx templa Jnnis Monetae, Jovis Statris et Concordiae continuit. 9. Discipulus paucs cum magistr hrs et librs, qus iussit m legere, fructus sum. 10. Ascanius nvam urbem, Albam Longam, condidit ut sus cvs perculs lberret. 11. Hic populus omns fde, virtte, et numer hominum superat. 12. Cnsul, quem crevist, negtis r pblicae magn cum virtte fungtur. B. 1. We will soon be freed from our debt. 2. You have profited from his friendship. 3. The soldiers, who have been fighting with Caesar’s troops, eat all the food which they can find in the forest. 4. The farmers were enrolled in the army in order to fortify the bridges and gates of the city. 5. Gaius Julius is said to have performed well the duties of the Pontifex Maximus. 6. You have explained well the fortunes of that small city founded by the son of Aeneas (Aenae). 34 7. The works of the two consuls, men of the greatest resources, freed the people of Rome from the very serious dangers of wars. 8. Among those tribes, he surpassed all in skill and resources. 9. At Rome, the consuls explained the new business of the senate to the legates of the Gauls. 10. Hearing about the Gorgons with (their) hands (out) of bronze, I used to have great fear which kept me from sleep. 35 Lesson XIV ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE The ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE is a Latin phrase describing circumstances surrounding the action of the main clause. It consists of at least two words in the ablative case, usually a noun and a participle. The noun in the ablative absolute cannot be the same as the subject or direct object of the main clause. Participle modifying subject Dux vulnertus fgit. Ablative Absolute Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt. The leader, having been wounded, fled. The leader having been wounded, the soldiers fled. It is preferable to use a temporal, causal, or concessive clause as a translation for the ablative absolute. Appropriate translations may include when, since, although, after, if, and similar words. The “absolute translation” (e.g. “the leader having been wounded”) should be a last resort in translating. Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since the leader was wounded, the soldiers fled. Both the noun and the participle in an ablative absolute can be modified. Duce graviter vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since the leader was badly wounded, the soldiers fled. Duce nostr vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since our leader was wounded, the soldiers fled. Most perfect participles are passive in meaning; only deponent verbs can express a perfect active participle. Duce loct, impetum fcrunt. After the leader had spoken (lit. the leader having spoken), they made an attack. A present participle is sometimes used. Nbs audientibus, haec dxit. With us listening, he said these things. De volente, hosts vincmus. If God is willing, we will conquer the enemy. Since esse has no present participle, two nouns, a noun and a pronoun, or a noun and an adjective may form an ablative absolute. Caesare duce Caesar being leader (or with Caesar as a leader) Caesare et Lentul consulibus in the consulship of Lentulus and Caesar hc loc castrs idne this place being suitable for camp 36 Vocabulary XIV Adjectives commnis,-e, common, general, shared incolumis,-e, safe, unharmed insignis,-e, distinguished, prominent satis (indeclinable), enough turpis,-e, disgraceful, shameful quisque, quaeque, quidque, each Adverbs interim, praesertim, n, meanwhile Third Conjugation Verbs cog, -ere, cog, coactum, collect, force, gather rump, -ere, rp, ruptum, break out, burst out exig, -ere, exg, exactum, collect, demand, drive out, finish (a life) revert, -ere, revert, ― return, turn back (deponent in present) solv, -ere, solv, soltum, loosen, untie sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up Third Declension Nouns eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry especially together Exercise XIV A. 1. Vt eius miser exact, corpus in terr conditum est. 2. Aere alin solt, sollicitdine omn libertus est. 3. Cap Rma m consule potuit? (Livy, Ab Urbe Condit, 3.67.3) 4. Coacts in unum locum omnibus mlitibus ducibusque, magnam pecuniam es dedit. 5. Regs tandem popul exact revertere ad urbem volurunt. 6. Sperbam onus meum futrum esse commune vbscum. 7. Vinculs solts, Perseus Andromedam patr dare poterat. 8. rtine graviter habit, animus cuiusque acriter incttus est. 9. Hostibus celeriter superts, quisque dux in Italiam cum equitibus contendit. 10. Hs gentibus victs, Caesar iterum in Germniam gressus est, nullsque hostibus ibi invents incolumis revertit. 11. Vestr auctritte satis confirmt, facilius et reliquam pecuniam exigere et exactam servre poterimus. 12. Nminibus hrum equitum tot atque tantrum exposits, s illrum praecepta sequ dxrunt. 13. Marcum Catnem ut insignem habmus, qu Marci et Manilio cnsulibus mortuus est, anns LXXXVI ipss (exactly) ante Cicernem cnsulem. B. 1. While those men were consuls, Rome did not fear. 2. After the city was founded, the strength of the citizens increased. 3. When the camp also had been lost, he fled most disgracefully, alone and conquered. 4. After these things were said, Caesar led his men across the mountains to subdue the Gauls. 5. The Romans, driving the kings from the city, said that they could not accept peace with slavery. 6. Since those people have been informed about these things, I scarcely know what you want me to write. 7. I do not know what each person said in the senate of their own state or in the common plans of the their people. 8. Let us loose those chains so that our anger, for a long time restrained, may be able to break out against our common enemy. 37 9. 10. After all who have taken up arms against us have been gathered in one place, let us set out towards the city. Although the republic was saved from these dangers by my courage, nevertheless I was punished for my deeds. Lesson XV THE DATIVE CASE Dative of Interest with Special Verbs crd fave ignosc noce believe, entrust support, favor forgive harm parc pare place stude spare obey please be eager, be devoted Fli matribus parurunt. The sons obeyed (their) mothers. Dative of Possession The DATIVE OF POSSESSION uses the verb sum to show possession and dsum to show lack. The possessor is in the dative; the possession is in the nominative. Vbs sunt libr. You have the books. Libr mihi dsunt. I have no books. (lit: The books are to you.) (lit. Books are lacking to me.) Dative of Purpose The DATIVE OF PURPOSE is used to express why or for what purpose something is done. Quis erit praesidi? Who will be a defense? (literally, for a defense) Sentus erat et erit magnae crae. The senate was and will be a great care. Dative of Reference The DATIVE OF REFERENCE shows the person affected by the action or service rendered. Hoc mihi fcit. He did this for me. Double Dative The DOUBLE DATIVE pairs the Dative of Purpose and the Dative of Reference in the same clause. Hoc auxili mihi fcit. He did this as a help to me. Cupiditts impediment tibi furunt. Their desires were a hindrance to you. Dative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps Indirect Object: Puer librum ded. I gave the boy a book. With Certain Adjectives: Puella mtr similis est. The girl is like (her) mother. 38 Vocabulary XV Third Conjugation Verbs crd, -ere, crdid, crditum (+dat.), believe, entrust ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, display, show parc, -ere, peperc,---- (+dat.), spare Second Conjugation Verbs fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support noce, -re, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey place, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.), be pleasing stude, -re, studu, ― (+dat.), be eager for, desire More Verbs appropinqu, (1), approach dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be First and Second Declension Adjectives pertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilled summus,-a,-um, highest, top of lacking, fail First Declension Noun ntra,-ae f., character, nature Exercise XV A. 1. Ignosce timr nostr. (Cicero, Epistulae Ad Familirs 6.7.1) 2. Rmn Galls suam saltem crdidrunt. 3. Qumodo pater sus flibus nocre potest? 4. Libertt tempora sunt impediment. (Cicero, Pro Rosci Amerin 9) 5. Cnsul dcibus exercits ignvit, postquam ad urbem redirant. 6. Dominus dicbat opera discipulrum sibi placre, sed posse melira esse. 7. Rx aurum et aes et ferrum impetrta cvibus ostendit ut scrent quants ops essent Galls. 8. D minribus autem erat C. Sulpicius Gallus, qu maxim omnium nobilium Graecs litters studuit. (Cicero, 9. 10. Brutus 78 ) In r public quid agatur, crd t ex erum litters cognoscere. (Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 12.28.3) Vbs popul Rmn praesidia nn desunt; vs popul Rmn n dsitis. B. 1. Your life is a great concern to me. 2. In those days my reputation was a glory to me. 3. The gods do not favor the works of men, nor men (the works) of the gods. 4. You will lack neither good fortune nor money; all these things will be as a gift for you. 5. The king spared the life of the enemy, who had approached with a weapon so that he might kill him. 6. The teacher asked which poet, expert in the use of words, was devoted to the works of Ovid. 7. The pirate injured the shoulder of the captured sailor so seriously that his life could not be preserved. 8. Since we have spoken about all the dead, tell me the reason for which you particularly wish to speak nothing about the living. 9. 10. A man of highest virtue will spare his enemies, but not always favor his friends. He was so eager for the worst factions in the state that no one trusted him. 39 Lesson XVI REVIEW: LESSONS XII – XV Indirect Questions: Main verb + interrogative /num/utrum + subjunctive Ablative Uses: Verbs with Ablative of Instrument: fungor, fruor, potior, tor, vscor Description(Quality) Separation Specification with adjective verb of separation or /ab or /ex w/ noun or adjective vir magn virtte percul liberre fnibus prohibr puer, Marcus nominee a man of great courage to free from danger to be kept from the territory a boy, by the name of Marcus Ablative Absolute: An ablative absolute describes the circumstances of the main clause, but is not connected grammatically to the main clause. (1) noun + participle – both in the ablative case. (2) noun + participle with modifiers or direct object – noun and participle in ablative, modifiers and direct object in appropriate cases (3) noun + noun or adjective (with a present participle of sum understood) – both words in the ablative case The ablative absolute should be translated using when, since, although, after, if, etc. Dative Case: The following verbs take the dative case: crd trust, believe fave show favor to ignosc forgive noce harm parc spare pare obey place please praecipi instruct stude desire; be eager for Dative Uses: Possession Purpose Reference Double Dative sum or dsum purpose and reference Flius mihi est. Hoc auxili fcit. Hoc mihi fcit. Subsidi tibi er. 40 I have a son. He did this as a help. He did this for me. I will be a support for you. Exercise XVI A. 1. Sunt nbs tot amc ut nulla metus mihi sit. 2. Equits equs sus vescbantur, cum cibus sibi desset. 3. Mlits rogvrunt num rumor d hostibus vrus esset. 4. Num scelera hostium tam turpia erant? Nnne nostrs flis flibusque parcurunt? 5. Natr loc cpis exposit, dux rogvit qu arma sumptr essent et iter n factr essent. 6. Fli patribus di parent ut, patribus mortus, agrs potiantur. 7. Est vir summ virtte, magn r publicae amre, multque auctoritte apud mlits. 8. Praesidiis hostium superts, tamen certam pacem facere aut populum sollicitdine liberre nn potermus. 9. 10. Nsci cur mihi aut parcueris aut ignoveris. Nbs exposuit quot bon studuissent ill homin pessim. B. 1. Those who are most experienced in the course of the stars have shown that the sun cannot be moved. 2. In those places huge trees keep off the light the sun from the inhabitants. 3. Surely the truest and most noble man will be elected consul? 4. The crowd used their weapons as aid for the brave men. 5. Since they had been enrolled before the war, the Romans fought bravely and with great courage against the Germans. 6. He asked how I had performed my duties so well. 7. We enjoyed both his virtue and his friendship for many years. 8. Let us loosen the chains from the captives and return as quickly as possible to the city. 9. Each skilled (person) is able to tell how he acquired his ability. 10. We thought that he would be a hindrance to us 41 Lesson XVII CONDITIONS A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE has at least two clauses: the PROTASIS is a subordinate clause stating the condition; the APODOSIS is the main clause stating the conclusion. The protasis is generally introduced by s (if) or one of its compounds. Most conditional sentences fall into one of three categories: simple or general conditions, future conditions, or contrary-to-fact conditions. Simple Conditions SIMPLE CONDITIONS use an indicative verb in both the protasis and the apodosis. They can be either present or past. Simple Present S cantat, laetus est. If (whenever) he sings, he is happy. Simple past S cantbat, laetus erat. If (whenever) he was singing, he was happy. S cantvit, laetus fuit. If (whenever) he sang, he was happy. Future Conditions There are two kinds of FUTURE CONDITIONS: FUTURE MORE VIVID CONDITIONS use the future or future perfect indicative in the protasis and the future indicative in the apodosis. S cantbit, laetus erit. If he sings, he will be happy. The future perfect in the protasis emphasizes completion of the condition before the conclusion takes effect. S hosts vict erunt, impertor laudbitur. If the enemy is (will be, will have been) conquered, the general will be praised. FUTURE LESS VIVID CONDITIONS use the present subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example. S cantet, laetus sit. If he should sing, he would be happy. (or Should he sing, he would be happy.) Contrary-to-Fact Conditions CONTRARY-TO-FACT CONDITIONS may be present or past. Contrary to fact conditions are hypothetical. Present contrary-to-fact conditions use the imperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example. S cantret, laetus esset. If he were singing, he would be happy. Past contrary-to-fact conditions use the pluperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example. S cantvisset, laetus fuisset. If he had sung, he would have been happy. 42 Vocabulary XVII First Declension Nouns Third Declension Nouns abundance, supply, (pl.). provisions, troops decus, decoris n., dignity, glory, honor family, household slaves laus, laudis f., praise form ord, ordinis m., order, rank fame, glory plebs, plebis f., common people, plebs princeps, principis m., chief, leader lack cpia, cpiae f., familia, familiae f., forma, formae f., gloria, gloriae f., inopia, inopiae f., memoria, memoriae f., memory Third Conjugation Verbs discd, -ere, discess, discessum, withdraw cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, gain, Preposition contr (+acc.) opposite, toward Pronoun pursue confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust aliquis, aliquid, anything Exercise XVII A. 1. E nn pepercissem, nisi eius virtt confsus essem. 2. S cpia cib nbs esset, statim revertermus. 3. Nis ill studemus, nn eum consequmur. 4. Aliquid insigne et dignum memori laudeque facere voluit. 5. Nisi sibi magnopere confsa esset, nn tantam auctorittem consecta esset. 6. Si illa hostibus nntientur, ab hs locs discdant; s hosts d Rmns talia dcerent, ab hs locs discderent. 7. Et facere et pati fortia Romanum est. Nec nus in t ego hs anims gess; longus post m ord est idem petentium decus. (Livy 2.12.10 Mucius to Porsenna) 8. S ists nullum corpus cvittis, nec sentum, nec plbem, nec magistrts esse patimur, aliquis sps pcis popul Rmn sit. 9. 10. M nminem form pulchrirem vdisse aut vce suavirem audvisse quam t put. Ill autem, quibus haec a natr minra data sunt, tamen es ita ut possunt, ut laudemque decusque cnsequantur. 11. Nisi Pompeius, qu princeps in r public erat, hanc potesttem et glriam maxims rbus gests consectus esset, nn in eius partem e tempore accessissem. B. 1. If you were wise, you would yield to his authority. 2. If you should trust them, you would spare (them). 3. If you had a larger supply of words, you would be able to make a better speech. 4. If our order (use ord) had not been so hard on the Roman plebs, they would have yielded to us. 5. If we wished to be the best, we would seek nothing more than dignity, glory and praise. 6. Through anxiety and lack of money the whole family was brought to destruction. 7. Zopyrus said that he was able to understand anyone’s nature from (ex) the form of his body, eyes and other things. 43 8. If he were not so trusting in himself, he would not be able to deal with that very serious matter. 9. I bore the death of your daughter heavily and as a shared calamity. If I had been present, would not have been lacking to you. 44 Lesson XVIII GERUNDS The GERUND is a verbal noun. The English translation always ends in –ing. The Latin gerund is formed by adding -nd- (or -end- in third and fourth conjugation verbs) to the present stem with the second declension neuter singular endings of only the oblique cases (i.e. genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative). The gerund of e is irregular. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. first second Third third I-stem fourth ----amand amand amandum amand ----monend monend monendum monend ----ducend ducend ducendum ducend ----capiend capiend capiendum capiend -----audiend audiend audiendum audiend e ----eund eund eundum eund Other irregular verbs and deponents form their gerunds regularly. The verbs sum and fi do not have gerunds. The gerund functions like a noun in its respective cases. As a verb it can have an object and can be modified by an adverb or prepositional phrase. The object of a gerund will be in the accusative case unless the verb normally takes another case; e.g. tor takes the ablative. The genitive of a gerund can depend on either a noun or an adjective. It can also precede the words caus or grati to show purpose. Cupidus bellum gerend est. He is desirous of waging war. Spem hosts vincend dposuit. He has put aside hope of defeating the enemy. Legend caus venit. He comes for the sake of reading. The dative of a gerund is used infrequently. The accusative of a gerund is used with ad with certain adjectives, such as partus, idneus, aptus, and tilis, or to show purpose. Ad librs legendum venit. Equus fortis est aptus ad fugiendum. He comes to read books. A strong horse is useful for escaping. The ablative of a gerund is often used to express means or cause. It also follows the prepositions /ab, d, /ex, or in. Legend discimus. Legend laet sumus. De pugnand loquuntur. We learn by reading. We are happy because of reading. They talk about fighting. When a gerund is needed as the subject, predicate nominative, or direct object, Latin uses the infinitive. Nominative: Accusative: Legere est difficile. Legere amat. To read (or reading ) is difficult. He loves to read. 45 Vocabulary XVIII Verbs conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, catch sight of, observe, spot dlber (1), consider, deliberate disc, -ere, didic,----, learn despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, observe toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise Nouns vespera,-ae f., vesper, vesperis m., iuvenis,-is m., hiems, hiemis f., evening evening young man, youth winter First and Second Declension Adjectives bellus,-a,-um, fine, handsome, nice, pretty cupidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy, longing mus,-a,-um, at the bottom of, deepest, lowest integer, integra, integrum, untouched, whole studisus,-a,-um, devoted, eager, zealous tardus,-a,-um, late, slow ttus,-a,-um, safe Exercise XVIII A. 1. Parte vs ad discendum! 2. In hc terr novs mrs et alis vis etiam pugnand invnimus. 3. Iuvens sunt cupid pugnand; itaque signum tolltur et acis consistat! 4. Studis n colloquend, vesper sedbmus cibumque sumbmus. 5. Num impedimenta fgiend grti relinquimus? 6. Erum ms erat ibi cnsistere loquend caus. 7. Cicer dxit patriam fortiter pugnand servr posse. 8. Plrima d rrum natr avidissim legend discmus. 9. Ali fortiter vincend grati pugnant, ali propter amrem pugnand. 10. Iv maria, terrs, litora, regna, populs de cael despicient omnia sunt crae. B. 1. He is a handsome man, and eager for learning. 2. Since winter had come we were eager for departing. 3. They often held the hope of conquering. 4. He lifted fear from all by sparing many. 5. The soldiers were so desirous of fighting that they were contained with great difficulty. 6. The girls were so slow to depart that they did not arrive in the city before evening. 7. The beautiful maidens have come to the forum this evening to find the youths. 8. We shall surpass the enemy in thinking, not in talking. 9. If anyone has gained glory by harming others, I do not know his name. 10. We convened at the foot of the untouched mountain in order to begin to climb to the top together. 46 Lesson XIX GERUNDIVES The GERUNDIVE is a verbal adjective belonging to the 1st/2nd declension. It is always passive in meaning. It is formed like the gerund but has all the endings of an adjective. The gerundive agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number and gender. singular F M nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. amandus amand amand amandum amand amanda amandae amandae amandam amand M plural F N amand amandrum amands amands amands amandae amandrum amands amands amands amanda amandrum amands amanda amands N amandum amand amand amandum amand It is very common to use a noun modified by a gerundive instead of a gerund with an object. Both expressions can be translated the same way. gerund + object librs legend by reading books noun + gerundive librs legends by reading books (lit. by books being read) The uses of the gerundive are very similar to those of the gerund. Genitive: Cupidus bell gerend est. Libr legend caus venit. He is desirous of waging war (lit. of war being waged). He comes for the sake of reading the book (lit.of the book being read). Accusative: Ad librs legends venit. He comes to read books (lit. for books being read). Equus fortis est ad hosts fugiends aptus. A strong horse is useful for fleeing the enemy. Ablative: Librs legends discimus. Libr legend flics sumus. De bell gerend loquuntur. We learn by reading books (lit. by books being read). We are happy because of reading the book. They talk about waging the war (lit. about the war being waged). 47 Vocabulary XIX Nouns loquentia,-ae f., eloquence ingenium,- n., character, talent senex, senis m., old man Pronoun qudam, quaedam, quoddam, Verbs reperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by looking) iuv, -re, iv, itum, help confici, -ere, confc, confectum, accomplish, finish, make ready refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry back, relate certain Exercise XIX A. 1. mrs optims amand; mribus optims amands; mrs optims amand grati; mrium optimrum amandrum grti; ad natram mrsque perspiciendum; ad natram mrsque perspiciends. 2. comparand amcitiam; comparand amciti; comparand amcitiam caus; comparandae amcitiae caus;ad amcitiam comparandum; ad amcitiam comparandam. 3. Iam ad certs rs conficiends qusdam homins dlects habbat. 4. Omnibus ills rbus iam confects, cnsuls ad sentum referunt num ad socis iuvands exitr essent. 5. Ill dxrunt s nn ex acie discessrs esse nisi tl reperiend aut sumend caus, aut cvis servand. 6. Ipsum consulem Rmae manre ad conscribends omns qu arma ferre possent optimum vsum est. (Livy 3.4.10) 7. Nisi tam breve tempus e ad ingenium monstrandum et loquentiam augendam fuisset, num rogrmus quanta vs loquend e natr data esset? 8. Intellegite alis qusdam vis ad consequendam loquentiam esse melirs 9. Sciunt eadem cnsilia bells dmittends sumendsque nn esse omnibus. B. 1. by helping the old men; for the sake of helping the old men; in order to help the old men (translate two ways) 2. by examining his true character; for the sake of examining his true character; in order to examine his true character 3. The old man was able to help his own (people) by examining the talents and customs of men, and their reasons. 4. Since everyone is asking for these things from me, I have been led to write to you for the sake of explaining the reason for war with this letter. 5. If anyone should kill a man, let there be for the Roman people the power of exacting punishment. 6. He was so influenced by certain friends that he undertook everything for accomplishing so great a crime. 7. The Romans, led farther from their camp in order to help the cities of their allies, were able to be captured. 8. I will not become tired by relating the deeds of that man again. 9. They knew that they wished to remain only for acquiring glory. 10. Led on by the desire of finishing the war quickly, he became a danger to himself and to others. 48 Lesson XX PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC The gerundive with a form of sum shows necessity or obligation. The gerundive is declined to agree with its subject in case, number, and gender. This is called the P ASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC. Dcendus sum. I must be led (literally, I am to be led) Haec conficienda erunt. These things will have to be done (literally, These things will be to be done.) Rati eius exponenda erat. His reason had to be laid out. (literally, His reason was to be laid out.) There are many possible translations for the different tenses: Hoc faciendum est. This must be done. This should be done. This has to be done. This ought to be done. This is to be done. Hoc faciendum erat. This had to be done. This was to be done. Hoc faciendum erit. This will have to be done DATIVE OF AGENT (with no preposition) is used with the passive periphrastic. The passive translation may be converted to the active voice in English: Nbs id faciendum erat. It had to be done by us. We had to do it. Tibi dcendus sum. I must be led by you. You must lead me. Px nbs petenda erit. Peace will have to be sought by us. We will have to seek peace. IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION: The passive periphrastic of an intransitive verb, which takes no direct object, or of a transitive verb without an object, must be translated in the active voice. In this construction, the gerundive is in the neuter nominative singular form. Tibi eundum est. Nvibus nvigandum erat. Nbs proficiscendum erit. You must go (lit. It must be gone by you). The ships had to sail (lit. It had to be sailed by the ships). We will have to set out. 49 Vocabulary XX Verbs abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, go away ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go to exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw ine, -re, inv/ini, initum, adopt (plan), enter praetere, -re, praeteriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, skip 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives aequus, -a, -um, even, fair, flat, level alinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelated aptus,-a,-um, appropriate inquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfair Adverbs frustr, adv., hc, adv., hinc, adv., hc, adv., in vain here from here, from this place to this place Exercise XX A. 1. Mihi huic re apta sententia reperienda est. 2. Exercitus saepe magn pecuni nbs confirmandus erat. 3. Haec celeriter nbs facienda sunt; hoc tibi nunc suscipiendum erit. 4. Catilna mults amcs aere alin erum semper suscipiend nactus est. 5. Caesar intellxit pontem delendum esse n Helveti in prvinciam incderent. 6. Ulla percula adeunda sunt; sprt glri urbis condendae numquam discdendum est. 7. Rmrs inqu d me puell omnibus praetereundi sunt. 8. S sentus pr m grtis agends esse putet, grtis mihi ips esse referends nn putem? 9. Praetere illa quae nn praetereunda sunt; dcam hunc esse hominem magn ingeni, insignis loquentiae, summae fide. 10. Plinius dxit Slium Italicum carmina maire cr quam ingeni scrpsisse. 11. Quis est tam patins huius malae urbis ut putet ram suam tenendam esse? B. 1. I must do these things; you had to follow your desires; we ought to find them. 2. He must be considered unrelated to our family. 3. A camp most appropriate for waging war must be found here by us. 4. They asked whether they had to come to Rome in order to keep the state from calamity. 5. They have a town in an appropriate place, to which (= where to) people often must go with ships. 6. Sallust says that virtue is always foreign to kings. 7. We must preserve a level mind in difficult and good times. 8. Some must go out into battle; others must protect the camp. 9. I pass over many things which in those times had to be found or completed by us. 10. If they did not trust you, you should not have been spared. 50 Lesson XXI REVIEW: LESSONS XVII – XX Conditions: Type of condition Simple Present Simple Past Future More Vivid Latin present indicative in both clauses S cantat, laetus est. past indicative (imperfect or perfect) in both clauses past in both clauses S cantbat, laetus erat. If (whenever) he was singing, he was happy. S cantvit, laetus fuit. If (whenever) he sang, he was happy. future indicative in both clauses or future perfect in the protasis present in the protasis, future in the apodosis If he sings, he will be happy. S cantbit, laetus erit. S vcerit, laetus erit. present subjunctive in both clauses Future Less Vivid S cantet, laetus sit. imperfect subjunctive in both clauses Present Contrary-to-Fact S cantret, laetus esset. pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses Past Contrary-to-Fact English present in both clauses If (whenever) he sings, he is happy. S cantvisset, laetus fuisset. If he conquers (will have conquered), he will be happy. should…, would… If he should sing, he would be happy. (Should he sing, he would be happy.) was -----ing, would … If he were singing (but he is not), he would be happy. had …, would have … If he had sung (but he has not), he would have been happy. Gerunds and Gerundives: Gerunds and gerundives have a very similar formation. Gerunds have only the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular neuter forms. Gerundives have all the forms of 1st/2nd declension adjectives. Gerund formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -, -, -um, and - Gerundive formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -us, -a, -um , etc. The noun modified by a gerundive is more frequently used than the gerund with an object. Gerunds are generally used without an object. Both constructions can be translated the same way. Passive Periphrastic: The passive periphrastic is used to show obligation or necessity ( gerundive + form of sum): Laudanda est. She should be praised. The passive periphrastic takes a dative of agent. Px nbs petenda est. We must seek peace. (Peace must be sought by us). Intransitive verbs or transitive verbs without a direct object use the impersonal construction. Mlitibus proficiscendum erit. The soldiers will have to set out. 51 Exercise XXI A. 1. S quis umquam rget ubi incolam, narr e m Rmae nunc di esse. 2. Hiem urbs Rma est saepe tra inimcaque. N nbs eundum sit! 3. Cum pater puerum parvum manibus sustulerit, flium esse sibi magn decor snsit. 4. Nisi m d ntr bell docuisset, cum Graecs pugnns mortuus essem. 5. S princps vrs surum copirum perspiciet, qusdam in hc corn ponet qu ordinem servent. 6. S rgna consilia rgis moritr ineat, laudem magnam accipiat. 7. Inte tard consilium contr vtam alicuius. 8. Cum sentirent labrem suum domin despectum esse, sperbant celerittem e placitram esse. 9. Princip ad provincis adeundum erat ut pcem regin referret. 10. Haec si fecerit, erit integra potestas nobis deliberand. (Cicero, Philippicae 7.26) 11. Contr patriam arma pr amc sumenda nn sunt. (Aulus Gellius, Nocts Atticae 1.3.18) B. 1. The soldiers moved with great speed through the lands of Italy in vain, for in Helvetia they stopped almost daily because of the nature of the mountains. 2. Speak in such a way that not only the people listen to you, but even that they listen zealously. 3. They must go to the city Rome before evening. 4. If he has a need for food, he is very unhappy. 5. If the youth, eager for learning, should have a disposition keen and suited to reading, the old man would be able to teach him very many things well. 6. Hoc ipsum est, quod maxime discendum est quodque ab his, qui docent, minime dicitur. (Aulus Gellius 1.3.16) 7. The pirates worked into the evening for the sake of finishing the ship well. 8. The soldiers must pursue the Gauls lest they influence the inhabitants of the province with their eloquence. 9. If those who have been gathered here were pleasing to you, you would not be harming them in this way. 10. If these matters had been announced to us, we would have departed from here before they could find us. 52 Lesson XXII INDIRECT COMMANDS The INDIRECT COMMAND is a subordinate clause after a verb of commanding or requesting. The indirect command begins with ut or ne and has its verb in the subjunctive, following the sequence of tenses. Direct Command: Indirect Command: Mante Remain! D mihi pecuniam! Give me money! Ns rogat ut manemus. He asks us to remain T r ut mihi pecuniam ds. I ask you to give me money. Pugnte bene! Fight well! Es horttur ut fortiter pugnent. He urges them to fight well. Verbs with an Accusative of Person Commanded The following verbs use the accusative case for the person addressed: rog r hortor ask beseech, beg urge, encourage mone obsecr advise, warn beseech, beg Pater magistrum rogat ut puers doceat. The father asks the teacher to teach the boys. Verbs with a Dative of Person Commanded The following verbs use the dative case for the person addressed: imper command, order praecipi direct; advise persude persuade Caesar mlitibus persusit ut fortiter pugnrent. Caesar persuaded the soldiers to fight bravely. Verbs with /ab + Ablative of Person Commanded The following verbs use /ab with the ablative case for the person addressed: pet beg, ask postul demand Caesar postulvit mlitibus n urbem dlvrent. Caesar demanded that the soldiers not destroy the city. Verbs with an Accusative and Infinitive Construction The following verbs use the accusative + infinitive construction: iube order vet forbid vol wish prohibe cg nl prevent compel wish not Mlits manre iubet. He orders the soldiers to remain. Vet is used for the negative of iube, and nl for the negative of vol. 53 patior allow, suffer cupi desire Mlits manre vetat. He forbids the soldiers to remain.(He orders the soldiers not to remain.) 54 Vocabulary XXII Verbs Adverb modo, adv., merely, only imper (1), demand, order Nouns obsecr (1), beg, beseech auxilium,-, n., aid, help or (1), beg, beseech salus, saltis f, safety (personal), well-being postul (1), demand hortor (1), encourage persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade Exercise XXII 1. Rogvit m ut scum abrem. 2. Persusit es n iter facerent. 3. Pet t n ditius quam dus dis Rmae manes. 4. E imperandum est n contr inimcs consilium capiat. 5. Ad m, obsecr t, ut omnia certa perscrbs. (Cicero Ad Atticum 3.12) 6. Ns horttus est ut omnia quae perspic nbs possunt dcmus. 7. Hs atque alis huius mod saepe dcts, popul persudbat, ut legt ad rgem mitterentur. 8. Praecepta sunt data, n contr eum agrum qu popul Rmn factus esset arma inferrent. (Livy 7.31.8) 9. Legts relqus praecpit ut exrent cum castra mnta essent. 10. Vs tribn, rmus, ut prmum omnium intellegtis potesttem istam ad populum iuvandum, nn ad omnia dlenda compartam esse; tribns plbis vs crets, nn hosts patribus. 11. Es praecpit ut s fde pblic Rmam dcerent, ut facilius d pce agerent. 12. Faciam, s mihi fdem quam postul dederis. B. 1. They asked us to bring help. 2. You advise me to trust no one. 3. He ordered me to approach. 4. He begged me to take up his cause while you were present. 5. And so I asked the rest that they defer the whole matter for another day. 6. I ask of you only that you write diligently to me, as your nature and our friendship demand. 7. We hoped that he would either persuade them or would allow them to persuade him. 8. I urged him to say the things which he knew without fear. 9. Catiline kept on urging his allies not ever to be without a weapon. 10. They demanded that either the matter be referred to the senate, or that the consul be a help to the citizens and the leader (be a help to) the soldiers. (Use double dative) 11. By your fortunes and by your children, I beseech and beg you not to do anything more serious concerning your safety. 12. I warn you not to adopt a plan foreign to your customs and nature. 55 Lesson XXIII SUBJUNCTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative Clause of Purpose The relative clause of purpose begins with a relative pronoun instead of ut. (Lesson II) Miss sumus qu tus capermus. We were sent to seize your men. If the antecedent is indefinite (men, people, someone), it is not expressed in Latin. Caesar msit qu urbem caperent. Caesar sent (men) to capture the city. Relative Clause of Characteristic The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF CHARACTERISTIC describes a quality or characteristic of the antecedent. It begins with a relative pronoun and has a verb in the subjunctive. It describes the antecedent as a member of a group, “the kind of man who…” Is est qu fortiter pugnet. He is one who fights bravely. /He is the kind of man who fights bravely. Contrast with the indicative: Is est qu fortiter pugnat. He is the man (or the one) who is fighting bravely. The following clauses often introduce a relative clause of characteristic: nm est qu there is no one who nihil est quod there is nothing that quis est qu who is there who quid est quod what is there that mult sunt qu there are many who pauc sunt qu there are a few who Relative Clause of Result The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF RESULT is a dependent clause beginning with a relative pronoun, which expresses the result of the main clause. These results are not actual, but rather imagined or anticipated. Often the main clause will contain an adjective or adverb which anticipates and points to the result of the main clause: tam, tlis, tantus, ita, sc, de, etc. Nm tam stultus est qu eum interficere temptet. No one is so foolish as to try to kill him. 56 Vocabulary XXIII Verbs aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, reveal, uncover fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, define, limit convoc (1), call together existim (1), consider, regard, think expugn (1), storm import (1), bring in, carry in dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep responde, respondre, respond, responsum, answer, Nouns beneficium,-, n., favor, kindness, support gaudium,- n., joy praemium,- n., prize, reward spatium,- n., room, space Adverbs aliquand, cottdi, forte, anytime, sometime daily by chance respond cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, desire, long for, wish Exercise XXIII A. 1. Sus convocvit qu s metum castrrum hostium expugnandrum audrent. 2. Nm est tam credens qu existimet beneficium ab hostibus vrum esse. 3. Nullum bellum sc pugntur qu omns mlits incolums domum redeant. 4. Portae aperiuntur es qu castra Drica (Greek), locsque vacus, ltora relicta vidre velint. 5. Ille lgts msit qu hosts sequantur et impedimenta capiant. 6. Athnienss m msrunt qu cum Rmns d bell contr prts dlberrem. 7. Quid est quod t, Catilna, terreat magis quam h vir in hc loc sacr nobils insignsque? 8. Quo modo lcem diemque omnibus hominibus, ita omnis terras fortibus virs natra aperuit. (Tacitus, Histories 4.64) 9. Nvs ad Galliam equittum importvrunt qu imperium illrum gentium fnrent. 10. Mult sunt qu s bell cottdi exerceant et pauc qu fortiter pugnent. 11. Summa in eam cvittem studia et beneficia contulit quibus dignissimus memori vidertur. B. 1. Almost no one is so evil that he always commits crimes. 2. The space in the forum is so small that the slaves were sent away. 3. No kindness is so great that it may change the heart of the evil man. 4. Caesar responded that the troops had been sent to seize the city and to carry back their own reward. 5. There is no one who weeps more about the dangers of war than the mother of a soldier. 6. Who is there who would train daily that the city may be saved from the anger of the gods? 7. (There) are few who grieve the death of a son as you have grieved. 8. What leader is so bold as to send his men onto a plain against the Gauls without weapons? 9. If they had been able to sustain the attack of the cavalry, they would not have fled into the woods. 10. Should she not have confidence in herself, she would not be able to do those things. 57 11. Let all the trees of the forest sing for joy for the lord has come. Lesson XXIV SUPINES AND REVIEW OF PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS Supine The SUPINE is a verbal noun of the fourth declension and is usually formed from the fourth principal part of the verb. It is always neuter singular, but it is used only in the accusative and ablative cases. Accusative Ablative translation first second third third stem fourth amtum amt monitum monit ductum duct captum capt audtum audit to love to warn to lead to capture to hear The accusative supine is used after verbs of motion to show purpose. It may have a direct object. Pugntum vn. Urbem captum proficiscitur. I have come to fight. He sets out to capture the city. The ablative supine is used after certain adjectives as an ablative of specification. mrbile dict facile fact Turpe vs est. amazing to say easy to do It is disgraceful to see. Review of Purpose Constructions The following chart shows five ways to express purpose in Latin which are nearly interchangeable. The English translation may be the same for all. Remember that Latin never uses the infinitive to express purpose. construction formula examples purpose clause main clause + ut /n + subjunctive verb relative clause of purpose main clause + relative pronoun + subjunctive verb Veniunt ut urbem videant. They come to see the city. Veniunt qu urbem videant. They come to see the city. Urbis videndae caus veniunt. genitive of gerund/gerundive + caus/grati They come to see the city. Vidend caus veniunt. They come for the purpose of seeing. Ad urbem videndum veniunt. gerund and gerundive constructions They come to see the city. ad + accusative of gerund/gerundive Ad videndum veniunt. They come for the sake of seeing. Urbem vsum veniunt. supine in the accusative verb of motion + accusative of the supine 58 They come to see the city. Vocabulary XXIV Adjectives falsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untrue midus,-a,-um, damp, moist mrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderful vetus, veteris old Adverb velut/velut, even as, just as Verbs memor (1), bring up, mention fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, imagine, make, make up Noun nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong Exercise XXIV A. 1. Numquam illa pulchrior vis fuit. 2. Quaerunt quid optimum fact sit. 3. Dxit s rgem interfectrum esse et id facile fact futrum esse. 4. Nox et sequentis die pars carminum fingendrum caus data est. 5. N scrpsers ad m etiam d maxims rbus in r public gests docendum, nisi ad m ipsum pertinbit. 6. Ill, ut melius intellegantur, nova verba fingunt magis quam veteribus tuntur. 7. Caesarem conditum, nn laudtum vn. 8. Tua epistula d morte amc nostr m accepta statim lacrims mes umida facta est et, nefs dict, invts oculs lecta est. 9. 10. Epistulam tibi mittam qu scis quam invtus hc slus maneam. Victus tus beneficis, vn tibi gratis actum. B. 1. I have pursued those things eagerly from which true glory may be born. 2. The words with which I may persuade you, do not fail me. 3. They decided that this was the best to do. 4. He informed us about his arrival so that we would not trust false rumors. 5. When you tell about great virtue and glory of good men, many think these things are easy to accomplish. 6. They said that the city would be captured. 7. They said that they would come to capture the city. 8. We have come to warn you, not to praise you. 9. They have come to advise you, not to order you. 10. Catiline ordered his friends, gathered together in one place, to go out in order to kill the best people. 11. They announce that he is already present in order to cut off flight. 59 Lesson XXV SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE A subordinate clause depending upon INDIRECT DISCOURSE is called a SUBOBLIQUE CLAUSE. If the subordinate clause was part of the original direct statement, its verb is subjunctive in indirect discourse. The tense of the subjunctive follows the sequence of tenses based on the tense of the main verb of saying, thinking, reporting, asking, etc. Direct Statement Mihi librum dat quem msrunt. He is giving me the book which they sent. The relative clause quem msrunt is a subordinate clause of the original direct statement. Indirect Statement Mter dcit eum mihi librum dare quem mserint. The mother says that he is giving me the Mter dxit eum mihi book which they sent. librum dare quem msissent. The mother said that he was giving me the book which they had sent. Direct Question Qu urbem dfendunt quam Rmn habent? Who are defending the city that the Romans hold? Indirect Question Rogat qu urbem dfendant quam Rmn habeant. He asks who are defending the city that the Romans are holding. He asked who were defending the city that the Romans were holding. Rogvit qu urbem dfenderent quam Rmn habrent. Direct Command In urbe, in qu ntus es, man! Remain in the city, in which you were born! Indirect Command Iubet m in urbe manre in qu ntus sim. Postulvit ut in urbe manrem in qu ntus essem. 60 He orders me to remain at the city in which I was born. He demanded that I remain in the city, in which I was born. Vocabulary XXV Third -i Verbs affici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, treat dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail; fall away effici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring about perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish, perfect refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore Adjectives immemor, immemoris, forgetful memor, memoris, mindful pr, paris, equal, like Adverbs Noun lber,-rum m., children (only in plural) prope (+acc.), near ante, deinde, inde, numquam, nper, nndum, Preposition before, formerly, previously from there, next, then from there, thence never recently not yet Exercise XXV A. 1. Dxit s numquam ante vdisse ills lbers, qu prope strent. 2. Dx m mrs refctrum esse postquam consl cretus essem. 3. Dcit iter, quod faciendum sit, nvibus facilius quam pede futrum esse. 4. Dcs ab mlitibus postulvrunt ut ad ltus prgrediantur et nvs, qus ante refcissent, exspectent. 5. Princips mlitibus impervrunt ut n manrent ut urbem undque expugnre possent. 6. Memor Galls numquam exercitibus Rmns bene ss esse, Caesar iussit es gents, qus in montibus vcisset, sub iugum mitt. 7. Nis illae insigns virttes amcitiam efficiant, quis es petends esse putet? 8. Tandem urbe capt, ducs es msrunt qu cibum aquamque cpis reperrent. 9. Dxrunt s nn ab amciti nostr, quae tanta beneficia comparvisset, dficere velle. 10. Sallustius scrpsit s, quod vta, qu frumur, brevis sit, memoriam longissimam su efficere velle. B. 1. After that task was completed, we were affected by great care and worry. 2. The leaders asked how the storms, about which they had recently heard, were affecting the seas. 3. I hoped that the young men, since they had been affected by the habits of the best teachers, would forgive me more easily. 4. We were informed that the Romans who had gone to Britain had completed the long wall. 5. The consul ordered the soldiers to complete the bridge, which ought to have been made in the winter. 6. The children asked whether they would set out to Rome after the ships had been repaired. 7. Seneca says that virtue is able to bring it about that someone not be wretched. 8. Then he said that he would restore the state which had given him so many benefits. 9. She announced that she was greatly affected by the deeds of the queen, who was the leader of the Carthaginians. 61 10. He said that he had been so greatly affected by her letters that he seemed to have received a benefit from her rather than given (a benefit) to her. 62 Lesson XXVI REVIEW: LESSONS XXII – XXV Indirect Commands: The indirect command is a subordinate clause after a verb indicating a command or a request. Example Main verb iube, vet, vol, prohibe, cg, nl, patior, cupi Formula rog, r, hortor, mone, obsecr accusative + ut/ne + subjunctive imper, praecipi, persuade dative + ut/ne + subjunctive pet, postul /ab + ablative + ut/ne + subjunctive accusative + infinitive Iubet eam sequ. He orders her to follow. Eam rat ut sequtur. He begs her to follow. E persuadet ut sequtur. He persuades her to follow. Ab e postulat ut sequtur. He demands that she follow. Subjunctive Relative Clauses: The following three types of relative clauses use the subjunctive mood: the relative clause of purpose, the relative clause of characteristic, and the relative clause of result. Construction Formula Example relative clause of purpose relative pronoun + subjunctive Missus est qu urbem caperet. He was sent to seize the city. relative clause of characteristic relative pronoun with indefinite antecedent + subjunctive Is est qu bene dormiat. relative clause of result main verb often has tam, tlis, tantus, ita, sc, or de + relative pronoun + subjunctive Tlis est quem omns laudent. He is the kind of man who sleeps well. He is the sort of man that all praise. Supines: A supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension used only in the accusative and ablative cases. The accusative of the supine is used to show purpose with a verb of motion. Vn urbem vsum. I came to see the city. In the ablative the supine is used with certain adjectives as an ablative of specification. Mrbile dict, vir factus est deus! Amazing to say, the man has become a god! Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse: A subordinate clause within indirect discourse usually has its verb in the subjunctive mood. Nntius nntivit lgtum mortuum esse, qu ad pcem faciendam vnisset. The messenger reported that the envoy who had come to make peace had died. 63 Exercise XXVI A. 1. Sols es qu ram exercre velint convocs. 2. Potestne t amre, qu aliquand tib inimcus fuerit? 3. Hae rs sunt nn slum malae fact, sed etiam malae audt. 4. Sunt e qu Propertium malint. (Quintilian, Inst. Orat. 10.1.93) 5. Fingmus Alexandrum, puerum tant cur dignum, nbs dar ut docemus. 6. Existimvit sua beneficia, quae in caelum ab omnibus sublta essent, decor et praesidi sibi futra esse. 7. Hom ibi terrtus, omn sp vtae amiss, rvit ut, antequam morertur, s csum carmine dolre paterentur. 8. Ipsa ntra vidtur memriam velut ducem nbs dedisse, quae ns horttur ut bona sequmur. 9. Hortbantur fntims ut ports aperrent atque commnem patriam ab impet Rmnrum dfend paterentur. 10. Nn sumus quibus omnia in terrs aut mala aut bona videantur. 11. S e maior auctrits fuisset, princeps sents dlectus esset. 12. Ovidius nbs rogat quis carmina Tibull ttus legere possit, aut carmina poetae cuius opus Cynthia sla fuerit. B. 1. There are those who say that desire cannot be limited. 2. Let me respond to those who do not wish to make up false rumors. 3. He asked the consuls not to respond with a letter, but to be present themselves at once. 4. There is no one so content that he would not desire those things. 5. It is slavery not to speak against whom you wish and not to defend whom you wish. 6. Since water was lacking, they came every day to seek aid. 7. If my family were not staying at Rome, I would be with them as a help in this most wretched time. 8. The poet asked whether anyone was able to read the songs of Tibullus safely. 9. How many (people) can say that they will be the same tomorrow? 10. I asked him to stay with me for three days so that he could read my speech. 64 Lesson XXVII IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS A verb which lacks a personal subject is said to be used impersonally. Intransitive Verbs: The Passive Periphrastic of an intransitive verb must be impersonal. Nbs proficiscendum est. We must set out. Many verbs are commonly used with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause (with or without ut). Impersonal Verbs with Accusative necesse est it is necessary oportet it is fitting Impersonal Verbs with Dative licet it is permitted placet it is pleasing M exre necesse est. Ut exeam necesse est. Exeam necesse est. It is necessary for me to leave. It is necessary that I leave. T audre oportet. Ut audis oportet. Audis oportet. It is fitting that you hear. You ought to listen. Nbs licet loqu. (Nbs) licet ut loqumur. Licet loqumur. Rg hoc dcere placet. Rg ut hoc dicat placet. Rg placet hoc dicat. It is permitted that we speak. We are permitted to speak. It pleases the king to say this. It is pleasing to the king to say this. 65 Vocabulary XXVII Deponent Verbs adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack orior, -r, ortus sum, appear, rise mror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder at reor, rr, ratus sum, imagine, suppose, think tueor, tur, tuitum, observe, protect, scan Nouns mulier, mulieris f., woman tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods) custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian Impersonal Verbs licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted paul, necesse esse, it is necessary poste, oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting rursus, Adjectives ducent,-ae,-a, two hundred dexter, dextera, dexterum, trecent,-ae,-a, three hundred sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, Adverbs a little, somewhat afterwards a second time, backwards right, (as a noun) right hand left, (as a noun) left hand Exercise XXVII A. 1. Necesse est trecents mlits in Britanniam mitt ut ills gents contineant. 2. Ut slem orientem adspicimus nbs placet. 3. Tua sum; tua dcar oportet; Pnelop coniunx (wife) semper Ulixis er. (Ovid, Heroides 1.83-84) 4. Qus habe, d tueantur ops! (Ovid, Heroides, 16.32) 5. Nbs licet ut irat simus, mlitibus ns adorts et mulieribus lbersque capts. 6. Custd licet ut interficiat qu rg appropinqure cntur. 7. Nn satis est modo habre virttem - necesse est ut e utris. 8. Paul poste necesse erit docre es esse custds suae saltis. 9. Aeneas surrxit et lmen solis orientis mrbtur. 10. Neptn placet ut muliers munera in mare rursus ponant, antequam vir ad Graeciam proficiscantur. 11. Anims sublts, nostr amc perculs avid occurrere constiturunt. 12. Nn oportet consuls adoriantur nous tribns per factinem suam. B. 1. We are permitted to think, but not to act. 2. It is permitted to weep; by weeping we send away our anger. 3. Aeneas wondered at the work of the three hundred men and the city having arisen from the ground. 4. After the war is finished, it is fitting that you return to Rome and to your mother, brothers and friends. 5. It is fitting that the woman looking for her sons and daughters scan the fields. 6. It is pleasing to the man telling (his story) that the old men and girls wonder, and the women listen eagerly to every word. 7. It is fitting for the sailors leave a gift for the god after they have returned home from the sea. 8. A hard situation forces me to do such things and to protect my territory with a guard. 9. The light of the rising sun is scarcely permitted to go into the woods of Diana. 66 Lesson XXVIII CLAUSES OF FEARING Clauses of fearing, introduced by verbs like time, metu, or vereor, are subordinate clauses beginning with ut/n and having a subjunctive verb which follows the sequence of tenses. Since what one fears will happen is what one hopes will not happen, a positive fear begins with n, but a negative fear begins with ut or n…nn. Time n rx moritur. I fear that the king will (may) die. Vereor ut hosts vincantur. I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered. Metu n hosts nn vincantur. I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered. Timuit n rx moreretur. He feared that the king might die. Timuimus n rx mortuus esset. We feared that the king had died. When a negative verb of fearing introduces a negative clause of fearing, n . . . nn is used. Nn vereor n hosts nn vincantur. I do not fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered. Nn timbit n pater auxilium nn ferat. He will not be afraid that his father will not bring help. A clause of fearing may also be dependent on a noun of fearing, timor, perculum, or metus. N rx moritur perculum est. There is a danger that the king may die. Use of Qun A negative EXPRESSION OF DOUBT is followed by a subordinate clause introduced by qun with the verb in the subjunctive. Nn dubit qun in taliam perveniat. I do not doubt that he is arriving in Italy. Dubium nn erat qun lectra esset. There was no doubt that she would read. (lit. It was not doubtful that…) A positive expression of doubt is followed by an indirect question with num or an. Dubit num trus sit. Dubitvimus an exercitus victus esset. I doubt that (whether) he will go. We doubted that the army had been conquered. 67 Vocabulary XXVIII Nouns inimcitia,-ae f., enmity, hostility, unfriendliness studium,-i n., devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm gravits, gravittis f., seriousness, severity, weight nmen, nminis n., consent, nod, divine will Verb affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward, Adjectives dvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenly necessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessary ntrlis,-e, by birth, natural Adverb fortasse, adv., perhaps convey Exercise XXVIII A. 1. na sals victs (est) nullam sprre saltem. (Vergil Aen. 2. 354) 2. Vereor n amre videar plra quam fuerint in ill dcere. (Cicero, Brutus 273) 3. Vereor n m audiend conficimin, s d hs generibus rrum ditius dcam. 4. Nn potest esse dubium qun id sit summum bonrum omnium. (Cic. de Fin. 1.54) 5. Nec quisquam dubitvit qun ille verbs d mults locs allts ad ea scrbenda srus esset. 6. Nn dubit qun tibi hoc rmor celerius (nntiverit) quam ullius nostrum litterae nntiverint. (Cicero ad Att. 1.15.1) 7. Omnia in sent dxissem, quae m dcere voluist, nisi veritus essem n quis rertur m inimcitis exercre magis quam mneribus amcitiae fung. 8. rtine habit, satis mrr nn potu eius timrem n t, familiam, amcs, etiam rem pblicam dfcisset. 9. Cum liber meus bene receptus esse t et alis vidertur, plra suscp, veritus n studia hominum mvre, sed nn retinre posse vidrer. 10. M frter, tn id verris n ego, r aliqu addctus, puers ad t sine litters mserim aut etiam n t vidre nluerim? 11. Lucretius scrpsit omns hmins territs esse, “quod multa in terrs fir caelque tuentur, qurum operum causs null ratine vidre possunt ac fir dvn nmine rentur.” 12. Hanc Epicrus ratinem (that atoms move without reason) indxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, n, s semper atomus gravitte ferrtur ntrl ac necessri, nihil lberum nbs esset, cum ita movertur animus, ut atomrum mot cgertur. (Cicero de Fato 23) 13. Dxit omnia quae ad vvendum necessria sint in urbem afferenda esse n hostibus praemi firent. B. 1. I feared that you had not gone out. 2. There is a danger that the ships have not been repaired. 3. He fears that the sun will not rise again. 4. I feared that you would not come quickly. 5. That man said many things about you, which perhaps you feared that I would hear unwilling(ly). 6. He is performing his duty to the state lest others, less wise than he, try to do the same. 68 7. There is a danger that they may be away even longer. 8. For I fear lest I seem to have wished to save this man so much that I have not spared you at all. 9. They feared that the sun might rise before they had repaired the wall. 10. There is a danger lest your enmities become, from this day, more serious for us and the state, than for you. Lesson XXIX THE GENITIVE CASE A noun in the genitive case can be dependent on a noun, adjective, verb, or caus/grti. The possessive genitive is dependent on another noun. Ille est mtris flius. He is his mother’s son. Partitive Genitive The PARTITIVE GENITIVE expresses the whole element from which part is taken. pars turbae part of the crowd mult mlitum many of the soldiers The pronoun forms nostrum and vestrum are used for the partitive genitive. Mults vestrum vdimus. We saw many of you. The partitive genitive is also used with the following indeclinable nouns, substantive adjectives, and pronouns: satis enough nimis too much quantum how much plus more parum too little tantum so much minus less multum much Satis cib habemus. We have enough (of) food. The partitive genitive is not used after omnis. Ns omns mus. All of us are going. Genitive of Description The GENITIVE OF DESCRIPTION expresses a quality or characteristic. This genitive must be modified by an adjective. The genitive of description is used invariably if the description denotes a number.. mrus quinque pedum a wall of five feet (a five-foot wall) vir magnae audaciae a man of great boldness Objective Genitive The OBJECTIVE GENITIVE is found with the following adjectives and in many noun phrases to show the object of an action or feeling: avidus greedy immemor unmindful, forgetful patiens tolerant cupidus desirous pertus skilled studisus eager memor mindful impertus unskilled Rx cupidus imperi est. The king is desirous of power. tu amre for love of you propter mortis timrem on account of fear of death memin and oblvscor The verbs memin and oblvscor use the accusative or the genitive for the direct object. Memin is defective, using the perfect tense for present, pluperfect for any past, and future perfect for the future; oblviscor is deponent. Memin means to remember or be mindful of; oblviscor means to forget or disregard. T bene memin. I remember you well. 69 Ipse su meminerat (Verr. ii. 136) He was mindful of himself (of his own interests) Oblvscere caedis atque incendirum(Cat. i. 6) Dismiss the slaughter and conflagrations! Obltus sum omnia. I have forgotten everything. 70 Vocabulary XXIX Verbs experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget memin, meminisse, be mindful of, remember rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return Nouns nimium,- n., excess ars, artis f., craft, skill, trade pls, plris n., more, too much Adjectives doctus,-a,-um, learned impertus,-a,-um, inexperienced, ignorant, unskilled prvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, improper salvus,-a,-um, safe, unharmed, well uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two) Adverb nimis, too, very much Exercise XXIX A. 1. N obltus ss m opem alltrum esse qu maxim necesse sit. 2. Dxrunt s satis pecuniae cupiditt hominis avrissim fortasse habre. 3. Palinrus nauta ipse negat s diem noctemque in cael cernere nec viam in medi mar meminisse. 4. Mult enim omnis aettis, omnis ordinis in perculum vocantur et vocbuntur. (Pliny Ep. 10.96.9) 5. Vereor n sit nihil vr in es quae dcis. 6. P. Mrna mediocr ingeni sed magn studi rrum veterum, litterrum et studisus et nn impertus, multae industriae et magn labris fuit. (Cicero, Brutus 237) 7. Sed uterque nostrum cdere cgbtur magnitdin anim rtinisque gravitt, cum ille maxim laude omnium vestrum dxit s quod velltis esse factrum. (Cicero, Philippics 9.9) 8. Cum parum praesidi in locs mnts esset, proxim di nbscum exre constituit. 9. Cum in ist ivene ad faciendum anim satis esset, tamen parum auctorittis ad persudendum. B. 1. He asked me how much water was enough for making the journey. 2. Let each one of you obey the king in order that you may return home safe(ly). 3. There are those who are skilled in all bad arts. 4. It is fitting that we always be mindful of our dignity. 5. You seem to me to forget them as easily as I will forget (them). 6. He is a man very skilled at moving tears. 7. Tell me whether you are learned in all things, or, what is greater, experienced (in all things). 8. Each one of us hoped that he would restrain the improper hopes of others by setting out his reasons. 71 Lesson XXX REVIEW: LESSONS XXVII – XXIX Impersonal Constructions: Many verbs are used impersonally with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause: Audre carmina potae nbs placet. (Ut) audimus carmina potae placet. It is pleasing to us to hear the songs of the poet. Construction Indirect statement Indirect question Indirect command main verb verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, showing verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, showing, asking iube, vet, vol, prohibe, cg, nl, patior, cupi rog, r, hortor, mone, obsecr formula Accusative + infinitive example interrogative + subjunctive verb Sci quis sit. accusative of person + infinitive Iubet eam sequ. Accusative of person + ut/n + subjunctive Eam orat ut sequtur. imper, praecipi, persude dative of person + ut/n + subjunctive verb /ab + ablative of person + ut/n + subjunctive (positive) n + subjunctive (negative) ut or n …nn + subjunctive E persudet ut sequtur. pet, postul Clauses of fearing time, metu, vereor Dcit patrem ducere. He says that the father is leading. I know who you are. He orders her to follow. He begs her to follow. He persuades her to follow. Ab e postulat ut sequtur. He demands that she follow. Metu n rx moritur. I fear that the king may die. Metu n rx nn moritur. I fear that the king may not die. Genitive Uses: Partitive Description Objective the whole from which part is taken with an adjective with certain adjectives and nouns to show the object of an action or feeling fliae huius gentis parum discend exercitus quinque mlia mlitum pert docend timor derum daughters of this tribe too little learning an army of 5,000 soldiers skilled in teaching fear of the gods memin and oblviscor: with genitive or accusative: Meam patriam mminer. I will remember my homeland. Nminis su obltus est. He forgot his own name. 72 Exercise XXX A. 1. Obltne estis virttis quam sentus tam di laudbat? 2. Tuae virttis meminerimus et confidmus t nostrae fde nn obltum esse. 3. Rogvit num, etiam s necesse esset e id facere, nn tamen sit ignoscendum. 4. S quid fcerit quod nn licet, lex pniet; si quid fcerit quod licet, sed nn oportet, pater pniet. 5. In hc arte, s modo est haec ars, nullum est praeceptum, qu modo vrum invenitur. (Cicero, de Oratore 2.157) 6. Fortasse haec ars utrque nostrum mranda est, sed cert nn exercenda. 7. Paul poste mults hrs di nvibus reficiends et nauts convocands auxili gimus. 8. Vereor ut impertus itineris domum redre salvus possim. 9. Metus est nbs maximus n trecent ex nostrrum virrum v maris interfect sint. 10. Rrsus magistr studium legend puerrum expert sunt, cum ill scrpta Cicernis reperre possent. 11. Omnia fert aets, animum quoque. Saepe ego longs cantand puerum memin m condere sls. (Vergil Eclogues 9.51-52) 12. Prmum fac (ut) anim fort atque magn sis – ita enim ntus, ita dctus, ita doctus es…ut tibi id faciendum sit; deinde spem quoque habes firmissimam. (Cicero, ad Familiares 6.5.4) 13. Omnia vincit amor, et ns cdmus amr. (Vergil Eclogues 10.69) B. 1. Do you remember the difficulties that destroyed our ships last year? 2. I am afraid that you will not be able either to protect the city or bring help. 3. This chief has no strength and fears the sight of us, who come only to speak with him. 4. One of the men had gained possession of the standards but was killed (while) returning to our camp. 5. He persuaded me to leave my fatherland and showed me help for the way, which he had buried in the earth. 6. This leader was of great influence among the Gauls, because they wondered at his strength and bravery. 7. Rumor prefers to report the invented and the distorted rather than the true. 8. We will teach you how those things, which appear to be useful and are not (useful), are hostile to virtue. 73 READINGS AND NOTES The readings which follow are from Julius Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, book 1, chapters 1-29. Each reading is followed by two levels of notes: the first contains vocabulary, arranged in the order in which the words appear in the passage. Many of these words will be learned later in the book as part of the vocabulary lesson for another chapter. Proper nouns and words which have close English derivatives are typically not glossed. The second level of notes contains grammatical help and translated phrases and sentences, listed by the line number where they are found. Reading I: Julius Caesar describes Gaul Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitn, 1 tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. H omns lingu, institts, 2 lgibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aquitns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrna et 3 Sequna dvidit. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae. 4 Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul incol, -ere, incolu, incultum inhabit Belgae, rum, m. Belgians 3. lingua, -ae, f. language instittum, , n. institution inter s different: differ from one another Reading II: The Helvetians and their leader Orgetorix Helvti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecdunt, quod fer cotidins proelis cum Germns contendunt, cum (=ubi) aut sus fnibus es prohibent aut ips in erum fnibus bellum gerunt. Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et dtissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus, regn cupiditte inductus, conirtinem nbilittis fcit, et cvitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent. Helvti, -rum, m. Helvetians (the Swiss) quoque, conj. also reliquus, -a, -um, the rest of praecd, -ere, -cess, -cessum go before, surpass cotidinus, -a, um daily prohibe, -re, -u, -itum prevent, keep from apud (+ acc.) prep. among dtissimus, -a, -um wealthiest cupidits, ttis, f. greed (+ gen.) indc, -ere, -dx, -ductum influence conirti, -nis, f. conspiracy persuade, -re, persus, persusum (+ dat.) persuade ut, conj. to exe, -re, exi, exitum go out, leave 74 1 2 3 4 5 3. M. Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus: in the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Pupius Piso 75 Reading III: The Helvetians make plans to move Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt, (Helvet) cnstiturunt ea quae 1 ad proficiscendum pertinrent comparre, imentrum et carrrum quam maximum 2 numerum coemere, sments quam maxims facere ut in itinere cpia frment 3 suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amictiam confirmre. Ad es rs 4 conficiends Orgetorix dligitur. 5 addc, -ere, addx, adductum imentum, , n. carrus, , m. coem, -ere, com, coemptum smentis, -is f. influence mule cart buy a planting cpia, -ae, f. supply frmentum, , n. grain suppet, -ere, suppetv, suppetitum support proximus, -a, -um nearest 2. ad proficiscendum: for setting out 4. ad es rs conficiends: for accomplishing these things 5. dligitur: he was chosen. Caesar often uses the historic present, which may be translated by a past tense if the context requires it. Subjunctives dependent upon an historic present will typically follow secondary sequence. Reading IV: Orgetorix persuades others to join him Orgetorx sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic Sequn 1 cuius pater regnum in Sequns mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn 2 amcus appelltus erat, ut regnum in cvitte su occupret quod pater ante habuerat; 3 itemque Dumnorig Aedu frtr Dvicic. Inter s fdem dant, et regn occupt 4 per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttius Galliae ss potr posse sperant.5 legati, -nis, f. embassy persude, -re, persus, persusum, persuade (+ dat.) Dumnrix, -igis, m. Dumnorix 3. 4. occup (1) seize firmus, -a, -um strong potior, -r, pottus sum (+ gen.) ut occupret: to seize inter s fdem dant: they exchange assurances 76 gain possession of Reading V: Orgetorix is tried for his plot Ea res est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vincls causam dcere cogrunt. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur. Di constitt causae dictinis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam undique cogit: per es n causam dceret s ripuit. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta arms is suum exsequ conrtur, Orgetorix mortuus est. iudicium, , n. trial dicti, -nis, f. 1 2 3 4 5 pleading (of the case) 1. per indicium: through intelligence vincls = vinculs 2. causam dcere: to plead his case 3. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur: it was fitting that the punishment of being burned to death be inflicted on him if condemned. 5. is exsequ: to execute punishment Reading VI: The Helvetians prepare to depart Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeterquam quod scum porttr erant, combrunt; trium mensum mlta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. arbitror (1) oppidum, -i, n. duodecim quadringents frumentum, -i, n. 5. think town twelve four hundred grain praeterquam other than combr, -ere, combuss, combustum, burn quisque, quaeque, quidque, each effer, -ferre, extul, latum, carry out trium mensium: for three months mlta cibria: edible flour 77 1 2 3 4 5 Reading VII: The routes out of Helvetia described Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exire possent: num per Sequns, angustum 1 et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum; alterum per prvinciam nostram, mult 2 facilius atque expeditius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nuper 3 pact erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nn nulls locs vad transitur. Extrmum oppidum 4 Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pons ad Helvtis 5 pertinet. 6 omnn, adv. Rhodanus, , m. expedtus, -a, -um proptere, adv. 1. 2. altogether the Rhone river unobstructed especially pac (1) nn nullus, -a, -um vadum, , n. Genava, -ae, f. pacify,subdue not none, some ford Geneva dom : from home montem Iram: a mountain ridge between the Rhone and the Rhine Rivers Reading VIII: Caesar reacts to the news of the Helvetian movement Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab 1 urbe proficisc, et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit, et ad 2 Genavam pervnit. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat 3 omnin in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem qu erat ad Genavam iubet rescind. Ubi d 4 eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, lgts ad eum mittunt nbilissims cvittis, qu 5 dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ull malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod6 aliud iter habrent nullum. 7 mtr (1) ulterir, -ius 1. hasten farther rescind, -ere, rescid, rescissum tear down maleficium, -, n. harm proptere quod because Caesar: indirect object of the cum clause es: Helvetians 78 2. 3. 4. 6. ab urbe: when the city is not named it usually refers to Rome quam maxims potest itineribus: by the longest marches possible prvinciae tt: dative of the source, from the whole province legi na: a legion was made up of 4,200 to 6,000 soldiers sibi esse in anim: that it was their intention Reading IX: Caesar buys himself some time Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab 1 Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concdendum nn putbat; tamen, ut spatium 2 intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem3 s ad dlberandum sumptrum: s quid vellent, ad Ids Aprls reverterentur. Intere e 4 legine quam scum habbat mlitibusque qu ex prvinci convnerant lac Lemann 5 ad montem Iram mlia passuum decem novem mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim 6 fossamque perdcit. Ubi ea dis quam constituerat cum lgts vnit et lgt ad eum7 revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ull per prvinciam8 dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 9 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus iugum, , n. sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum lacus, , m. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 9. defeat yoke take lake sdecim, indecl. fossa, ae, f. exemplum, , n. ostend, -ere, ostend, ostensum 16 ditch example show memori tenbat: remembered L. Cassium: Lucius Cassius With pulsum and the following participles, esse must be understood as part of the infinitive in indirect statement sub iugum: under the yoke (symbolizing subjugation) concdendum esse: that it should be granted dum + subjunctive: until ad dlberandum : for considering s quid: if…anything ad ds Aprils: towards the Ides of April (April 15th) mlia passuum decem novem: 19 miles (s) prohibitrum (esse) 79 Reading X: The Helvetians gain permission from the Sequani to cross their territory Relinqubtur na per Sequns via, qu Sequns invts propter angustis re nn 1 poterant. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum 2 mittunt. Dumnorix grti et largitine apud Sequns plrimum poterat, et Helvtis erat 3 amcus, quod ex e cvitte Orgetorgis fliam in mtrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn 4 addctus, novs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts 5 volbat. Itaque rem suscpit et Sequns impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur. 6 angustia, -ae, f. narrowness persuade, -re, persus, persusum persuade (+ dat.) 1. 3. 5. 6. novae rs, novrum rrum revolution stude, studre, studu be eager for (+ dat.) obstring, -ere, -strinx, strictum to tie, bind to relinqubtur: the subject is na via Sequns invts: conditional use of an ablative modified by a participle: if the Sequani were unwilling. grti et largitine: because of his charisma and generosity plrimum poterat: had the most power (literally, was most able). su benefici…obstricts: bound (to him) because of his kindness Sequns impetrat ut: he gained the request from the Sequani that… Reading XI: Caesar reacts to news of the Helvetians’ plans Caesar renntitur Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Sequnrum et Aedurum iter in 1 Santnum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits est in 2 prvinci. Id s firet, intellegbat magn cum percul prvinciae futrum ut homins 3 bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frumentris fnitims 4 habret. Ob es causs e mnitin quam fcerat T. Labinum lgtum praefcit; ipse in 5 taliam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi lgins conscrbit, et trs quae circum 6 Aquileiam hiembant ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per 7 Alps erat, cum es quinque lginibus re contendit. 8 pate, patre lie open, lie exposed him (1) winter, spend the winter hberna, -rum n. winter quarters 1. qu (adv.) proximus, -a, -um where nearest renntitur: (impersonal) it is announced, the subject is the entire clause “Helvetis…facere” Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians have in mind (intend) 80 3. id s firet: if this were to happen, as frequently in Latin, the conjunction is delayed to the second place in the sentence. futrum (esse): that it would be…, impersonal indirect statement; ut…habret: to have, the whole clause serves as the subject of futrum 5. e mnitin…T. Labinum…praefcit: he put Titus Labienus…in charge of the fortification, praefici takes a dative and an accusative, “to put x (acc.) in charge of y (dat.).” Reading XII: The Helvetians move into their neighbors’ territories Helvti iam per angustis et fns Sequnrum sus cpis trdxrunt, et in Aedurum 1 fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es dfendere 2 nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium. Edem tempore Aedu Ambarr, 3 necessri et consanguine Aedurum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt ss, dpopults agrs, 4 nn facile ab oppids vim hostium prohibre. Item Allobrogs, qu trans Rhodanum vcs 5 possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et demnstrant sibi praeter agr 6 solum nihil esse reliqu. Quibus rbus addctus Caesar nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum,7 omnibus fortns socirum consumpts, in Santons Helvti pervenrent. 8 angustiae, arum f. popular (1) dpopul (1) praeter (+ accusative) 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. solum, n. dum (+ subjunctive) fortnae, -rum passes ravage ravage, pillage except soil until reserves s suaque: themselves and their (possessions) rogtum: to ask, supine with a verb of motion (mittunt) expressing purpose Aedu…consanguine: the Aeduan Ambarri, friends and relatives ss = s dpopults agrs: ablative absolute s…recipiunt: they retreat, literally they take themselves back nn exspectandum sibi statuit: he decided that he ought not to wait omnibus…consumpts: ablative absolute Reading XIII: Caesar engages the Helvetians Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequnrum in Rhodanum influit, incrdibil 1 lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac 2 81 lintribus iuncts transbant. Ubi per explortrs Caesar certior factus est trs iam parts cpirum Helvtis id flmen trdxisse, quartam fer partem citr flmen Ararim reliquam esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem pervnit, quae nndum flmen transerat. Es impedts et inopnantes aggressus magnam partem erum concdit: reliqui ss fugae mandrunt atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. influ, -ere, -flx, -fluctum flow in incrdibilis, -e unbelievable, incredible lnits, -ttis, f. slowness iudic (1) judge, determine ratis, -is, f. raft linter, -tris, f. boat, skiff 3. 5. 6. 7. 3 4 5 6 7 iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum join explortor, -ris, m. scout citr (+ accusative) on the near side nndum not yet concd, -ere, -cs, -csum kill abd, -ere, abdid, abditum hide trs parts: three quarters d terti vigili: about the third watch, the night was divided into 4 watches. impedts et inopnants: loaded down and unsuspecting ss fugae mandrunt: (=mandvrunt), entrusted themselves to flight Reading XIV: a skirmish and some troop movement Hc proeli fact, reliqus copis Helvtirum ut consequ posset, pontem in Arare 1 faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. Poster di (Helvti) castra ex e loc 2 movent. Idem facit Caesar, equittumque omnem ad numerum quattuor mlium, quem 3 ex omn prvinci et Aedus atque erum socis coactum habbat, praemittit, qu videant 4 qus in parts hosts iter faciant. Qu, cupidius nvissimum agmen insect, alin loc 5 cum equitt Helvtirum proelium committunt; et pauc d nostrs cadunt. Qu proeli 6 sublt Helvti audcius subsistere nn numquam et nvissim agmine proeli nostrs 7 lacessere coeprunt. Caesar sus a proeli continbat, ac satis habbat in praesenti 8 hostem rapns pabultinibus populatinibusque prohibre. Ita dis circiter quindecim 9 iter fcrunt ut inter nvissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prmum nn amplius quns 10 aut sns mlibus passuum interesset. 11 consequor posterus, -a, -um alinus, -a, -um cad, -ere, cecid, csum pursue next strange fall toll, -ere, sustul, subltum uplifted, exhilarated subsist, -sistere, substit, -stand firm lacess, -ere, lacessv, lacesstum harass 82 coep, coepisse circiter (+ accusative) 2. 5. 8. 9. 11. began about ut faciendum crat: he saw to building cupidius nvissimum agmen insect: having pursued the rearguard too eagerly satis habbat in praesenti: had enough (to do) in the present (circumstances) rapns, pabultinibus popultinibusque: from pillaging and ravaging the crops interesset: there was a distance of… 83 (= ut) that Reading XV: Caesar looks for the best approach (Caesar) ab explrtribus certior factus hosts sub monte consdisse mlia passuum 1 ab ipsius castrs octo, qulis esset natura montis et qulis in circuit ascensus, qu 2 cognoscerent msit. Renntitum est facilem esse. D terti vigili T. Labinum, lgtum 3 pr praetre, cum dubus lginibus et es ducibus qu iter cognverant summum iugum 4 montis ascendere iubet; quid su consil sit ostendit. Ipse d quart vigili edem itinere5 qu hosts ierant ad es contendit equittumque omnem ante s msit. P. Considius, qu 6 re mlitris pertissimus habbtur, cum explrtribus praemittitur. 7 iugum, , n. consd, -ere, -sd, -sessum settle ascensus, s m. ascent 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ridge ipsius – Caesar’s in circuit – on all sides T. – Titius pr praetre – with the rank of praetor quid su consil sit – what his plan is P. - Publius. Reading XVI: Caesar receives bad intelligence Prim luce, cum summus mons Labin tenertur, ipse ab hostium castrs nn longius 1 mille et quingents passibus abesset, neque, ut poste ex captvs comperit, aut ipsius 2 adventus aut Labin cognitus esset, Considius equ admiss ad eum accurrit, dcit montem 3 ab hostibus tenr: id s Gallics arms atque insignibus cognvisse. Caesar sus cpis in 4 proximum collem subdcit, aciem instruit. Labinus, ut erat e praeceptum Caesare n 5 proelium committeret, nisi ipsius cpiae prope hostium castra vsae essent, monte occupt 6 nostrs exspectbat proelique abstinbat. Mult denique di per explrtrs Caesar 7 cognvit et montem sus tenr, et Helvtis castra mvisse, et Considium timre 8 perterritum quod nn vdisset pr vs sibi renntisse. E di hosts sequitur, et mlia 9 passuum tria ab erum castrs castra ponit. 10 quingent, -ae, a neque five hundred nor comperi, -ire, comper, compertum find out accurr, -ere, accurr, accursum run up to 84 insignia, rum, n. subdc, -ere, -dx, ductum exspect (1) 1. 3. 9. standards withdraw wait for abstine, -re, abstinu, abstentum from refrain ipse: Caesar equ admiss: with his horse at a gallop pr vs: as (something he had) seen sibi: to Caesar renntisse = renntivisse. Reading XVII: the Romans and the Helvetians prepare for battle Postridi eius di, quod Bibracte, oppid Aedurum long maxim et cpisissim, 1 nn amplius mlibus passuum XVIII aberat, re frumentriae prospiciendum existimvit: 2 iter ab Helvtis vertit ac Bibracte re contendit. Ea rs per fgitvs hostibus nntitur. 3 Helvti, seu quod timre perterrts Rmns discdere s existimrent, sive e quod 4 r frumentri intercld posse confiderent, commtt consili atque itinere convers 5 nostrs insequ ac lacessere coeprunt. Postquam id animum advertit, cpis sus Caesar 6 in proximum collem subdcit, equittumque qu sustinret hostium impetum msit. Ipse 7 interim in colle medi triplicem aciem instrxit leginum quattuor veternrum; sed in 8 summ iug dus lgins qus in Galli citerire proxim conscrpserat et omnia auxilia 9 collocr, ac ttum montem ab es qu in superire aci constiterant mnr iussit. Helvti 10 cum omnibus sus carrs sect impedimenta in num locum contulrunt; ips confertissim 11 aci, reiect nostr equitt, phalange fact sub prmam nostram aciem successrunt. 12 cpisus, -a, -um affluent amplior, -ius more vert, -ere, avert, aversum turn aside seu…sive whether…or commt (1) change existim (1) think convert, -ere, vers, versum change lacess, -ere, lacess, lacesstum harass 1. 2. 4. 8. coep, coepisse colloc (1) superior, -ius confertissimus, -a, -um reici, -ere, reic, reiectum phalanx, phalangis, f. began station, place higher very dense drive back phalanx (a battle formation of infantry) succd, -ere, -cess, -cessum move up postridi eius di: on the day after that day prospiciendum: (they) should look for e quod: for the reason that in colle medi: on the mid-point of the hill, half-way up the hill 85 9. proxim: recently 86 Reading XVIII: the battle Caesar prmum su, deinde omnium ex conspect remts equs, ut aequt omnium 1 percul spem fugae tolleret, cohorttus sus proelium commsit. Mlits loc superire 2 pls misss facile hostium phalangem perfrgrunt. E disiect, gladis dstricts in es 3 impetum fcrunt. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impediment quod plribus erum scuts 4 n ict plrum transfixs et colligts, cum ferrum s inflexisset, neque vellere neque 5 sinistr impedt satis commod pugnre poterant; mult ut praeoptrent scutum man 6 mittere et nd corpore pugnre. Tandem vulneribus dfess et pedem referre et, quod 7 mons suberat circiter mille passuum, e s recipere coeprunt. Capt monte et 8 succdentibus nostrs, Boi et Tuling, qu agmen hostium claudbant et nvissims 9 praesidi erant, ex itinere nostrs latere apert agress circumvnre, et id conspict 10 Helvti rursus instre et proelium redintegrre coeprunt. 11 deinde then remove, -re, -mv, mtum remove aequ (1) make equal cohortor (1) encourage plum, , n. spear perfring, -ere, -frg, -fractum smash disici, -ere, -ic, -iectum scatter ictus, -s, m. blow collig, -ere, -lg, -lectum bound together inflect, -ere, -flex, -flectum bend aside vell, -ere, -vuls, -vulsum pull out sinister, -tra, -trum the left ndus, -a, -um bare subsum, -esse, -fu be near e to that place, thither succd, -ere, -cess, cessum move up claud, -ere, claus, clausum enclose nvissimus, -a, -um last praesidium, , n. guard conspicor (1) catch sight of rursus again inst -re, -stit, -sttrus threaten redintegr (1) rejoin 1. 3. 4. su: suo equ remt gladis dstricts: with drawn swords Galls magn…impediment: double dative “it was a great hindrance to the Gauls…” ad pugnam: “to fighting” quod…poterant: this clause is the subject of “erat”; the fact that plribus…scuts…transfixs: several shields being pierced 6. satis commod: very well multi ut praeoptarent with the result that many preferred 7. pedem referre: retreat 10. latere apert: the open (unprotected) flank circumvnre: = circumvnrunt 87 Reading XIX: Ita ancipit proeli di atque acriter pugntum est. Ditius cum sustinre nostrrum impets 1 nn possent, alter s, ut coeperant, in montem recprunt, alter ad impedimenta et carrs 2 sus s contulrunt. Nam hc tot proeli, cum ab hor septim ad vesperam pugntum sit, 3 versum hostem vidre nm potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugntum4 est. Di cum esset pugntum, impediments castrsque nostr potit sunt. Ibi Orgetorgis flia 5 atque nus flis captus est. Ex e proeli circiter hominum mlia cxxx superfurunt, 6 eque tot nocte continenter irunt: nullam partem noctis itinere intermiss in fns 7 Lingnum di quart pervnrunt. Caesar ad Lingns litters nntisque msit, n es 8 frument nve ali r iuvrent: qu s ivissent, s edem loc qu Helvtis habitrum. 9 anceps, ancipitis carrus, , m. 1. 3. 4. 8. 9. doubtful cart supersum, -esse, -fu be left over, survive continenter constantly pugntum est: they fought, impersonal construction, literally it was fought. se contulerunt: they went (lit., they took themselves) ad multam noctem: until late at night n…ivissent: indirect command, (saying) that they were not to help them with grain or in any other way; (and that) if anyone did help… habitrum: habitrum esse, infinitive in indirect speech dependent on “litters nuntisque msit.” Reading XX: the Helvetians surrender and return home Helvti omnium rrum inopi adduct lgts d dditine ad Caesarem msrunt. In fns 1 sus, unde erant profect, revert iussit. In castrs Helvtirum tabulae repertae sunt litters 2 Graecs confectae, et ad Caesarem reltae, quibus in tabuls nmintim rati confecta erat, 3 qu numerus dom exisset erum, qu arma ferre possent, et item separtim puer, sens, 4 muliersque. Qurum omnium rrum summa erat capitum Helvtirum mlia CCLXIII, 5 Tulingrum mlia XXXVI, Ltvcrum XIIII, Raurcrum XXIII, Boirum XXXII; ex hs qu 6 arma ferre possent, ad mlia nngint duo. Summa omnium furunt ad mlia CCCLXVIII. 7 Erum qu domum redirunt cens habit, ut Caesar imperverat, repertus est numerus 8 88 mlium C et decem. 9 dditi, -nis, f. surrender tabula, -ae, f. tablet, writing tablet nmintim name by name rati, -nis, f. account 3. 8. separtim separately summa, -ae, f. sum caput, capitis, n. head; person confectae: written cens habit: having taken a census Reading XXI: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 1-7, the return of the Golden Age Scelids Msae, paul maiora canmus! Nn omns arbusta ivant humilsque myrcae; s canimus silvs, silvae sint consule dignae. Ultima Cmae venit iam carminis aets; magnus ab integr saeclrum nascitur ord. iam redit et Virg, redeunt Saturnia regna, iam nova prgenies cael demittitur alt. can, -ere, cecin, cantum sing arbustum, -i, n. orchard myrca, -ae, f. tamarisk (a kind of shrub) ultimus, -a, -um last, final 3. 5. 7. Cmaeus, -a, -um saeclum, -i, n. Saturnius, -a, -um progenies, -e f. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cumaean age, generation Saturnian offspring silvas: direct object of “canimus” if we sing (about) the forest saeclrum: genitive with “ord” cael…alt: ablative of place from which Reading XXII: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 8-14, the birth of a baby Tu modo nascent puer, qu ferrea prmum dsinet ac tt surget gens aurea mund, casta fave Lcna: tuus iam regnat Apollo. Tque ade decus hoc aev, t consule, inbit, Polli, et incipient magn procdere menss; t duce, s qua manent sceleris uestgia nostr, irrita perpetu solvent formdine terrs. ferreus, -a, -um iron, made of iron dsin, -ere, dsi, dsitum cease aureus, -a, -um golden mundus, -i m. world castus, -a, -um chaste, pure Lcna, -ae f. Juno regn (1) reign, rule ade aevum, -i, n. mensis, -is m. vestgium, -i n. irritus, -a, -um perpetuus, -a, -um formd, -inis, f. 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 what is more age month trace without effect unending fear 1. 2. 4. 6. 7. Tu: subject of “fave” (line 3) tt..mund: through the whole world, ablative of place where T…t consule: ablative absolute, “t” repeated for emphasis si qua...vestgia: if any traces… irrita: nominative plural Reading XXIV: Valerius Maximus, 3.7.4, Livius Salinator spares the Gauls and Ligurians Livi Salntris aeternae memoriae tradendus animus. qu cum Hasdrublem 1 exercitumque Poenrum in Umbri dlesset et e dcertur Galls ac Ligurs ex aci 2 sine ducibus et signs sparss ac plants parv man opprim posse, respondit in hoc 3 es oportre parc, n hostibus tantae cldis domestic nunti dessent. 4 aeternus, -a, -um eternal trad, -ere, tradid, traditum hand down, relate sparg, -ere, spars, sparsum scatter 4. pl (1) wander opprim, -ere, oppress, oppressum overwhelm oportet, re, oportuit be necessary, proper (impersonal) cldes, -is f. disaster. dlesset = dlvisset Reading XXIX: Sallust describes Catiline L. Catilna, nobil genere ntus, fuit magn v et anim et corporis, sed ingeni mal 1 prvque. Huic ab adulescenti bella intestna caedes rapnae discordia cvlis grta fure, 2 ibique iuventtem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae, supra quam 3 cuquam credbile est. animus audx subdolus varius, cuius rei libet simulator ac 4 dissimulator, alin appetens, su profusus, ardens in cupidittibus; satis loquentiae, 5 sapientiae parum. vastus animus immoderta incrdibilia nimis alta semper cupibat. 6 hunc post dominationem L. Sullae libd maxima invserat re pblicae capiendae; 7 neque id quibus mods assequertur, dum sibi regnum parret, quicquam pens habbat. 8 Agitbtur magis magisque in dis animus ferox inopi re familiris et conscienti 9 scelerum, quae utraque es artibus auxerat, qus supr memorv. 10 genus, generis, n. adulescentia, -ae, f. intestnus, -a, -um caedes, -is, f. rapna, -ae, f. iuvents, -ttis, f. inedia, -ae, f. algor, -is, m. vigiliae, -arum, f. subdolus, -a, -um, varius, -a, -um family adolescence internal murder pillaging youth fasting cold sleeplessness cunning untrustworthy appetens, -entis striving for profsus, -a, -um profligate immodertus, -a, -um, excessive incrdbilis, -e fantastic libd, libidinis, f., desire invd, -ere, invs, invsum invade ferox, fercis, fierce conscientia, -ae, f. guilt ars, artis, f., skill, quality supr above memoro, (1) mention 90 L. – Lucius fure = furunt supr…est: beyond what is credible to anyone cuius…dissimultor: a phoney and dissembler about anything at all assequertur: he would acquire dum: so long as quicquam pens habbat: did he consider it of any importance 9. in dis: day after day inopi re familiris: by the lack of family property 10. quae utraque: both of which 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. 91 REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am mone teg capi audi ams mons tegis capis auds amat monet capit audit ammus monmus amtis montis amant monent capiunt audiunt ambam ams mon mons bs audi ba bat ammus amtis monmus montis bmus btis ba bant Imperfect Future am capi audi ambis mons ambit capiet ammus monmus amtis montis ambunt capient am amvist monu mon aud aud monuit cpit audvit amvimus amtis monuimus mon Perfect Pluperfect am am mon monuers cperam aud audvers audverat am am monus mon m tis audvermus audvertis audverant amver mon cper aud amveris monueris audveris amverit audverit am monus audverimus am amverint mon audveritis Future Perfect 92 audverint REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am mone capior audi amris monris eris caperis audris capitur auditur ammur monmur ammin monmin amantur monentur capiuntur audiuntur ambar amris mon monris bris capibar ris audi b ammur ammin monmur monmin bmur bmin ba bantur bantur Imperfect Future am capiar audi amberis mon ambitur ammur monmur ammin monmin min ambuntur amtus, -a sum amtus, -a es monitus, -a sum monitus, -a es tectus, -a sum tectus, -a es captus, -a sum captus, -a es audtus, -a sum audtus, -a es amtus, -a, -um est monitus, -a, -um est tectus, -a, -um est captus, -a, -um est audtus, -a, -um est amt, -ae sumus amt, -ae estis monit, -ae sumus monit, -ae estis tect, -ae sumus tect, -ae estis capt, -ae sumus capt, -ae estis audt, -ae sumus audt, -ae estis amt, -ae, -a sunt monit, -ae, -a sunt tect, -ae, -a sunt capt, -ae, -a sunt audt, -ae, -a sunt amtus, -a eram amtus, -a ers monitus, -a eram monitus, -a ers tectus, -a eram tectus, -a ers captus, -a eram captus, -a ers audtus, -a eram audtus, -a ers amtus, -a, -um erat monitus, -a, -um erat tectus, -a, -um erat captus, -a, -um erat audtus, -a, -um erat amt, -ae ermus amt, -ae ertis monit, -ae ermus monit, -ae ertis tect, -ae ermus tect, -ae ertis capt, -ae ermus capt, -ae ertis audt, -ae ermus audt, -ae ertis amt, -ae, -a erant monit, -ae, -a erant duct, -ae, -a erant capt, -ae, -a erant audt, -ae, -a erant amtus, -a er amtus, -a eris monitus, -a er monitus, -a eris tectus, -a er tectus, -a eris captus, -a er captus, -a eris audtus, -a er audtus, -a eris amtus, -a, -um erit monitus, -a, -um erit tectus, -a, -um erit captus, -a, -um erit audtus, -a, -um erit amt, -ae erimus amt, -ae eritis monit, -ae erimus monit, -ae eritis tect, -ae erimus tect, -ae eritis capt, -ae erimus capt, -ae eritis audt, -ae erimus audt, -ae eritis amt, -ae, -a erunt monit, -ae, -a erunt tect, -ae, -a erunt capt, -ae, -a erunt audt, -ae, -a erunt Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 93 REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am mone teg capi audi ams mons tegs capis auds amet moneat teg capiat audiat ammus monmus teg amtis montis teg ament moneant teg capiant audiant amrem ams mon mons teg tegs audre r re tegt re ammus amtis monmus montis tegmus tegtis r r re tegnt re am monu tx aud amvers moners txers ers auders monui tx cp audv amvermus monuermus txermus ermus ermus amtis montis txtis tis ti tx s Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect am mon tx cp aud am monu tx audv tx audv am monus txm audvmus am mon txtis audvtis tx 94 audvnt REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am mone teg capi audi amris monris tegris capiris audris teg capitur auditur ammur monmur teg ammin monmin teg amentur moneantur teg capiantur audiantur amrer amris mon monris teg tegris audre r r tur tegtur tur rtur ammur ammin monmur monmin tegmur tegmin r r re tegntur Imperfect re Perfect amtus, -a sim monitus, -a sim tectus, -a sim captus, -a sim audtus, -a sim amtus, -a ss monitus, -a ss tectus, -a ss captus, -a ss audtus, -a ss amtus, -a, -um sit monitus, -a, -um sit tectus, -a, -um sit captus, -a, -um sit audtus, -a, -um sit amt, -ae smus monit, -ae smus tect, -ae smus capt, -ae smus audt, -ae smus amt, -ae stis monit, -ae stis tect, -ae stis capt, -ae stis audt, -ae stis amt, -ae, -a sint monit, -ae, -a sint tect, -ae, -a sint capt, -ae, -a sint audt, -ae, -a sint amtus, -a essem amtus, -a esss monitus, -a essem monitus, -a esss tectus, -a essem tectus, -a esss captus, -a essem captus, -a esss audtus, -a essem audtus, -a esss amtus, -a, -um esset monitus, -a, -um esset tectus, -a, -um esset captus, -a, -um esset audtus, -a, -um esset amt, -ae essmus monit, -ae essmus amt, -ae esstis monit, -ae esstis tect, -ae essmus tect, -ae esstis capt, -ae essmus capt, -ae esstis audt, -ae audt, essmus -ae esstis amt, -ae, -a essent tect, -ae, -a essent capt, -ae, -a essent audt, -ae, -a essent Pluperfect monit, -ae, -a essent 95 REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE First Active Second Third Third I-stem Fourth pres. amns, -ntis perf. — fut. amtrus, -a, -um Passive monns, -ntis — tegns, -ntis — capins, -ntis — audins, -ntis — monitrus, -a, -um tectrus, -a, -um captrus, -a, -um audtrus, -a, -um pres. — perf. amtus, -a, -um (gerundive) amandus, -a, -um — monitus, -a, -um — tectus, -a, -um — captus, -a, -um — audtus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um tegendus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Active pres. perf. fut. Passive pres. perf. fut. First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth amre monre tegere capere audre amvisse monuisse txisse cpisse audvisse amtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -um esse tectrus, -a, -um esse captrus, -a, -um esse audtrus, -a, -um amr amtus, -a, -um esse monr monitus esse teg tectus, -a, -um esse cap captus, -a, -um esse audr audtus, -a, -um esse amtum r monitum r tectum r captum r audtum r esse esse REGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Active singular plural Passive singular plural First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth am amte mon monte tege tegite cape capite aud audte amre ammin monre monmin tegere tegimin capere capimin audre audmin 96 IRREGULAR VERBS - INDICATIVE Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer Present sum vol nl ml e f fer feror es vs nn vs mvs s fs fers ferris est vult nn vult mvult it fit fert fertur sumus volumus nlumus mlumus mus fmus ferimus ferimur estis vultis nn vultis mvultis tis ftis fertis ferimin sunt volunt nlunt mlunt eunt funt ferunt feruntur eram volbam nlbam mlbam bam fbam ferbam ferbar ers volbs nlbs mlbs bs fbs ferbs ferbris erat volbat nlbat mlbat bat fbat ferbat ferbtur ermus volbm nlbm mlbm bm fb ferbmu ferbmur us us us us mus s ertis volbtis nlbti mlbtis btis fbti ferbtis ferbmin erant volbant nlbant mlbant bant fbant ferbant ferbantur er volam nlam mlam b fam feram ferar eris vols nls mls bis fs fers ferris erit volet nlet mlet bit fet feret fertur erimus volmus nlmus mlmus bimus fmus fermus fermur eritis voltis nltis mltis bitis ftis fertis fermin erunt volent nolent malent bunt fent ferent ferentur fu volu nlu mlu i tul ltus, -a sum fuist voluist nluist mluist st tulist ltus, -a es fuit voluit nluit mluit iit tulit ltus, -a, -um est fuimus voluimus nluimus mluimus iimus tulimus lt, -ae sumus fuistis voluistis nluistis mluistis stis tulistis lt, -ae estis furunt volurunt nlurunt mlurunt irunt tulrunt lt, -ae, -a sunt fueram volueram nlueram mlueram ieram tuleram ltus, -a eram fuers voluers nluers mluers iers tulers ltus, -a ers fuerat voluerat nluerat mluerat ierat tulerat ltus, -a, -um Imperfect s s Future Perfect Pluperfect erat fuermu voluermu nluerm mluermu iermu s s us s s tulermus lt, -ae fuertis voluertis nluertis mluertis iertis tulertis lt, -ae ertis fuerant voluerant nluerant mluerant ierant tulerant lt, -ae, -a ermus erant Future Perfect fuer voluer nluer mluer ier 97 tuler ltus, -a er fueris volueris nlueris mlueris ieris tuleris ltus, -a eris fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um erit fuerimus voluerimus nluerimu maluerimus ierimus tulerimus lt, -ae erimus s fueritis volueritis nlueritis mlueritis ieritis tuleritis lt, -ae eritis fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a erunt 98 IRREGULAR VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer Present sim velim nlim mlim eam fam feram ferar ss vels nls mls es fs fers ferris sit velit nlit mlit eat fat fert fertur smus velmus nlimus mlmus emus fmus fermus fermur stis veltis nltis mltis etis ftis fertis fermin sint velint nlint mlint eant fant fernt ferntur essem vellem nllem mllem rem fierem ferrem ferrer esss vells nlls mlls rs fiers ferrs ferrris esset vellet nllet mllet ret fieret ferrt ferrtur essmus vellmus nllmus mllmus rmu fiermus ferrmus ferrmur Imperfect s esstis velltis nlltis mlltis rtis fiertis ferrtis ferrmin essent vellent nllent mllent rent fierent ferrent ferrentur fuerim voluerim nluerim mluerim ierim tulerim ltus, -a sim fuers voluers nluers mluers ers tulers ltus, -a ss fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um sit fuermu voluermus nluermu mluermu iermu tulermus lt, -ae smus s s s nluertis mluertis erti tulertis lt, -ae stis Perfect s fuertis voluertis s fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a sint fuissem voluissem nluissem mluissem ssem tulissem ltus, -a essem fuisss voluisss nluisss mluisss sss tulisss ltus, -a esss fuisset voluisset nluisset mluisset sset tulisset ltus, -a, -um esset fuissmu voluissmus nluissmu mluissm ssm tulissmus lt, -ae essmus s us us nluisstis mluisstis ssti tulisstis lt, -ae esstis tulissent lt, -ae, -a essent Pluperfect s fuisstis voluisstis s fuissent voluissent nluissent ssent mluissent 99 IRREGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES Active Sum Vol Nl Ml — volns, -ntis nlns, -ntis — perf. — — — — fut. futrus, -a, -um — — — pres. — — — — perf. — — — (gerundive) — — — pres. E F — ins, euntis — Fer ferns, -ntis — — — ltrus, -a, -um — — — — — — ltus, -a, -um — eundus, -a, -um — ferendus, -a, -um itrus, -a, -um Passive IRREGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES Active Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer pres. esse velle nlle mlle re perf. fuisse voluisse nluiss mluisse sse — tulisse itrus, -a, -um esse — ltrus, -a, -um fier ferre e fut. futrus, -a, -um esse — — — esse Passive pres. — — — — perf. — — — — fut. — — — — r — itum r — ferr — ltus, -a, -um esse — ltum r IRREGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Active Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer es — nl — f fer este — nlte — te fte ferte — — — — — — ferre — — — — — — ferimin Passive 100 DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth cnar vereor sequor patior mentior cnris verris sequeris pateris mentris cntur vertur sequitur patitur menttur cnmur vermur sequimur patimur mentmur cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin cnantur verentur sequuntur patiuntur mentiuntur cnbar verbar sequbar patibar mentibar cnbris verbris sequbris patibris mentibris cnbtur verbtur sequbtur patibtur mentibtur cnbmur verbmur sequbmur patibmur mentibmur cnbmin verbmin sequbmin patibmin mentibmin cnbantur verbantur sequbantur patibantur mentibantur cnbor verbor sequar patiar mentiar cnberis verberis sequris patiris mentiris cnbitur verbitur sequtur patitur mentitur cnbimur verbimur sequmur patimur mentimur cnbimin verbimin sequmin patimin mentimin cnbuntur verbuntur sequentur patientur mentientur cntus, -a sum veritus, -a sum sectus, -a sum passus, -a sum menttus, -a sum cntus, -a es veritus, -a es sectus, -a es passus, -a es menttus, -a es cntus, -a, -um est veritus, -a, -um est sectus, -a, -um est passus, -a, -um est menttus, -a, -um Imperfect Future Perfect est cnt, -ae sumus verit, -ae sumus sect, -ae sumus pass, -ae sumus mentt, -ae sumus cnt, -ae estis verit, -ae estis sect, -ae estis pass, -ae estis mentt, -ae estis cnt, -ae, -a verit, -ae, -a sunt sect, -ae, -a sunt pass, -ae, -a sunt mentt, -ae, -a sunt sunt Pluperfect cntus, -a eram veritus, -a eram sectus, -a eram passus, -a eram menttus, -a eram cntus, -a ers veritus, -a ers sectus, -a ers passus, -a ers menttus, -a ers cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um erat sectus, -a, -um erat passus, -a, -um erat menttus, -a, -um erat cnt, -ae erat verit, -ae ermus sect, -a ermus pass, -ae ermus ermus mentt, -ae ermus cnt, -ae ertis verit, -ae ertis sect, -ae ertis pass, -ae ertis mentt, -ae ertis cnt, -ae, -a verit, -ae, -a erant sect, -ae, -a erant pass, -ae, -a erant mentt, -ae, -a erant erant Future Perfect cntus, -a er veritus, -a er sectus, -a er passus, -a er menttus, -a er cntus, -a eris veritus, -a eris sectus, -a eris passus, -a eris menttus, -a eris 101 cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um erit sectus, -a, -um erit passus, -a, -um erit erit menttus, -a, -um erit cnt, -ae erimus verit, -ae erimus sect, -ae erimus pass, -ae erimus mentt, -ae erimus cnt, -ae eritis verit, -ae eritis sect, -ae eritis pass, -ae eritis mentt, -ae eritis cnt, -e, -a verit, -ae, -a erunt sect, -ae, -a erunt pass, -ae, -a erunt mentt, -ae, -a erunt erunt DEPONENT VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth cner verear sequar patiar mentiar cnris verris sequris patiris mentiris cntur vertur sequtur patitur mentitur cnmur vermur sequmur patimur mentimur cnmin vermin sequmin patimin mentimin cnentur verentur sequntur patintur mentintur cnrer verrer sequerer paterer mentrer cnrris verrris sequerris paterris mentrris cnrtur verrtur sequertur patertur mentrtur cnrmur verrmur sequermur patermur mentrmur cnrmin verrmin sequermin patermin mentrmin cnrentur verrentur sequerentur paterentur mentrentur cntus, -a sim veritus, -a sim sectus, -a sim passus, -a sim menttus, -a sim cntus, -a ss veritus, -a ss sectus, -a ss passus, -a ss menttus, -a ss cntus, -a, -um sit veritus, -a, -um sit sectus, -a, -um sit passus, -a, -um sit menttus, -a, -um sit cnt, -ae verit, -ae smus sect, -ae smus pass, -ae smus mentt, -ae smus cnt, -ae stis verit, -ae stis sect, -ae stis pass, -ae stis mentt, -ae stis cnt, -ae, -a sint verit, -ae, -a sint sect, -ae, -a sint pass, -ae, -a sint mentt, -ae, -a sint cntus, -a essem veritus, -a essem sectus, -a essem passus, -a essem menttus, -a essem cntus, -a esss veritus, -a esss sectus, -a esss passus, -a esss menttus, -a esss cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um esset sectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um esset menttus, -a, -um Imperfect Perfect smus Pluperfect esset cnt, -ae esset esset verit, -ae essmus sect, -a essmus pass, -ae essmus verit, -ae esstis sect, -ae esstis pass, -ae esstis mentt, -ae esstis verit, -ae, -a essent sect, -ae, -a pass, -ae, -a essent mentt, -ae, -a essmus cnt, -ae mentt, -ae essmus esstis cnt, -ae, -a essent essent 102 essent DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth pres. cnns, -ntis verns, -ntis sequns, -ntis patins, -ntis mentins, -ntis perf. cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um sectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um menttus, -a, -um cntrus, -a, -um veritrus, -a, -um sectrus, -a, -um passrus, -a, -um menttrus, -a, -um conandus, -a, -um verendus, -a, -um sequendus, -a, -um patiendus, -a, -um mentiendus, -a, -um fut. act. (gerundive) DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVES First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth pres. cnr verr sequ pat mentr perf. cntus, -a, -um esse veritus, -a, -um esse sectus, -a, -um esse passus, -a, -um esse menttus, -a, -um esse cntrus, -a, -um veritrus, -a, -um esse sectrus, -a, -um passrus, -a, -um menttrus, -a, -um esse esse esse fut. esse DEPONENT VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES First singular plural Second Third Third I-stem Fourth cnre verre sequere patere mentre cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin 103 FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONS First Second (F / M) Singular Nom. (M / N) F puella Third M (M / F / N) N dominus Third I-stem M (M / F / N) N verbum Fourth F Fifth (M / N) (M / F) N M N F opus nvis mare gradus corn s operis nvis maris grads re Gen. puellae domin verb Dat. puellae domin verb oper nv mar grad corn re opus nvem mare grad corn rm opere nve mar grad corn r opera nvs maria grads corn rs operum nvium marium grad corn grad corn rbus Acc. puellam dominum verbum Abl. puell domin verb Plural Nom. puellae domin verba Gen. puellru m Dat. puells dominru m domins verbru m verbs operibus nvibu maribus s Acc. puells domins verba Abl. puells domins verbs opera nvs maria grads corn rs operibus nvibu maribus grad corn rbus s ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS First and Second Declension Singular Plural M F N M F N Nom. bonus bona bonum bon bonae bona Gen. bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum Dat. bon bonae bon bons bons bons Acc. bonum bonam bonum bons bona Abl. bon bon bon bons bons bons Singular M Plural F N M F N Nom. sacer sacra sacrum sacr sacrae sacra Gen. sacr sacrae sacr sacrrum sacrrum sacrrum 104 Dat. sacr sacrae sacr sacrs sacr sacrs Acc. sacrum sacram sacrum sacrs sacrs sacr Abl. sacr sacrs sacrs s Singular Plural M F miser misera miserum miser miserae misera Gen. miser miserae miser miserrum miserrum miserrum Dat. miser miserae miser misers misers misers Acc. miserum miseram miserum misera s s misers misers Nom. Abl. miser N miser M miser F N misers Third Declension Three Terminations Singular Plural F M N M F N Nom. cer cris cre crs crs cria Gen. cris cris cris crium crium crium Dat. cr cr cr cr cr cr crs, - crs, - cria s s cr cr cr Acc. Abl. crem crem cr cre cr cr Two Terminations Singular M/F N One Termination Plural Singular M/F N Nom. omnis omne omns omnia Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Dat. omn omn omnibus omnibus M/F Nom. Plural N M/F N flx flx flcs flcia Gen. flcis flcis flcium flcium Dat. flc flc flc flc flcs, - flcia Acc. omnem omne omns, -s omnia Acc. Abl. omn omn omnibus omnibus Abl. lce flx s m flc lc flc flc Participle Declensions First Conjugation Singular M/F Second Conjugation Plural N Singular M/F N M/F Plural N M/F N Nom. amns amns amants amantia monns monns monents monentia Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium monentis monentis monentium monentium Dat. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus Acc. amantem amns amants, - amantia monentem monns monents, - monentia 105 s Abl. amant amant s amantibus amantibus monent monent Third Conjugation Singular M/F monentibus Third Conjugation I-stem Plural N monentibus M/F Singular N M/F Plural N M/F N Nom. dcns dcns dcents dcentia capins capins capients capientia Gen. dcentis dcentis dcentium dcentium capientis capientis capientium capientium Dat. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus Acc. dcentem dcens dcents, - dcentia capients capins capients, - capientia s Abl. dcent dcent s dcentibus dcentibus capient capient Fourth Conjugation Singular M/F Plural N M/F N Nom. audins audins audients audientia Gen. audientis audientis audientium audientium Dat. audient audient audientibus audientibus Acc. audients audins audients, - audientia s Abl. audient audient 106 audientibus audientibus capientibus capientibus COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Comparative Adjective Singular M/F Nom. Plural N M/F N longior longius longirs longira Gen. longiris longiris longirum longirum Dat. longir longir longiribus longiribus Acc. longirem longius longirs longira Abl. longire longire longiribus longiribus Irregular Comparison of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative bonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um best malus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worst magnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatest parvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more plrimus, -a, -um most, very many smallest pl. plrs, plra several, more COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Regular Comparison of Adverbs Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb criter keenly crius more keenly alt deeply altius more deeply Superlative Adverb cerrim very keenly altissim very deeply facile easily facilius more easily facillim very miser unhappily miserius more unhappily miserrim very unhappily sapienter wisely sapientius more wisely sapientissim very wisely easily Irregular Comparison of Adverbs Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb bene well melius better optim best male badly peius worse pessim worst magnopere greatly magis more (quality) maxim most, especially parum too little minus less minim least multum much pls more (quantity) plrimum most , very much di for a long time ditius for a longer time ditissim for the longest time 107 PRONOUN DECLENSIONS Personal Pronouns 1st person Nom. 2nd person 3rd person ego t is ea id Gen. me tu eius eius eius Dat. mihi tibi e e e Acc. m t eum eam id Abl. m t e e e Nom. ns vs e eae ea nostrum, vestrum, erum erum erum nostr vestr Gen. Dat. nbs vbs es es es Acc. ns vs es es ea Abl. nbs vbs es es es Reflexive Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person — — — Gen. me tu su Dat. mihi tibi sibi Acc. m t s (ss) Abl. m t s (ss) — — — Gen. nostr vestr su Dat. nbs vbs sibi Acc. ns vs s (ss) Abl. nbs vbs s (ss) Nom. Nom. Relative Pronoun Singular M Plural F N M F N Nom. qu quae quod qu quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum Dat. cu cu cu quibus quibus quibus Acc. quem quam quod qus qus quae Abl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus DEMONSTRATIVES Hic, Haec, Hoc Singular M Nom. Plural F N M F N hic haec hoc h hae haec Gen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum Dat. huic huic huic hs hs hs Acc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec 108 Abl. hc hc hc hs hs hs Ille, Illa, Illud Singular M Nom. Plural F N M F N ille illa illud ill illae illa Gen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum Dat. ill ill ill ills ills ills Acc. illum illam illud ills ills illa Abl. ill ill ill ills ills ills Is, Ea, Id Singular M Nom. Plural F N M F N is ea id e eae ea Gen. eius eius eius erum erum erum Dat. e e e es es es Acc. eum eam id es es ea Abl. e e e es es es dem, Eadem, Idem M Singular F N M Plural F N dem eadem idem edem eaedem eadem Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem Dat. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem Acc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem Abl. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem Nom. Iste, Ista, Istud Singular M Nom. Plural F N M F N iste ista istud ist istae ista Gen. istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum Dat. ist ist ist ists ists ists Acc. istum istam istud ists ists ista Abl. ist ist ist ists ists ists Intensive Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum Singular M Nom. F Plural N M F N ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa Gen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum Dat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa Abl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss 109 NUMERALS Arabic Roman Numeral Cardinal Ordinal 1 I nus, -a, -um prmus, -a, -um 2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um 3 III trs, tria tertius, -a, -um 4 IV quattuor qurtus, -a, -um 5 V quinque quntus, -a, -um 6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um 7 VII septem septimus, -a, -um 8 VIII octo octvus, -a, -um 9 IX novem nnus, -a, -um 10 X decem decimus, -a, -um 100 C centum centsimus, -a, -um 200 CC ducent, -ae, - ducentsimus, -a, -um a 300 CCC trecent, -ae, a 110 trecentsimus, -a, -um CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY VERBS postul (1), demand 1st Conjugation praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, show pugn (1), fight adlig (1), bind, tie puto (1), consider, think am (1), like, love rog (1), ask appell, (1), accost, address, name serv (1), guard, save, watch over appropinqu, (1), approach spr (1), hope cant (1), sing st, -re, stet, statum, stand clm (1), shout super (1), surpass confrm (1), encourage, strengthen tempt (1), test, try compar (1) , achieve, gather, prepare turb (1), disturb, stir up cnor (1), attempt, try vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not convoc (1), call together vt (1), avoid, escape cre (1), create, elect voc (1), call dlber (1), consider, deliberate vol (1), fly dplr (1), lament, mourn vulner (1), hurt, wound dvor (1), devour, swallow err (1), make a mistake, wander 2nd Conjugation exanim (1), exhaust excit (1), awaken, rouse arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burn existim (1), consider, regard, think auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase expugn (1), storm contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, hold exspect (1), look out together, sustain habit (1), dwell, live in dle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroy hortor (1), encourage doce, -re, docu, doctum, teach ignr (1), have no knowledge of, demand dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve imper (1), order, obtain (by asking) exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train import (1), bring in, carry in fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support incit (1), arouse, urge on fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep iuv, -re, iv, itum, help habe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, hold laud (1), praise iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, order lber (1), free, liberate mane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, stay memor (1), bring up, mention mone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warn mror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder at move, -re, mv, mtum, move monstr (1), show noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm mt (1), change, transform obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum , hold, obtain nrr (1), tell, relate pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey nnti (1), announce, report persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum (+dat.), obsecr (1), beg, beseech persuade occup (1), seize pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, extend, pertain opt (1), desire place, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.), be pleasing or (1), beg, beseech prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, deny, keep off, par (1), prepare prevent port (1), carry reor, rr, ratus sum, imagine, suppose, think 111 responde, -re, respond, responsum, answer, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, respond determine, establish retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrain cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, sede, -re, sd, sessum, sit resolve stude, -re, studu, ----, (+dat.) be eager for, desire conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, cover sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, hold (up), contend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry, sustain make effort, march, strive tene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, hold crd, -ere, crdid, crditum (dat.), believe, terre, -re, terru, territum, frighten entrust time, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, fear curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, run tueor, tur, tuitum, observe, protect, scan ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a vereor, verr, veritus, fear, respect weapon), lead away, remove vide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) appear, be dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defend seen, seem dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down 3rd Conjugation dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend dc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, dismiss, send accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up away to, go towards discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive withdraw accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run to disc, -ere, didic,----, learn addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influence dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow d, -ere, did, ditum, give out, lead out, ag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treat unsheath mitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send away rump, -ere, rp, ruptus, break out, burst out animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, excd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go out notice, pay attention to excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receive ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend exig, -ere, exg, exactum, collect, demand, drive cd, -ere, cess, cessum, go, yield out, finish (a life) cern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, explain, expose perceive extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag out cog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together, exu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take off collect, force, gather fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, imagine, colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse make, make up committ, -ere, comms, commissum, engage, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from entrust fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), perform comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on concd, -ere, concess, concessum, grant, yield ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive cond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city) incd, -ere, incess, incessum, go in confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust incend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, fire to enroll incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, imprison, shut up gain, pursue incol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabit cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop indc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead in indu, -ere, indu, indtum, clothe 112 indu, -ere, indu, indtum, put on trah, -ere, trx, trctum, drag inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst in transg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish, intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand finish, pierce, run through tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), enjoy, experience, use intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block, shut off, stop vert, -ere, vert, versum, turn lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), eat, feed on leg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, read vinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk vv, -ere, vx, vctum, live merg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink volv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born 3rd Conjugation I-stem oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offend affici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, do to, move, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before, treat display, show aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack parc, -cere, peperc,----(+dat.), spare capi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead through confici, -ere, confc, confectum, accomplish, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seek finish, make ready pn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set up conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw, praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, advise, throw together direct, order, set out conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, catch sight quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seek of, observe, spot recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, accept, receive cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, desire, long for, wish redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give back dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall away redg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive back despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on reg, -ere, rx, rctum, rule effici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave behind about remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.), ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatch return, turn back faci, -ere, fc, factum, do, make scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, write fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run away sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begin solv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, stain untie inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, kill surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch morior, mor, mortuus sum, die upward, swell patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish, undertake perfect teg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, shelter perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch observe out prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise forward, march forward trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore down trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across 4th Conjugation 113 nl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want, adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack not to wish aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, reveal, uncover perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report audi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen to possum, posse, potu, -----, be able, can conveni, re, convn, conventum, come praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, together, convene, meet skip dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleep rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try refer, referre, retul, relatum, bring back, bring fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, define, limit back, carry back, relate inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergo mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie sum, esse, fu, futrus, be mni, -re, mnv, mntum, fortify, build toll tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not vol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish know orior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appear Impersonals perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, arrive, come to potior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted puni, -re, pnv, pntum, punish necesse esse, it is necessary reperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting looking) sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, know NOUNS senti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceive 1st Declension: Feminine veni, -re, vn, ventum, come amcitia,-ae, f., friendship Irregular aqua, -ae f., water causa, -ae f., cause abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go away cpia, cpiae f., abundance, supply, pl. provisions, absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away troops ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward, go to cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present dea, -ae f., goddess affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward, diligentia, -ae, f., diligence convey dextera, -ae, f., right hand loquentia,-ae f., eloquence confer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together, (with s) go epistula, -ae f., letter dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be fma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumor lacking, fail familia, familiae f., family, household slaves differ, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ, flia, -ae f., daughter scatter flamma, -ae f., flame do, dare, ded, datum, give forma, formae f., form e, re, i(v), itum, go fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw fuga, -ae f., escape, flight fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure galea, -ae f., helmet fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen gloria, gloriae f., fame, glory ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt gratia, -ae f., favor (pl.) thanks (plan) hra, -ae f., hour ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefer inimcitia,-ae f., enmity, hostility, unfriendliness memin, meminisse, be mindful of, remember inopia, inopiae f., lack 114 insula, -ae f., island discipulus, - m., student invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy discus, m., discus ra, -ae f., anger, wrath dominus, - m., master lacrima, -ae f., tear equus, m., horse littera,-ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.). letter, flius, - m., son literature gladius, - m., sword memoria, memoriae f., memory lgtus,-, m., envoy, legate mora, -ae f., delay liber, libr m, book ntra,-ae f., character, nature lber,-rum m., children ra, -ae f., edge, rim, shore locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place patria, -ae, native land ldus, - m., game, sport pecnia,-ae, f., money magister, magistr m., teacher poena, -ae f., punishment modus, - m., manner, way porta, -ae f., gate mrus, - m., wall prvincia,-ae, f., province numerus,-, m., number puella, -ae f., girl nntius, - m., messenger rgia, -ae f., palace oculus, - m., eye rgna, -ae f., queen populus,-, m., people sententia,-ae, f., opinion puer, puer m, boy silva, -ae f., forest, woods servus, - m., slave sinistra, -ae f., left hand socius, - m., ally terra, -ae f., country, earth, land somnus, m., sleep umbra, -ae f., ghost, shadow tribnus,-, tribune unda, -ae f., wave umerus, - m., shoulder vespera,-ae f., evening ventus, m., wind via, -ae f., road, way vesper, vesperis m., evening vta, -ae f., life vcus,-, m., village vir, vir m., man 1st Declension: Masculine 2nd Declension: Neuter agricola, -ae m., farmer incola, -ae m., inhabitant arma, -rum n. pl., arms nauta, -ae m., sailor aurum, - n., gold prta, -ae m., pirate auxilium,-, n., aid, help pota, -ae m., poet bellum, n., war scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer beneficium,-, n., favor, help, kindness, support, benefit, service 2nd Declension: Masculine caelum, - n., air, heaven, sky castra, -rum n. pl., camp ager, agr m., field collum, - n., neck amcus, - m, friend cnsilium, - n, plan animus, - m., spirit, mind (pl.) bravery donum, - n., gift annus, - m., year factum, n., deed avus, - m., grandfather ftum, - n., fate campus, - m., field, plain, playing field ferrum, - n., iron, sword cibus,-, m., food forum,- n., forum, marketplace deus, - m., god gaudium,- n., joy, gladness 115 impedmentum,-, m., hindrance, (pl.). baggage lberts,-ttis, f., freedom imperium, - n., power, rule lx, lcis f., light ingenium,- n., character, innate quality mter, mtris f., mother monstrum, - n., monster mens, mentis (-ium) f., intention, mind negtium,- n., business mors, mortis (-ium) f., death nimium,- n., excess mulier, mulieris f., woman officium,- n., duty, office multitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitude rculum, - n., oracle nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship perculum, - n., danger, peril nox, noctis (-ium) f., night praemium,- n., prize, reward ops, opis f., power, (pl.) resources praesidium,- n., assistance, defense, protection rti, rtinis f., speech rgnum, - n., kingdom pars, partis (-ium) f , direction, part saxum, - n., rock, stone pax, pacis, f., peace signum,- n., sign,. signal, standard plebs, plebis f., common people, plebs spatium,- n., room, space potests,-ttis, f., power studium,-i n., devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm, quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep keenness rati, ratinis f., reason, theory tantum,- n., so much salus, saltis f, safety(personal), well-being tlum, n., javelin, weapon sds, sdis f., abode, seat tergum, - n., back servits, servittis f., slavery verbum, - n., word sollicitd, sollicitdinis f., care, worry vinculum,- n., chain, fetter, bond soror, sorris f., sister tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land 3rd Declension: Feminine tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city aets,-ttis, f., age uxor, uxris f., wife arbor, arbris, f., tree virg, virginis f., maiden ars, artis f., craft, skill, trade virts, virttis f, courage, excellence, strength, virtue arx, arcis,f., citadel vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, power, (pl.) auctrits,-ttis, f., , authority, influence strength celerits, celerittis, f., speed, swiftness vx, vcis f., voice cvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, state continens, continentis f., mainland 3rd Declension: Masculine cupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greed difficults,-ttis, f., difficulty amor, amris, m., love facti, factinis, faction clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout facults, faculttis f., ability, opportunity, power, cnsul, cnsulis m., consul skill custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protector falx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved) dolor, dolris m., grief, pain fams, famis f., famine, hunger dux, ducis m., leader forte (in abl.), by chance eques, equitis m., gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry gravits, gravittis f., hardness, seriousness, severity, fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory weight frter, frtris m., brother hiems, hiemis f., winter furor, -ris m., fury, rage laus, laudis f., praise hom, hominis m., human, man lx, lgis f., law honor, honris m., honor, esteem, office 116 hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy lmen, lminis n., light ignis, -is (ium) m., fire mare, maris (ium) n., sea iuvenis, -is m., youth, young man moenia, -ium n. pl., walls labor, labris m., hardship, labor, work mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods) mirs, -um m.,, ancestors nmen, nminis n., name mles, mlitis m., soldier nmen, nminis n., consent, nod, will (divine) mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain onus, oneris n., burden ms, mris, custom, (pl.). behavior, character opus, operis n., task, work nm, nminis m., no one, nobody s, oris n., mouth ord, ordinis m., order, rank pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart pater, patris m., father pls, plris n., more, too much pavor, pavris m., panic, terror rs, rris n., country, countryside ps, pedis m., foot scelus, sceleris n., crime pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge sdus, sderis n., star princeps, principis m., chief, leader tempus, tempris n., time rx, rgis m., king rmor, rmris m., rumor 4th Declension: Feminine sanguis, sanguinis m., blood senex, senis m., old man domus, -s, f, home, household sl, slis, m, sun manus, -s f, band, hand spont, (abl. only), of one’s own accord, voluntarily terror, terrris m., fear, terror 4th Declension: Masculine timor, timris m., fear vts, vtis m., prophet, seer adventus,-s, m., approach, arrival csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune 3rd Declension: Masculine and Feminine cnspectus,-s, m., sight cursus,-s, m., course adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth exercitus, -s m., army anguis, -is m./f., serpent, snake flctus, -s m., cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizen flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea comes, comitis m./f., companion fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble coniunx, coniugis m./f., spouse fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant gradus, -s m., step ictus, -s m., blow, strike 3rd Declension: Neuter impetus,-s, m., attack, attack magistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistrate aes, aeris n., bronze, copper metus,-s, m., fear agmen, agminis n., column (of men) reditus, -s m., return caput, capitis n., head sentus, -s m., senate carmen, carminis n, song sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle sus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use corpus, corporis n., body decus, decoris n., dignity, glory, honor 4th Declension: Neuter genus, -eris n., kind, sort iter, itineris n., journey, road, way corn, -s n, horn, wing (of an army) is, iris n., right, law ltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shore 5th Declension 117 amcus, -a, -um, friendly dis, - m, day angustus,-a,-um,, narrow fids, -e f, faith, loyalty antquus, -a, -um, ancient rs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situation aptus,-a,-um, appropriate specis, - f., appearance, sight ter, tra, trum, black, dark sps, spe f., hope avidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy Indeclinable bellus,-a,-um, fine, handsome, nice, pretty bonus, -a, -um, good nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong crus, -a, -um, dear nihil (indecl.) n., nothing certus, -a, -um, certain, set cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest Proper Nouns cupidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy, longing desertus, -a, -um, deserted Aethips, Aethiopis m., Ethiopian dexter, dextera, dexterum, right Aqutnia, -ae f, province in S. W. Gaul dignus,-a,-um, worthy Asia, -ae f., Asia dvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenly Britannia, -ae f, Britain dvus, -a, -um, divine Brundisium, n. Brundisium doctus,-a,-um, learned Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear falsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untrue Cathg, -inis, Carthage fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired Cicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero finitimus,-a,-um, neighboring Diana, -ae f., Diana firmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, strong Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon grtus, -a, -um, pleasing talia, -ae f., Italy idneus, -a, -um, suitable Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius impertus,-a,-um, ignorant, inexperienced, unskilled Medusa, -ae f., Medusa mus,-a,-um, at the foot of, bottom of, deepest, lowest Minerva, - ae f., Minerva inimcus,-a,-um, hostile, unfriendly Neptnus, - m., Neptune inquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfair Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus integer, integra, integrum, untouched, whole Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey invtus,-a,-um, unwilling Rma, -ae f., Rome rtus, -a, -um, angry Sicilia, -ae f., Sicily laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius lber, lbera, lberum, free Maximus ligneus, -a, -um, wooden Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro longus, -a, -um, long magicus, -a, -um, magical ADJECTIVES magnus, -a, -um, great, large 1st and 2nd Declension malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked maximus, -a, -um, most aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due aequus, aequa, aequum, even, fair, flat, level meus, -a, -um, mine, my alinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelated minimus, -a, -um, smallest, very small alius, -a, -um, another, other miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2) multus, -a, -um, many, much altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall necessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessary 118 neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither noster, nostra, nostrum, our brevis, -e, brief, short nvissimus,-a,-um, last, most recent commnis,-e, common, general, shared novus, -a, -um, new difficilis, -e, difficult nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not any dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike optimus, -a,-um, best, very good dulcis, -e, sweet parvus, -a, -um, little, small facilis, -e, easy pauc, -ae, -a, few fidlis,-e, faithful, loyal pertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilled fortis, -e, brave, strong pessimus, -a, -um, worst gracilis, -e, graceful, slender pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal gravis, -e, heavy, serious plurimus, -a, -um, most, very many horribilis, -e, horrible prvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, improper humilis, -e, humble, low prmus, -a, -um, first incolumis,-e, safe, unharmed propinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboring insignis,-e, distinguished, prominent proximus, -a, -um, next mior, maius, greater, better pblicus, -a, -um, public minor, minus, smaller pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful mrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderful reliquus,-a,-um, remaining, rest ntrlis,-e, by birth, natural sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy nbilis,-e, noble salvus,-a,-um, safe, unharmed, well omnis, -e, all, every secundus, -a, -um, second peior, peius, worse sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left similis, -e, like, similar slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole tlis,-e, such studisus,-a,-um, devoted, eager, zealous trstis, -e, sad summus,-a,-um, highest, top of turpis, -e, disgraceful, shameful tantus,-a,-um, so great tilis, -e, useful tardus,-a,-um, late, slow ttus, -a, -um, whole, entire 3rd Declension: 1 Termination tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil ttus, -a, -um, safe, safe audx, audcis, bold tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (sg.) dligns,-ntis,, careful ullus, -a, -um, any flx, flcis, happy midus,-a,-um, damp, moist immemor, immemoris, forgetful, huge uter, utra, utrum, which (of two) ingens, ingentis, vast uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two) memor, memoris, mindful vacuus, -a, -um, empty pr, paris, equal, like vrus,-a,-um, true patien, -entis, hardy, patient, tolerant vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (pl.) potens,-ntis, capable, powerful vvus,-a,-um, alive prdens,-ntis, prudent, sensible sapins, sapientis, wise 3rd Declension: 3 Terminations vetus, veteris, old cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp Reflexive Adjectives celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift meus, -a, -um, mine, my own 3rd Declension: 2 Termination noster, nostra, nostrum, our own 119 suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their own tuus, -a, -um, your (sg.) own Indefinite vester, vestra, vestrum, your (pl.) own aliquis, aliquid, any qudam, quaedam, quoddam, certain Proper Adjectives quisque, quaeque, quidque, each Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic Intensive Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic Germnus, -a, -um, German ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves, Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman, Roman myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; very Indeclinable Interrogative satis, enough quis, quid, who? what? tot, so many ADVERBS ade, so, to such an extent Interrogative adhc, still, to this point, yet aegr, painfully, with difficulty qulis,-e, what kind of?, what sort of? aliquand, anytime, sometime quantus,-a,-um, how great?, how much? ante, before, formerly qu, quae, quod, which?, what? ante, previously quot, how many? audacter, boldly bene, well PRONOUNS clam, secretly Personal and Reflexive confestim, immediately cottdi, daily ego, I crs, tomorrow is, ea, id, he, she, it deinde, from there, next, then ns, we dsuper, above, from above su (gen. sg.), himself, herself, itself, themselves di, for a long time t, you (sg.) ditissim, for a very long time, for the longest time vs, you (pl.) ditius, for a longer time e, to that place Relative fer, almost, nearly fortasse, perhaps qu, quae, quod, that, which, who forte, accidently frustr, in vain Demonstrative graviter, seriously haud, not at all hic, haec, hoc, this (pl.) these heri, yesterday dem, eadem, idem, same hc, here ille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those hinc, from here, from this place is, ea, id, this, that hodi, today iste, ista, istud, that (of yours) hc, to this place, hither 120 iam, already, now ib, there Interrogative inde, from there, thence interim, meanwhile cur, why? ita, so, thus quamdi, how long? itaque, and so quand, when? item, likewise qu, to where?, whither? iterum, again quotins, how often? libenter, freely, willingly unde, from where?, whence? long, far magis, more PREPOSITIONS magnopere, greatly With the Ablative maxim, very greatly modo, just, only, merely , ab, away from ,by, away mox, soon cum, along with, with multum, much d, about, concerning, down from nimis, too, very much , ex, from, out of nn, not in, in, on nndum, not yet pr, in front of, on behalf of numquam, never sine, without nunc, now sub, under nper, recently omnn, altogether, entirely With the Accusative paene, almost, practically parum, too little ad,, at, to paul, a little, somewhat ad, towards poste, afterwards circum, around praesertim, especially ante, before prm, at first apud, among, at the house of, in the presence of quam (+ superlative), as…as possible contr, opposite, toward quam, than in, into, onto, against, quondam, at one time, formerly, once inter, among, between rursus, a second time, backwards, again ob , because of, on account of saepe, often per , through, by semper, always post, after sc, so, thus praeter, along, by, in front of, past statim, at once, immediately prope, near subit, suddenly propter, on account of, because of tam, so super , above, in a higher position, over tandem, at length, finally trns, across tum, at that time, then tunc, at that time, then CONJUNCTIONS umquam, ever n, adv, together ac/atque, and undique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sides antequam, before velut/velut, even as, just as at, but vix, hardly, scarcely aut, or 121 aut…aut, either…or cnsilium capere, adopt a plan autem, but, however, moreover d… agere, debate about, talk about dum, while in mtrimnium ducere, marry enim, for s ripere, escape et, and fac ut, bring it about that etiam, also, even iter facere, make a journey, march igitur, therefore fds pblica, safe conduct nam, for bellum gerere, wage war nec/neque, and…not, nor gratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thank neque…neque, neither…nor causam habre, have a reason nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also iter facere, make a journey, march postquam, after in mentem venre, come to mind -que, and ms mairs, tradition quod, because rtionem habre, give a speech sed, but poens dare, pay a penalty tamen, nevertheless, still, yet quam prmum, as soon as possible ubi, when, where fds pblica, safe conduct ut (+ ind.), as (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the s recipere, retreat result that rs pblica, re pblicae f., state utor bene, treat well NUMERALS vtam agere , lead a life Cardinal nus, -a, -um, one duo, duae, duo, two trs, tria, three quattuor, four quinque, five sex, six septem, seven octo, eight novem, nine decem, ten centum, hundred ducent,-ae,-a, two hundred trecent,-ae,-a, three hundred Ordinal prmus, -a, -um, first secundus, -a, -um, second tertius, -a, -um, third IDIOMS aes alinum, debt causam habre, have a reason 122 VOCABULARY Nouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium). Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and genitive singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis). Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is a regular first conjugation verb, a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). Principal parts of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs and irregular verbs are given in full, save that only the last three letters of the infinitive are typically written out. Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin and New Second Steps in Latin are followed by an asterisk (*). Words introduced in New Third Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in square brackets [I]. LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY aequus, aequa, aequum, even, level, fair, flat [XX] aes, aeris n., copper, bronze [XIII] aes alinum, debt [XIII] aets, -ttis, f., age, [II] Aethips, Aethiopis m., Ethiopian, affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward, convey [XXVIII] affici, -ere, affc, affectum, , treat, affect [XXV] ager, agr m., field* aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack [V] agmen, agminis n., column (of men)* ag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treat* d … agere , talk about, debate about* gratias agere (+dat), thank, give thanks* vtam agere, lead a life* agricola, -ae m., farmer* alinus, -a, -um, unrelated, foreign [XX] aliquand, adv., sometime, anytime [XXIII] aliquis, aliquid, anything [XVII] alius, -a, -um, another, other* alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2)* altus, -a, -um, deep, high*tall, amcitia, -ae, f., friendshipIII amcus, -a, -um, friendly* amcus - m., friend A , ab (+ abl.), away from, by, from* abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go away [XX] abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off* absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away* ac, and* accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to, go towards [IX] accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive* accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run to* cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp* ad (+ acc.), at, to, towards* addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influence [X] ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward* ade, adv., to such an extent, so [IV] ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go to [XX] adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet * adlig (1), bind, tie* admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow [IX] adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack [XXVII] adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present* adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth* adventus, -s, m, arrival, approach, [I] aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick* aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty* 123 mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send away, lose [IX] am (1), like, love* amor, amris, m., love [XII] Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda* anguis, -is m./f., serpent, snake* angustus, -a, -um,, narrow [V] animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice, pay attention to [III] animus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl ) bravery * annus, - m., year* ante (+ acc.), before* ante, adv., formerly, before, previously [XXV] antequam, conj., before* antquus, -a, -um, ancient* aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, uncover, reveal [XXIII] appell, (1), accost, address, name [I] appropinqu, (1), approach [XV] aptus, -a, -um, appropriate [XX] apud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of [X] Aquitania, -ae f., province in S. W. Gaul aqua, -ae f., water* arbor, arbris, f., tree [XII] arca, -ae f., ark, box, chest* arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burn* arma, -rum n. pl., arms* ars, artis f., skill, craft, trade [XXIX] arx, arcis,f., citadel [XIII] ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend, Asia, -ae f., Asia, at, conj., but* ter, tra, trum, black, dark* ac/atque, conj., and* auctrits, -ttis, f., authority, influence [II] audacter, adv., boldly* audx, audcis, bold* audi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen to* auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase [X] aurum, - n., gold* aut, conj., or* aut…aut, conj., either…or* autem, conj., but, however, moreover* auxilium, -, n., aid, help [XXII] avidus, -a, -um, eager, greedy [VII] avus, - m., grandfather* bellum, n., war* bellus, -a, -um, pretty, handsome, fine, nice [XVIII] bene, adv., well* tor bene, treat well beneficium, - n., service, benefit, kindness, favor, help, support [XXIII] bonus, -a, -um, good* brevis, -e, brief, short* C caelum, - n., air, heaven, sky* Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear, campus, - m., field, plain, playing field* cant (1), sing* capi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take* caput, capitis n., head* carmen, carminis n, song* Cathg, -inis, Carthage crus, -a, -um, dear* castra, -rum n. pl., camp* csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune* causa, -ae f., cause, causam habre, have a reason, cd, -ere, cess, cessum, yield, go [IX] celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift* celerits, celerittis, f., swiftness, speed [X] centum (indecl.), hundred* cern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive* certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle* certus, -a, -um, certain, set [VII] cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest* cibus, -, m., food [VIII] Cicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero, circum (+ acc.), around* cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizen* cvits, -ttis, f., state, citizenship [II] clam, adv., secretly [I] clm (1), shout* clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout [IX] cog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together, force, collect, gather [XIV] colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse [VII] collum, - n., neck* comes, comitis m./f., companion* confrm (1), encourage, strengthen [I] committ, -ere, comms, commissum, entrust, engage [IX] commnis, -e, common, shared, general [XIV] compar (1) prepare, gather, achieve [III] B betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy* 124 comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize* concd, -ere, concess, concessum, yield, grant [IX] cond, -ere, condid, conditum, found (a city), bury [XIII] confer, conferre, contul, colltum , bring together, (with s) go* confestim, adv., immediately [I] confici, -ere, confc, confectum, finish, accomplish, make ready [XIX] confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust [XVII] conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw, throw together* coniunx, coniugis m./f., spouse* cnor (1), attempt, try* conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, enroll [XIII] cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, pursue, gain [XVII] cnsilium, - n, plan* cnsilium capere, adopt a plan cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop* cnspectus, -s, m., sight [I] conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, spot, observe, catch sight of [XVIII] cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine, establish* cnsul, cnsulis m., consul* cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolve* conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, cover* contend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry, make effort, march, strive* continens, continentis f., mainland* contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, sustain, hold together [II] contr, opposite, facing, toward [XVII] conveni, -re, convn, conventum, meet, come together, convene [XII] convoc (1), call together [XXIII] cpia, cpiae f., supply, abundance, (pl.) troops, provisions [XVII] corn, -s n, horn, wing(of an army)* corpus, corporis n., body* cottdi, adv., daily [XXIII] crs, adv., tomorrow* crd, -ere, crdid, crditum, entrust, believe [XV] cre (1), create, elect [X] cum (+ abl.), along with, with* cupidits, -ttis, f., greed, desire [II] cupidus, -a, -um, eager, longing, greedy [XVIII] cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, wish, desire, long for [XXIII] cur, adv., why? [VIII] cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry* curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, run* cursus, -s, m., course [I] custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protector [XXVII] D d (+ abl.), about, concerning, down from* d… agere, talk about* dea, -ae f., goddess* decem (indecl.), ten* decus, decoris n., honor, glory, dignity [XVII] ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away, remove, draw (a weapon) [X] dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defend* dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall away [XXV] deinde, adv., then, next, from there [XXV] dle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroy* dlber (1), consider, deliberate [XVIII] dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose [III] dplr (1), lament, mourn* dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down* dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend* desertus, -a, -um, deserted* despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on [XVIII] dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus, be lacking, lack, ,fail [XV] dsuper, adv., above, from above* deus, - m., god* dvor (1), devour, swallow* dexter, dextera, dexterum, right, (subst.)right hand [XXVII] Diana, -ae f., Diana, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell* dis, - m, day* differ, differre, distul, diltum, scatter, defer, differ [II] difficilis, -e, difficult* difficults, -ttis, f., difficulty [II] dignus, -a, -um, (+ abl.) worthy [V] dligns, -ntis,, careful [I] diligentia, -ae f, diligence* 125 dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, send away, dismiss [IX] discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave, withdraw [XVII] discipulus, - m., student* disc, -ere, didic, ----, learn [XVIII] discus, m., discus* dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike* di, adv., for a long time* ditissim (superl. of di), adv., for the longest time, for a very long time* ditius (compara. of di), adv., for a longer time* dvnus, -a, -um, divine, heavenly [XXVIII] dvus, -a, -um, divine* do, dare, ded, datum, give* poens dare, pay a penalty* doce, -re, docu, doctum, teach* doctus, -a, -um, learned [XXIX] dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve [XXIII] dolor, dolris m., grief, pain* dominus, - m., master* domus, -s, f, home, household* donum, - n., gift* dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleep* ducent, -ae, -a, two hundred [XXVII] dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead* in mtrimnium ducere, marry* dulcis, -e, sweet* dum, conj., while* duo, duae, duo, two* dux, ducis m., leader* err (1), make a mistake, wander* rump, -ere, rp, ruptus, burst out, break out [XIV] et, conj., and* etiam, conj., also, even* ex, (+abl.), from, out of* exanim (1), exhaust* excd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go out* excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, receive, greet [IV] excit (1), awaken, rouse* exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw [XX] exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train [XXIII] exercitus, -s m., army* exig, -ere, exg, exactum, drive out, demand, collect, finish (a life) [XIV] existim (1), consider, regard, think [XXIII] experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try [XXIX] expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, expose, explain [XIII] expugn (1), storm [XXIII] exspect (1), look out* extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag out* exu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take off* F facilis, -e, easy* faci, -ere, fc, factum, do, make* fac ut, bring it about that iter facere, make a journey, march* facti, factinis f., faction [IX] factum, n., deed* facults, faculttis f., ability, power, skill, opportunity [X] falsus, -a, -um, untrue, mistaken [XXIV] falx, falcis f., sickle, sword (curved)* fma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumor* fams, famis f., hunger, famine* familia, familiae f., household slaves, family [XVII] ftum, - n., fate* fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support [XV] flx, flcis, happy* fer, adv., nearly, almost [II] fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure* ferrum, - n., iron, sword* fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired* fidlis, -e, faithful, loyal [VIII] fids, -e f, faith, loyalty* E , ex (+ abl.), from, out of* d, -ere, did, ditum, give out* dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead out, unsheath* effici, -ere, effc, effectum, effect, cause, bring about [XXV] ego, I* gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave [V] loquentia, -ae f., eloquence [XIX] enim, conj., for* e, adv., to that place* e, re, i(v), itum, go* epistula, -ae f., letter* eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry [XIV] equus, m., horse* ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, snatch, rescue [V] s ripere, escape [V] 126 fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conduct flia, -ae f., daughter* flius, - m., son* fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, make, imagine, make up [XXIV] fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, limit, define [XXIII] fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory* finitimus, -a, -um, neighboring [VIII] fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen [X] firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, resolute [IV] flamma, -ae f., flame* fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep [XXIII] flctus, -s m., flood, sea, wave* forma, formae f., form [XVII] fortasse, adv., perhaps [XXVIII] forte, adv., accidently, by chance [XXIII] fortis, -e, brave, strong* fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck* forum, - n., forum, marketplace [V] frter, frtris m., brother* fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble* fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit* fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from [XIII] frustr, adv., in vain [XX] fuga, -ae f., escape, flight* fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run away, escape* fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) , perform [XIII] furor, -ris m., fury, rage* gravits, gravittis f., weight, severity, hardness, seriousness [XXVIII] graviter, adv., seriously, H habe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, hold* rtinem habre, give a speech [IX] causam habre, have a reason, habit (1), dwell, live* harna, -ae f., sand* haud, adv., not at all [I] heri, adv., yesterday* hic, haec, hoc, this, (pl.) these * hc, adv., here, in this place [XX] hiems, hiemis f., winter [XVIII] hinc, adv., from here, from this place [XX] hodi, adv., today* hom, hominis m, human, man* honor, honris m., honor, esteem, office [V] hra, -ae f., hour* horribilis, -e, horrible* hortor (1), encourage [XXII] hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy* hc, adv., hither, to this place [XX] humilis, -e, humble, low* I iam, adv., already, now* ib, adv., there* ictus, -s m., blow, strike* dem, eadem, idem, same* idneus, -a, -um, suitable* igitur, adv., therefore, then* ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy* ignis, -is (ium) m., fire* ignr (1), have no knowledge of* ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive [XV] ille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those* immemor, immemoris, forgetful [XXV] impedmentum, -, n., hindrance, (pl.). baggage [V] impertus, -a, -um, inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant [XXIX] imperium, - n., power, rule* imper (1), order, demand [XXII] impetr (1), obtain (by asking) [X] impetus, -s, m., attack [I] import (1), bring in, carry in [XXIII] mus, -a, -um, deepest, lowest, bottom of [XVIII] in (+abl.), in, on, (+acc.), into, onto, against* G galea, -ae f., helmet* Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic, gaudium, n., gladness, joy [XXIII] gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe* genus, -eris n., kind, sort* ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, manage* bellum gerere, wage war* gladius, - m., sword* gloria, gloriae f, glory, fame [XVII] Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon* gracilis, -e, graceful, slender* gradus, -s m., step* gratia, -ae f., favor, pl. thanks* gratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thank* grtus, -a, -um, pleasing* gravis, -e, heavy, serious* 127 incd, -ere, incess, incessum, go in* incend, -ere, incend, incensum, set fire to, outrage, burn [III] incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begin* incit (1), urge on, arouse [V] incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison, shut up* incola, -ae m., inhabitant* incol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabit [VIII] incolumis, -e, safe, unharmed [XIV] inde, adv., from there, thence [XXV] indc, -ere, indx, inductum, lead in, influence [XII] indu, -ere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on* ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt (plan) [XX] infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant* infici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, stain* ingenium, - n., innate quality, character [XIX] ingens, ingentis, huge, vast* inimcitia, -ae f., enmity, unfriendliness, hostility [XXVIII] inimcus, -a, -um, hostile, unfriendly [VII] inquus, -a, -um, uneven, unfair [XX] inopia, inopiae f., lack [XVII] inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst in* insignis, -e, distinguished, prominent [XIV] inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon* insula, -ae, f., island [III] integer, integra, integrum, whole, untouched [XVIII] intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand [III] inter (+acc.), among, between* intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, shut off, block, stop [XIII] interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, kill* interim, adv., meanwhile [XIV] inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find [XII] invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy* invtus, -a, -um, unwilling [VII] Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter), Juppiter, ipse, ipsa, ipsum, -self* ra, -ae f., anger, wrath* rtus, -a, -um, angry* is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this* iste, ista, istud, that (of yours)* ita, adv., so, thus [IV] talia, -ae f., Italy, itaque, adv., and so [X] item, adv., likewiseIV iter, itineris n., journey, road, way* iter facere, make a journey, march* iterum, adv., again* iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, order* Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter* is, iris n., law, right* iuvenis, -is m., youth, young man [XVIII] iuv, -re, iv, itum, help [XIX] L labor, labris m., hardship, labor, work* lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip* lacrima, -ae f., tear* laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful* laud (1), praise* laus, laudis f., praise [XVII] lgtus, - m., legate, envoy, ambassador [VIII] leg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, read* lx, lgis f., law* libenter, adv., freely, willingly* lber, lbera, lberum, free* liber, libr m, book* lber, -rum m.pl., children [XXV] lber (1), free, liberate [XIII] lberts, -ttis, f., freedom [II] licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted [XXVII] ligneus, -a, -um, wooden* littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.) letter, literature [III] ltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shore* Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius, locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place* long, adv., far* longus, -a, -um, long* loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk [VII] ldus, - m., game, sport* lmen, lminis n., light* lx, lcis f., light* M magicus, -a, -um, magical, magis (comp. of magnopere), more* magister, magistr m., teacher* magistrtus, -s, m., magistracy, magistrate [I] magnopere, adv., greatly* magnus, -a, -um, large, great* mior, maius (comp. of magnus), greater* mirs, -um f. pl., ancestors [V] 128 ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefer* malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked* mane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, stay* manus, -s f.., band, hand* mare, maris (ium) n., sea* mter, mtris f., mother* maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv., very greatly* maximus, -a, -um (superl. of magnus), most* Medusa, -ae f., Medusa, melior, melius (comp. of bonus), better* memin, meminisse, remember, be mindful of [XXIX] memor, memoris, mindful [XXV] memoria, memoriae f., memory [XVII] memor (1), mention, bring up [XXIV] mens, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention* in mentem venre, come to mind* mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie* merg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink* meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due* metus, -s, m., fear [I] meus, -a, -um, mine, my* mles, mlitis m., soldier* Minerva, - ae f., Minerva, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest* minor, minus (comp. of parvus), smaller* mrbilis, -e, remarkable, amazing, wonderful [XXIV] mror (1), be amazed, wonder at, be surprised at [XXVII] miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched* mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send* modo, adv., just, merely, only [XXII] modus, - m., manner, way* moenia, -ium n. pl., walls* mone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warn* mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain* monstr (1), show* monstrum, - n., monster* mora, -ae f., delay* morior, mor, mortuus sum, die* mors, mortis f. (-ium), death* ms, mris m., custom, , (pl.) character, behavior [V] ms mairs, m., tradition [V] move, -re, mv, mtum, move* mox, adv., soon* mulier, mulieris f., woman [XXVII] multitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitude [IX] multum, adv., much* multus, -a, -um, many, much* mni, -re, mnv, mntum, build, fortify* mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods) [XXVII] mrus, - m., wall* mt (1), change, transform* N nam, conj., for* nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain [VII] narr (1), tell, relate [XII] nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born [VII] ntra, -ae f., nature, character [XV] ntrlis, -e, natural, by birth [XXVIII] nauta, -ae m., sailor* nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship* -ne (introduces a question), VIII nec/neque, and…not, nor * necessrius, -a, -um, necessary, inevitable [XXVIII] necesse esse, it is necessary [XXVII] nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong [XXIV] negtium, - n., business [XIII] nm, nminis m., no one, nobody* Neptnus, - m., Neptune* neque/nec, and…not, nor * neque…neque, neither…nor* nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not know [XII] neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither* nihil (indecl.) n., nothing* nimis, adv., too, very much [XXIX] nimium, - n., excess [XXIX] nbilis, -e, noble [VIII] noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm [XV] nl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want, not to wish* nmen, nminis n., name* nn, adv., not* nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also* nndum, adv., not yet [XXV] nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes” answer), surely [VIII] ns, we* noster, nostra, nostrum, our* novem (indecl.), nine* nvissimus, -a, -um, most recent, last, novus, -a, -um, new* nox, noctis (-ium) f., night* nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none* 129 num (introduces a question expecting “no”answer), surely…not [VIII] nmen, nminis n., nod, consent, will (divine) [XXVIII] numerus, -, m., number [IV] numquam, adv., never [XXV] nunc, now* nnti (1), announce, report* nntius, - m., messenger* nper, adv., recently [XXV] pater, patris m., father* patien, -entis, tolerant, hardy, patient patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer* patria, -ae f., native land* pauc, -ae, -a, few* paul, adv., a little, somewhat [XXVII] pavor, pavris m., panic, terror* pax, pacis, f., peace [III] pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart*. pecnia, -ae, f., money [III] peior, peius (comp. of malus), worse* per (+ acc.), through, by, perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead through* perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report [II] perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, finish, complete, perfect [XXV] perculum, - n., danger, peril [V] pertus, -a, -um, skilled, experienced [XV] Perseus, Perse m., Perseus, perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, observe [XVIII] persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade [XXII] pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, pertain, extend [II] perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, come to, arrive [XII] ps, pedis m., foot* pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad* pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seek* prta, -ae m., pirate* pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal* place, -re, placu, placitum, be pleasing [XV] plebs, plebis f., plebs, common people [XVII] plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many* pls, plris n., more, too much [XXIX] poena, -ae f., punishment* poens dare, pay a penalty* Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic pota, -ae m., poet* Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey* pn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set up* pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge* populus, -, m., people [IV] porta, -ae f., gate* port (1), carry* possum, posse, potu, -----, be able, can* post (+acc.), after* poste, adv., afterwards [XXVII] O ob (+acc), because of, on account of* oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget [XXIX] obsecr (1), beseech, beg [XXII] obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtain [II] occup (1), seize* octo (indecl.), eight* oculus, - m., eye* offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offend* officium, - n., duty, office [XIII] Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus, omnn, adv., entirely, altogether [VIII] omnis, -e, all, every* onus, oneris n., burden* oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting [XXVII] ops, opis f., power, (pl.)resources [XIII] optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best* opt (1), desire* opus, operis n., task, work* ra, -ae f., edge, rim, shore* rculum, - n., oracle* rti, rtinis f., speech [IX] rtionem habre, give a speech [IX] ord, ordinis m., order, rank [XVII] orior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appear [XXVII] or (1), beseech, beg [XXII] s, oris n., mouth* ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before, show, display [XV] P paene, adv., practically, almost [II] pr, paris, equal, like [XXV] parc, -cere, peperc, ----, spare [XV] pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey [XV] par (1), prepare* pars, partis (-ium) f , direction, part* parum, too little* parvus, -a, -um, little, small* 130 postquam, conj., after* postul (1), demand [XXII] potens, -ntis, capable, powerful [I] potests, -ttis, f., power [II] potior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of [XIII] praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, direct, advise, order [IV] praemium, - n., prize, reward [XXIII] praesertim, adv., especially [XIV] praesidium, - n., protection, assistance, defense [V] praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, show* praeter (+acc.), past, by, along, in front of [XII] praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, skip [XX] prvus, -a, -um, distorted, crooked, improper [XXIX] prm, adv., at first* quam prmum, as soon as possible prmus, -a, -um, first* princeps, principis m., leader, chief [XVII] pr (+abl.), in front of, on behalf of* proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out [VII] prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go forward, march forward* prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, keep off, prevent, deny [XIII] prope (+acc.), near [XXV] propinquus, -a, -um, near, neighboring [V] propter (+acc.), on account of , because of* prvincia, -ae, f., province [III] proximus, -a, -um, next* prdens, -ntis , prudent, sensible [I] pblicus, -a, -um, public* fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conduct puella, -ae f., girl* puer, puer m, boy* pugn (1), fight* pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful* pni, -re, pnv, pntum, punish* puto (1), consider, think* -que, and* qu, quae, quod (rel. pron), that, which, who* qudam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain [XIX] quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep* quinque (indecl.), five* quis, quid (interr. pron.), who?, what? [VIII] quisque, quaeque, quidque, each [XIV] qu, adv., to where?, whither? [VIII] quod, conj,., because* quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once* quot (indecl. adj.), how many? [VIII] quotins, adv., how often? [VIII] R rati, ratinis f., reason, theory [IX] recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, receive, accept [IV] s recipere, retreat [IV] redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give back* rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return [XXIX] redg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive back* reditus, -s m., return* refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry back, relate [XIX] refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore [XXV] rgia, -ae f., palace* rgna, -ae f., queen* rgnum, - n., kingdom* reg, -ere, rx, rctum, rule* relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave behind* reliquus, -a, -um, rest, remaining [V] remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back [IX] reor, rr, ratus sum, think, suppose, imagine [XXVII] reperi, -re, repper, repertum, find (by looking), discover [XIX] rs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situation* rs pblica, re pblicae f., state* responde, respondre, respond, responsum, answer, respond [XXIII] retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrainII revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.), turn back, return [XIV] rx, rgis m., king* rog (1), ask* Rma, -ae f., Rome, Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman, rmor, rmris m., rumor [XII] Q quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seek* qulis, -e, what sort of?, what kind of? [VIII] quam (+ superlative), as…as possible* quam, adv., than* quam prmum, as soon as possible quamdi, adv., how long? [VIII] quand, adv., when? [VIII] quantus, -a, -um, how great?, how much? [VIII] quattuor (indecl.), four* 131 rrsus, adv., again, backwards, a second time [XXVII] rs, rris n., countryside, country [VII] slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole* solv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen, untie [XIV] somnus, m., sleep* soror, sorris f., sister* spatium, - n., space, room [XXIII] specis, - f., appearance, sight* speculum, - n., looking glass, mirror* spr (1), hope [III] sps, spe f., hope* spont (abl. only), voluntarily, of one’s own accord [X] statim, adv., at once, immediately* st, -re, stet, statum, stand* stude, -re, studu, ----, be eager for, desire [XV] studisus, -a, -um, eager, zealous, devoted [XVIII] studium, -i n., keenness, eagerness, enthusiasm, devotion [XXVIII] sub (+abl.), under, at the foot of* sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergo* subit, adv., suddenly* su (gen. sg.), -self* sum, esse, fu, futrus, be* summus, -a, -um, highest, top of [XV] sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up [XIV] super (+acc), above, in a higher position, over* super (1), surpass [XIII] surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward, swell* suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, undertake [IV] sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, sustain, hold (up) [II] suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their own* S sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy* saepe, adv., often* sals, saltis f., safety(personal), well-being [XXII] salvus, -a, -um, well, safe, unharmed [XXIX] sanguis, sanguinis m., blood* sapins, sapientis, wise* satis (indecl. adj.), enough [XIV] saxum, - n., rock* saxum, - n., stone* scelus, sceleris n., crime* sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, know [XIX] scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer* scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, write* s (acc./abl. of su), -self* secundus, -a, -um, second* sed, conj., but* sede, -re, sd, sessum, sit* sds, sdis f., abode, seat* semper, adv., always* sentor, ris m., senator sentus, -s m., senate* Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca, senex, senis m., old man [XIX] sententia, -ae, f., opinion [III] senti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceive* septem (indecl.), seven* sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow* servits, servittis f., slavery [IX] serv (1), guard, save, watch over* servus, - m., slave* sex (indecl), six* sibi (dat. of reflexive su), -self* sc, adv., so, thus (modifies verbs only)[IV] Sicilia, -ae f., Sicily, sdus, sderis n., star* signum, - n., sign, standard, signal [V] silva, -ae f., forest, woods* similis, -e, like, similar* sine (+abl.), without* sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left, (subst) left hand [XXVII] sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace* socius, - m., ally* sl, slis, m, sun [XIII] sollicitd, sollicitdinis f., worry, care [IX] T tlis, -e, such [IV] tam, adv., so (modifies adj. and adv. only)[IV] tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet, still* tandem, adv., at length, finally* tantum, - n., so much, tantus, -a, -um, so great [IV] tardus, -a, -um, slow, late [XVIII] teg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, shelter* tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land [XXVII] tlum, n., javelin, weapon* tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather* tempt (1), test, try [I] tempus, tempris n., time* 132 sus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use* ut (+ subj.), so that, in order that, with the result that [II] (+ ind.), as* fac ut, bring it about that, uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)* uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both [XXIX] tilis, -e, useful* tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), use, enjoy, experience [XIII] tor bene, treat well, utrum, conj., whether [VIII] utrum … annn, whether…or not [VIII] utrum … an, whether…or [VIII] uxor, uxris f., wife* tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch out* tene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, hold* tergum, - n., back* terra, -ae f., country, earth, land* terre, -re, terru, territum, frighten* terror, terrris m., fear, terror* tertius, -a, -um, third* time, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, fear* timor, timris m., fear* toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [XVIII] tot, adj. (indecl.), so many [IV] ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole* trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand down * trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across [XII] trah, -ere, trx, trctum, drag* tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil* trns (+acc.), across* transg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish, finish, pierce, run through* trecent, -ae, -a, three hundred [XXVII] trs, tria, three* tribnus, -, tribune [VIII] tribnus mlitum, military tribune trstis, -e, sad* t, you (sg.)* tueor, tur, tuitum, scan, observe, protect [XXVII] tum, adv., at that time, then* tunc, adv., at that time, then* turb (1), disturb, stir up* turpis, -e, disgraceful, shameful [XIV] ttus, -a, -um, safe [XVIII] tuus, -a, -um, your, yours* V vacuus, -a, -um, empty* Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius Maximus, vts, vtis m., prophet, seer* velut/velut, adv., just as, even as [XXIV] veni, -re, vn, ventum, come* in mentem venre, come to mind* ventus, m., wind* verbum, - n., word* vereor, verr, veritus, fear, respect* Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro, vert, -ere, vert, versum, turn* vrus, -a, -um, true [XII] vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), feed on, eat [XIII] vesper, vesperis m., evening [XVIII] vespera, -ae f., evening [XVIII] vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours* vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not* vetus, veteris, old [XXIV] via, -ae f., road, way* vcus, -, m., village [IV] vide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) be seen, seem, appear * vinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat* vinculum, - n., bond, chain, fetter [V] vir, vir m., man* virg, virginis f., maiden* virts, virttis f, courage, strength, excellence, virtue [IX] vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), violence, force, (pl.) strength [VII] vta, -ae f., life* vtam agere , lead a life* U ubi, , adv., when, where* ullus, -a, -um, any* umbra, -ae f., ghost, shadow* umerus, - m., shoulder* midus, -a, -um, moist, damp [XXIV] umquam, adv., ever [VII] n, adv, together [XIV] unda, -ae f., wave* unde, adv., from where, whence [VIII] undique, adv, everywhere, on all sides, from all sides [III] nus, -a, -um, one* urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city* 133 vt (1), avoid, escape* vv, -ere, vx, vctum, live* vvus, -a, -um, alive [VII vix, adv., hardly, scarcely* voc (1), call* vol (1), fly* vol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish* volv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll* vs, you (pl.)* vx, vcis f., voice* vulner (1), hurt, wound* 134 ENGLISH - LATIN VOCABULARY and so, itaque, adv. [X] and…not, nec/neque, * Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae f., anger, ra, -ae f., * angry, rtus, -a, -um, * announce, nnti (1), * another, alius, -a, -um, * answer, responde, respondre, respond, responsum [XXIII] any, ullus, -a, -um, * anything, aliquis, aliquid [XVII] anytime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII] appear, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], vide, -re, vd, vsum, (pass.) * appearance, specis, - f., * application, sus, -s m., * approach (noun), adventus,-s, m. [I] approach (verb), accd, -ere, access, accessum, * aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V], appropinqu, (1) [XV] appropriate, aptus,-a,-um [XX] ark, arca, -ae f., * arms, arma, -rum n. pl., * army, exercitus, -s m., * around, circum (+ acc.), * arouse, incit (1) [V] arrival, adventus,-s, m [I] arrive, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII] as, ut (+ ind.), * as soon as possible, quam prmum, as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), * ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, Asia, Asia, -ae f., ask, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, *rog (1), * ask for, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, * assistance, praesidium,- n. [V] at, ad (+ acc.), * at first, prm, * at length, tandem, * at once, statim, * at one time, quondam, * at that time, tum, *tunc, * at the foot of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII] at the house of, apud (+ acc.) [X] attack(noun), impetus,-s, m. [I] A ability, facults, faculttis f. [X] abode, sds, sdis f., * about, d (+ abl.), * above, dsuper, adv., super (+acc), * abundance, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII] accept, recipi, -ere, recp, receptum [IV] accidently, forte, * accomplish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum [XIX], transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * accost, appell, (1) [I] achieve, compar (1) [III] across, trns (+acc.), address, appell, (1) [I] admit, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX] adopt (plan), ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX], cnsilium capere, advance, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, * advise, mone, -re, monu, monitum, * praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV] affair, rs, re f., * affect, affici, -ere, affc, affectum [XXV] after, post (+acc.), *postquam, adv. * afterwards, poste, adv. [XXVII] again, iterum, adv. * rrsus, adv. * against, in (+acc.), * age, aets,-ttis, f. [II] aid, auxilium,-, n. [XXII] air, caelum, - n., * alive, vvus,-a,-um [VII] all, omnis, -e, * allow, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX] ally, socius, - m., * almost, fer, adv. [II], paen, adv. [II] alone, slus, -a, -um, * along, praeter (+acc.) [XII], (with), cum (+ abl.), * already, iam, adv., * also, etiam, * altogether, omnn, adv. [VIII] always, semper, * amazing, mrbilis,-e [XXIV] among, apud (+acc.) [X], inter (+acc.), * ancestors, mirs, -um, ancient, antquus, -a, -um, * and, ac/atque, *et, *-que, * 135 attack(verb), adorior, adorr, adortus sum [XXVII], aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V] attempt, cnor (1), * authority, auctrits,-ttis, f., [II] avoid, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, * vt (1), * awaken, excit (1), * away, ab, (+ abl.), * away from, , ab (+ abl.), * bind, adlig (1), * black, ter, tra, trum, * blaze, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, * blessed, betus, -a, -um, * block, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum [XIII] blood, sanguis, sanguinis m., * blow, ictus, -s m., * body, corpus, corporis n., * bold, audx, audcis, * boldly, audacter, bond, vinculum, - n., * book, liber, libr m, * bosom, sinus, -s m., * both, uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX] bottom of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII] box, arca, -ae f., * boy, puer, puer m, * brave, fortis, -e, * bravery (pl.), animus, - m., * break out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV] breast, pectus, pectoris n., * bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m., * brief, brevis, -e, * bring, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII], fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * bring about, effici, efficere, effc, effectum [XXV] bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX] bring in, import (1) [XXIII] bring it about that, fac ut, bring together, confer, conferre, contul, colltum , * bring up, memor (1) [XXIV] bronze, aes, aeris, n. [XIII] brother, frter, frtris m., * build, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, * burden, onus, oneris n., * burn, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, * incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III] burst in, inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, * burst out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV] bury, cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII] business, negtium,- n. [XIII] but, at* but, autem, * sed, * by, , ab (+ abl.), * per, praeter (+acc.) [XII] by birth, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII] by chance, forte [XXIII] B back, tergum, - n., * backwards, rursus [XXVII] bad, malus, -a, -um, * baggage, impedmentum,-, n. (pl.) [V] band, manus, -s f.., * be, sum, esse, fu, futrus, * be able, possum, posse, potu, -----, * be afraid of, time, timre, timu, -----, * be amazed, mror (1) [XXVII] be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus, * be born, nascor, nasc, ntus sum [VII] be eager for, stude, -re, studu, ---- [XV] be inflamed, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, * be lacking, dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus [XV] be made, fi, fir, factus sum [X] be mindful of, memin, meminisse [XXIX] be pleasing, place, -re, placu, placitum [XV] be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, * be seen , vide, -re, vd, vsum, * be surprised, mror (1) [XXVII] be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, * beach, ltus, ltoris n., * bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, * because, quod, * because of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), * become, fi, fir, factus sum [X] before, ante (+ acc.), * ante, adv. [XXV], antequam, conj.* beg, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII] begin, incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, * behavior, ms, mris (pl.) [V] believe, crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV] benefit, beneficium, - n., * fructus, -s m., * beseech, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII] best, optimus, -a,-um (superl. of bonus), * better, melior, melius (comp. of bonus), * between, inter (+acc.), * bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, * 136 C come to mind, in mentem venre, * come together, conveni, re, convn, conventum [XII] come up to, accd, -ere, access, accessum, * come upon, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII] command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, * common, commnis,-e [XIV] common people, plebs, plebis f. [XVII] companion, comes, comitis m./f., * compel, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, * compete, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * complete, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV] compose, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV] conceal, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, * concern, cra, -ae f., * concerning, d (+ abl.), * conquer, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, * consent, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII] consider, dlber (1) [XVIII], existim (1) [XXIII], habe -re, habu, habitum, * puto (1), * consul, cnsul, cnsulis m., * consult, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, * contain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II], tene, -re, tenu, tentum, * contest, certmen, certminis n., * convene, conveni, re, convn, conventum [XII] converse, colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum [VII] convey, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII] copper, aes, aeris n., * country(versus city), rs, rris n.[VII] country, terra, -ae f., * countryside, rs, rris [VII] courage, virts, virttis f, * course, cursus,-s, m. [I] cover, conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, * teg, ere, tx, tctum, * craft, ars, artis f. [XXIX] create, cre (1) [X] crime, scelus, sceleris n., * crooked, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX] crowd, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX] custom, ms, mris [V] cut away, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, * cut off, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, * call, voc (1), * call together, convoc (1) [XXIII] calm, tranquillus, -a, -um, * camp, castra, -rum n. pl., * can, possum, posse, potu, -----, * capable, potens,-ntis [I] capture, capi, -ere, cp, captum, * care, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f. [IX] careful, dligns,-ntis, [I] carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * port (1), * carry back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX] carry in, import (1) [XXIII] carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum, * carry toward, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII] Carthage, Cathg, -inis, f. Carthaginian, Poenus, -a, -um, cast, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, * catch sight of, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII] cause(noun), causa, -ae f., cause(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV] cavalry, eques, equitis m. [XIV] certain, qudam, quaedam, quoddam [XIX], certus,a,-um [VII] chain, vinculum,- n. [V] chance, csus, -s m., * change, mt (1), * character, ingenium,- n. [XIX], ntra,-ae f. [XV], ms, mris (pl.) [V] chest(box), arca, -ae f., * chest(breast), pectus, pectoris n., *. chief, princeps, principis m. [XVII] children, lber,-rum m. [XXV] choose, dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum [III], leg, -ere, lg, lctum, * Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero, Cicer, Ciceronis m., citadel, arx, arcis,f. [XIII] citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, * citizenship, cvits,-ttis, f. [II] city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f., * clothe, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, * coast, ltus, ltoris n., * collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, * collect, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], exig, ere, exg, exactum [XIV] column (of men), agmen, agminis n., * come, veni, -re, vn, ventum, * come to, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII] D daily, cottdi, adv. [XXIII] damp, midus,-a,-um [XXIV] danger, perculum,- [V] 137 dark, ter, tra, trum, * daughter, flia, -ae f., * day, dis, - m, * deal with, ag, -ere, g, actum, * dear, crus, -a, -um, * death, mors, mortis f. (-ium), * debate about, d … agere , * debt, aes alinum [XIII] decide, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * cnstitu, ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, * deed, factum, n., * deep, altus, -a, -um, * deepest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII] defeat, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, * defend, dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, * defense, praesidium,- n. [V] defer, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II] define, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII] delay, mora, -ae f., * deliberate, dlber (1) [XVIII] demand, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV], imper (1) [XXII], postul (1) [XXII] deny, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII] depart, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, * excd, -ere, excess, excessum, * descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, deserted, desertus, -a, -um, deserved, meritus, -a, -um, * desire(noun), cupidits,-ttis, f. [II] desire(verb), cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII], opt (1), * stude, studre, studu, ---[XV] destroy, dle, -re, dlv, dltum, * determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, * devoted, pius, -a, -um, * studisus,-a,-um [XVIII] devotion, studium,-i n. [XXVIII] devour, dvor (1), * Diana, Diana, -ae f., die, morior, mor, mortuus sum, * differ, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II] difficult, difficilis, -e, * difficulty, difficults,-ttis, f. [II] dignity, decus, decoris n. [XVII] diligence, diligentia, -ae, direct, praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV] direction, pars, partis (-ium) f , * discern, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * discover, reperi, -re, repper, repertum [XIX] discus, discus, m., * disgraceful, turpis,-e [XIV] dismiss, dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum [IX] display, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum [XV] dissimilar, dissimilis, -e, * distinguished, insignis,-e [XIV] distorted, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX] disturb, turb (1), * divine, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII], dvus, -a, -um, * do, ag, -ere, g, actum, * faci, -ere, fc, factum, * do to, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, * down from, d (+ abl.), * drag, trah, -ere, trx, trctum, * drag out, extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, * draw (a weapon), ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X] drive, ag, -ere, g, actum, * drive back, redg, -ere, redg, redactum, * drive out, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV] drive together, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, * due, meritus, -a, -um, * dutiful, pius, -a, -um, * duty, officium,- n. [XIII] dwell, habit (1), * dye, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, * E each, quisque, quaeque, quidque [XIV] each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX] eager, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII], studisus,-a,-um [XVIII] eagerness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII] earth, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., * easy, facilis, -e, * eat, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII] edge, ra, -ae f., * effect(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV] eight, octo, * either…or, aut…aut, * elect, cre (1) [X] eloquence, loquentia,-ae f. [XIX] embrace, sinus, -s m., * empty, vacuus, -a, -um, * enclose, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, * encourage, confrm (1) [I], hortor (1) [XXII] end, fnis, -is (-ium) m., * endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * patior, pat, passus sum, * perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum [II] enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m., * 138 engage, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX] enjoy, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII], tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII] enjoyment, fructus, -s m., * enlist, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum [XIII] enmity, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII] enough, satis [XIV] enroll, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum [XIII] enter, ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX] enthusiasm, studium,-i n. [XXVIII] entire, ttus, -a, -um, * entirely, omnn, * entrust, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX], crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV] envoy, lgtus,- [VIII] envy, invidia, -ae f., * equal, pr, paris [XXV] escape(noun), fuga, -ae f., * escape(verb), s ripere [V], vt (1), * especially, praesertim, adv. [XIV] establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, * esteem, honor, honris m [V] Ethiopian, Aethips, Aethiopis m., even, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX] even, etiam, adv.* even as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV] evening, vesper, vesperis m. [XVIII], vespera,-ae f. [XVIII] ever, umquam, adv. [VII] every, omnis, -e, * everywhere, undique, adv [III] evil(adj.), malus, -a, -um, * evil(noun), nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV] examine, perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum [XVIII] excellence, virts, virttis f. [IX] excess, nimium,- n. [XXIX] exhaust, exanim (1), * exhausted, fessus, -a, -um, * exhibit, praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, * experience, experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX], patior, pat, passus sum, * tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII] experienced, pertus,-a,-um [XV] explain, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII] expose, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII] extend, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II], tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, * eye, oculus, - m., * F faction, facti, factinis [IX] fail, dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum [XXV], dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus [XV] fair, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX] faith, fids, -e f, * faithful, fidlis,-e [VIII] fall, csus, -s m., * fall away, dfici, dficere, dfc, dfectum [XXV] fame, gloria, gloriae f [XVII] family, familia, familiae f. [XVII] famine, fams, famis f., far, long, * farmer, agricola, -ae m., * fashion(verb), fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV] fate, ftum, - n., * father, pater, patris m., * favor(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII], gratia, -ae f., * favor(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.) [XV] fear(noun), metus,-s, m. [I], terror, terrris m., timor, timris m., fear(verb), time, timre, timu, -----, * vereor, verr, veritus, * feed on, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII] feel, senti, -re, sns, snsum, * fetter, vinculum,- n. [V] few, pauc, -ae, -a, * field, ager, agr m., * (plain) campus, - m., * fierce, cer, cris, cre, * fight, pugn (1), * finally, tandem, * find, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII] (by looking), reperi, -re, repper, repertum [XIX] fine, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII] finish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum [XIX], perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV], transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * (a life), exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV] fire, ignis, -is (ium) m., * firm, firmus,-a,-um [IV] first, prmus, -a, -um, * five, quinque, * flame, flamma, -ae f., * flat, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX] 139 flee, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, * flight, fuga, -ae f., * flood, flctus, -s m., * fly, vol (1), * follow, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII], sequor, sequ, secutus sum, * food, cibus,-, m. [VIII] foot, ps, pedis m., * for, enim, conj., * nam, adv. * for a long time, di, * for a longer time, ditius (compara. of di), * for a very long time, ditissim (superl. of di), * for the longest time, ditissim (superl. of di), * forbid, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, * force (noun), vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII] force(verb), cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV] foreign, alinus,-a,-um [XX] forest, silva, -ae f., * forget, oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum [XXIX] forgetful, immemor, immemoris [XXV] forgive, ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.) [XV] form, forma, formae f. [XVII] formerly, ante, adv. [XXV], quondam, adv.* fortify, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, * fortune, fortna, -ae f., * forum, forum,- n. [V] found (a city), cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII] four, quattuor, * free, lber, lbera, lberum, * free, lber (1) [XIII] freedom, lberts,-ttis, f. [II] freely, libenter, * friend, amcus, - m, friendly, amcus, -a, -um, * friendship, amcitia,-ae, f. [III] frighten, terre, -re, terru, territum, * from, , ab (+ abl.), *, , ex (+ abl.), * from above, dsuper, * from all sides, undique, adv [III] from here, hinc, adv. [XX] from there, deinde, adv. [XXV], inde, adv. [XXV] from this place, hinc, adv. [XX] from where, unde, adv. [VIII] fruit, fructus, -s m., * function, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII] fury, furor, -ris m., * gain, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII] gain possession of, potior, -r, pottum sum [XIII] G Gaius Julius Casear, Caesar, Caesaris m., Gallic, Gallus, -a, -um* game, ldus, - m., * gate, porta, -ae f., * gather, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], compar (1) [III] Gaul, Gallus, -a, -um* general, commnis,-e [XIV] get, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII] ghost, umbra, -ae f., * gift, donum, - n., * (of the gods), mnus, mneris n. [XXVII] girl, puella, -ae f., * give, do, dare, ded, datum, * give a speech, rtinem habre [IX] give back, redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, * give out, d, -ere, did, ditum, * give thanks, gratias agere (+dat), * gladness, gaudium, n., * glory, decus, decoris n. [XVII], fma, -ae f., *gloria, gloriae f [XVII] go, confer, conferre, contul, colltum , * cd, ere, cess, cessum [IX], e, re, i(v), itum, * go away, abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, [XX] go back, rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum [XXIX] go forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, * go in, incd, -ere, incess, incessum, * go in, ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, * go out, gredior, gred, gressus sum [V], excd, -ere, excess, excessum, * exe, re, exv/exi, extum [XX] go past, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum [XX] go to, ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum [XX] go toward, ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, * accd, -ere, access, accessum [IX] god, deus, - m., * goddess, dea, -ae f., * gold, aurum, - n., * good, bonus, -a, -um, * Gorgon, Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., graceful, gracilis, -e, * grandfather, avus, - m., * grant, concd, -ere, concess, concessum [IX] grasp, comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, * great, magnus, -a, -um, * greater, mior, maius (comp. of magnus), * greatly, magnopere, * 140 greed, cupidits,-ttis, f. [II] greedy, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII] greet, excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum [IV] grief, dolor, dolris m., * grieve, dole, -re, dolu, dolitum [XXIII] groan, fremitus, -s m., * ground, tells, tellris f. [XXVII] guard(noun), custs, custdis, m. [XXVII] guard(verb), serv (1), * guardian, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII] hold back, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II] hold together, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II] holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum, * home, domus, -s, f, * honor, decus, decoris n. [XVII], honor, honris m., hope(noun), sps, spe f., * hope(verb), spr (1) [III] horn, corn, -s n, * horrible, horribilis, -e, * horse, equus, m., * horseman, eques, equitis m. [XIV] hostile, inimcus,-a,-um [VII] hostility, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII] hour, hra, -ae f., * household, domus, -s, f, * household slaves, familia, familiae f. [XVII] how great?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII] how long?, quamdi, adv. [VIII] how many?, quot [VIII] how much?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII] how often?, quotins, adv. [VIII] however, autem, * huge, ingens, ingentis, * human, hom, hominis m, * humble, humilis, -e, * hundred, centum, * hunger, fams, famis f., hurl, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, * hurry, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * hurt, vulner (1), * H hand, manus, -s f.., * hand across, trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, * hand down , trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, * handsome, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII] happen, fi, fir, factus sum [X] happy, betus, -a, -um, * flx, flcis, * laetus, -a, -um, * hardly, vix, * hardness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII] hardship, labor, labris m., * hardy, patien, -entis, harm, noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.) [XV] hasten, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, * hatred, invidia, -ae f., * have, habe -re, habu, habitum, * have a reason, causam habre, have no knowledge of, ignr (1), * he, she, it, is, ea, id, * head, caput, capitis n., * hear, audi, -re, audv, audtum, * heart, pectus, pectoris n., *. heaven, caelum, - n., * heavenly, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII] heavy, gravis, -e, * helmet, galea, -ae f., * help(noun), auxilium,-, n. [XXII], beneficium,-, n. [XXIII] help(verb), iuv, -re, iv, itum [XIX] here, hc, adv. [XX] high, altus, -a, -um, * highest, summus,-a,-um [XV] hindrance, impedmentum,-, n. [V] his, her, its, suus, -a, -um, * hither, hc, adv., * hold, habe -re, habu, habitum, * obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum [II], tene, -re, tenu, tentum, * hold (up), sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II] I I, ego, * idle, ignvus, -a, -um, * ignorant, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX] imagine, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV], reor, rr, ratus sum [XXVII] immediately, confestim, adv. [I], statim, * imprison, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, * improper, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX] in, in (+abl.), * in a higher position, super (+acc), * in front of, praeter (+acc.) [XII] in front of, pr (+abl.), * in order that, ut (+ subj.) [II] in the presence of, apud (+ acc.) [X] in vain, frustr, adv. [XX] increase, auge, -re, aux, auctum [X] inevitable, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII] 141 inexperienced, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX] infant, infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, * influence(noun), auctrits,-ttis, f., [II] influence(verb), addc, -ere, addx, adductum, [X], indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII] inhabit, incol, -ere, incolu, ---- [VIII] inhabitant, incola, -ae m., * innate quality, ingenium,- n. [XIX] intention, mens, mentis (-ium) f., * into, in (+acc.), * iron, ferrum, - n., * island, insula,-ae, f. [III] it is fitting, oportet, oportere, oportuit [XXVII] it is necessary, necesse esse [XXVII] it is permitted, licet, licre, licuit or licitum est [XXVII] Italy, talia, -ae f., lazy, ignvus, -a, -um, * lead, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, * lead a life, vtam agere, * lead across, trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum [XII] lead away, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X] lead in, indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII] lead out, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, * lead through, perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, * lead to, addc, -ere, addx, adductum, [X] leader, dux, ducis m., * princeps, principis m. [XVII] learn, disc, -ere, didic,---- [XVIII] learned, doctus,-a,-um [XXIX] leave, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, * gredior, gred, gressus sum [V], relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, * leave behind, relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, * left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII] left hand, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII] legate, lgtus,- [VIII] letter, epistula, -ae f., * littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III] (of the alphabet), littera,-ae, f. [III] level, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX] liberate, lber (1) [XIII] life, vta, -ae f., * lift, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII] light, lmen, lminis n., * lx, lcis f., * like(verb), am (1), * like(adj.), pr, paris [XXV], similis, -e, * likewise, item, adv. [IV] limit, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII] listen to, audi, -re, audv, audtum , * literature, littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III] little (a), paul, adv. [XXVII] little, parvus, -a, -um, * live(inhabit), habit (1), * live, vv, -ere, vx, vctum, * Livy, (Titus Livius), Livius, Livi m., long, longus, -a, -um, * long for, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII] longing, cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII] look down on, despici, -ere, despex, despectum [XVIII] look into or upon, inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, * look out, exspect (1), * loosen, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV] lose, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX] love(noun), amor, amris, m. [XII] love(verb), am (1), * low, humilis, -e, * J javelin, tlum, n., * jealousy, invidia, -ae f., * journey, iter, itineris n., * joy, gaudium,- n. [XXIII] joyful, laetus, -a, -um, * Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis m., * Juppiter, Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter), just, modo, * just as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV] K keen, cer, cris, cre, * keenness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII] keep off, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII] kill, interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, * kind, genus, -eris n., * kindness, beneficium,-, n. [XXIII] king, rx, rgis m., * kingdom, rgnum, - n., * know, sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, L labor, labor, labris m., * lack, inopia, inopiae f. [XVII] lament, dplr (1), * land, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., * large, magnus, -a, -um, * Larisa, Larisa, -ae f., last, nvissimus,-a,-um, late, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII] law, is, iris n., * lx, lgis f., * 142 lowest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII] loyal, fidlis,-e [VIII], pius, -a, -um, * loyalty, fids, -e f, * luck, fortna, -ae f., * most, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), * most recent, nvissimus,-a,-um, C mother, mter, mtris f., * Mount Olympus, Olympus, - m., mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m., * mourn, dplr (1), * mouth, s, oris n., * move, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, * move, -re, mv, mtum, * much(adv.), multum, * much(adj.), multus, -a, -um, * multitude, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX] my, meus, -a, -um, * M magical, magicus, -a, -um, magistracy, magistrtus,-s, m. [I] magistrate, magistrtus,-s, m. [I] maiden, virg, virginis f., * mainland, continens, continentis f., * make, faci, -ere, fc, factum, * fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV] make a journey, iter facere, * make a mistake, err (1), * make effort, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * make ready, confici, -ere, confv, confectum [XIX] make up, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV] man, hom, hominis m, * vir, vir m., * manner, modus, - m., * many, multus, -a, -um, * march, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * iter facere, * march forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, * marketplace, forum,- n. [V] marry, in mtrimnium ducere, * master, dominus, - m., * matter, rs, re f., * meanwhile, interim, adv. [XIV] Medusa, Medusa, -ae f., meet, conveni, -re, convn, conventum [XII] memory, memoria, memoriae f. [XVII] mention, memor (1) [XXIV] merely, modo, adv. [XXII] messenger, nntius, - m., * mind, animus, - m., * mens, mentis (-ium) f., * mindful, memor, memoris [XXV] mine, meus, -a, -um, * Minerva, Minerva, - ae f., misfortune, csus, -s m., * mistaken, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV] moist, midus,-a,-um [XXIV] money, pecnia,-ae, f. [III] monster, monstrum, - n., more(adv.), magis (comp. of magnopere), * more(noun), pls, plris n. [XXIX] moreover, autem, * most, maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) * N name(noun), nmen, nminis n., * name(verb), appell, (1) [I] narrow, angustus,-a,-um, [V] nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f., * native land, patria, -ae, * natural, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII] nature, ntra,-ae f. [XV] near(prep.), prope (+acc.) [XXV] near(adj.), propinquus,-a,-um [V] nearly, fer, adv. [II] necessary, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII] neck, collum, - n., * neighboring, finitimus,-a,-um [VIII], propinquus,-a,-um [V] neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum, * neither…nor, neque…neque, * Neptune, Neptnus, - m., never, numquam, adv. [XXV] nevertheless, tamen, * new, novus, -a, -um, * next(adv.), deinde, adv. [XXV] next(adj.), proximus, -a, -um, * nice, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII] night, nox, noctis (-ium) f., * nine, novem, * no, nullus, -a, -um, * no one, nm, nminis m., * noble, nbilis,-e [VIII] nobody, nm, nminis m., * nod, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII] noise, clmor, clmris, m. [IX] none, nullus, -a, -um, * nor, nec/neque, * not, nn, * not any, nullus, -a, -um, * 143 out of, , ex (+ abl.), * outrage, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III] over, super (+acc), * not at all, haud, adv. [I] not know, nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus [XII] not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, * not to want, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, * not to wish, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, * not yet, nndum [XXV] nothing, nihil (indecl.) n., * notice, animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, , [III] now, iam, adv., *nunc, adv. * number, numerus,-, m. [IV] P pain, dolor, dolris m., * painfully, aegr, * palace, rgia, -ae f., * panic, pavor, pavris m., * part, pars, partis (-ium) f , * past, praeter (+acc.) [XII] patient, patien, -entis, pay a penalty, poens dare, * pay attention to, animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, , [III] peace, pax, pacis, f. [III] people, populus,-, m. [IV] perceive, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * senti, -re, sns, snsum, * perfect, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV] perform, fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) [XIII] perhaps, fortasse, adv. [XXVIII] peril, perculum,- n. [V] Perseus, Perseus, Perse m., persuade, persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum [XXII] pertain, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II] pick out, leg, ere, lg, lctum, * pierce, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * pirate, prta, -ae m., * place(noun), locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), * place(verb), pn, -ere, posu, positum, * plain, campus, - m., * plan, cnsilium, - n, * playing field, campus, - m., * pleasing, grtus, -a, -um, * plebs, plebs, plebis f. [XVII] plunge, merg, -ere, mers, mersum, * poet, pota, -ae m., * Pompey , Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., power, facults, faculttis f. [X], imperium, - n., * ops, opis f. [XIII], potests,-ttis, f. [II], powerful, potens,-ntis [I] practically, paene, * practice, sus, -s m., * praise(noun), laus, laudis f. [XVII] praise(verb), laud (1), * prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, -----, * prepare, compar (1) [III], par (1), * pretty, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII] O obey, pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat) [XV] observe, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII], conspici, cere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII], perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum [XVIII] obtain, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII], obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum [II] obtain (by asking), impetr (1) [X] of one’s own accord, spont [X] offend, offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, * office, honor, honris m [V], officium,- n. [XIII] often, saepe, * old, vetus, veteris, [XXIII] old man, senex, senis m. [XIX] on, in (+abl.), * on account of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), * on all sides, undique, adv [III] on behalf of, pr (+abl.), * once, quondam, * one, nus, -a, -um, * only(adv.), modo, adv. [XXII] only(adj.), slus, -a, -um, * onto, in (+acc.), * open, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII] opinion, sententia,-ae, f. [III] opportunity, facults, faculttis f. [X] opposite, contr (+acc.) [XVII] or, aut, * oracle, rculum, - n., * order(noun), ord, ordinis m. [XVII] order(verb), imper (1) [XXII], iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, * praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV] order . . . not, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, * other, alius, -a, -um, * ( of 2), alter, altera, alterum, * our, noster, nostra, nostrum, * 144 prevent, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII] previously, ante, adv. [XXV] prize, praemium,- n. [XXIII] proceed, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, * produce, effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV] profit from, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII] prominent, insignis,-e [XIV] prophet, vts, vtis m., * protect, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII] protection, praesidium,- n. [V] protector, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII] province, prvincia,-ae, f. [III] provisions, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII] prudent, prdens,-ntis [I] public, pblicus, -a, -um, * Punic, Poenus, -a, -um, punish, puni (4), * punishment, poena, -ae f., * pursue, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII] put, pn, -ere, posu, positum, * put down, dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, * put off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, * put on, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, * report, nnti (1), * perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum [II] reputation, fma, -ae f., * rescue, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V] resolute, firmus,-a,-um [IV] resolve, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, * resources, ops, opis f. [XIII] respect, vereor, verr, veritus, * respond, responde, -re, respond, responsum [XXIII] rest(noun), quis, quitis f., * rest(adj.), reliquus,-a,-um [V] cter, -ae, -a, * restore, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV] restrain, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II] retreat, s recipere [IV] return(noun), reditus, -s m., * return(verb), rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum [XXIX], revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.) [XIV] reveal, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII] reward, praemium,- n. [XXIII] right(adj.), dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII] right(noun), is, iris n., * right hand, dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII] rim, ra, -ae f., * rise, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, * road, iter, itineris n., * via, -ae f., * roar, fremitus, -s m., * rock, saxum, - n., * roll, volv, -ere, volv, voltum, * Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um, Rome, Rma, -ae f., room, spatium,- n. [XXIII] rouse, excit (1), * rule(noun), imperium, - n., * rule(verb), reg, -ere, rx, rctum, * rumble, fremitus, -s m., * rumor, fma, -ae f., * rmor, rmris m. [XII] run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, * run away, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, * run through, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * run to, accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, * Q queen, rgna, -ae f., * quick, celer, celeris, celere, * quiet, quis, quitis f., * R rage, furor, -ris m., * raise, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII] rank, ord, ordinis m. [XVII] read, leg, -ere, lg, lctum, * reason, rati, ratinis, f. [IX] receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, * excipio, ere, excp, exceptum [IV], recipi, -ere, recp, receptum [IV] recently, nper, adv. [XXV] regard, existim (1) [XXIII] relate, narr (1) [XII], refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX] release, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, * remain, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, * remaining, cter, -ae, -a, * reliquus,-a,-um [V] remarkable, mrbilis,-e [XXIV] remember, memin, meminisse [XXIX] remove, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X] repair, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV] S sad, trstis, -e, * safe, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX], ttus,a,-um [XVIII] safe conduct, fds pblica, safety(personal), salus, saltis [XXII] 145 sailor, nauta, -ae m., * same, dem, eadem, idem, * sand, harna, -ae f., * save, serv (1), * say, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * scan, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII] scarcely, vix, * scatter, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II] sea, flctus, -s m., * mare, maris (ium) n., * seat, sds, sdis f., * second, secundus, -a, -um, * second time, rursus [XXVII] secretary, scrba, -ae m., * secretly, clam, adv. [I] see, vide, -re, vd, vsum, * seek, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, * seek, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, * seem (pass.), vide, -re, vd, vsum, * seer, vts, vtis m., * seize, capi, -ere, cp, captum, * (understand) comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, *(military) occup (1), * -self (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum, * -self(reflexive), su (gen. sg.), * senate, sentus, -s m., * send, mitt, -ere, ms, missum, * send away, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX], dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum [IX] send back, remitt, -ere, rems, remissum [IX] Seneca, Seneca, -ae, m., sensible, prdens,-ntis [I] serious, gravis, -e, * seriously, graviter, seriousness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII] service, beneficium, - n., * set, certus,-a,-um [VII] set fire to, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III] set out, proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum [VII] set up, pn, -ere, posu, positum, * seven, septem, * severity, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII] shadow, umbra, -ae f., * shameful, turpis,-e [XIV] shared, commnis,-e [XIV] sharp, cer, cris, cre, * shelter, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, * ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f., * shore, ltus, ltoris n., * ra, -ae f., * short, brevis, -e, * shoulder, umerus, - m., * shout(noun), clmor, clmris, m. [IX] shout(verb), clm (1), * show, monstr (1), * ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum [XV], praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, * shut off, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum [XIII] shut up, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, * Sicily, Sicilia, -ae f., sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum, * sickle, falx, falcis, f., * sight, cnspectus,-s, m. [I], specis, - f., * sign, signum,- [V] signal, signum,- [V] similar, similis, -e, * sing, cant (1), * sink, merg, -gere, mers, mersum, * sister, soror, sorris f., * sit, sede, -re, sd, sessum, * situation, rs, re f. * six, sex, * skill, ars, artis f. [XXIX], facults, faculttis f. [X], sus, -s m., * skilled, pertus,-a,-um [XV] skip, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum [XX] sky, caelum, - n., * slave, servus, - m., * slavery, servits, servittis f. [IX] sleep(noun), quis, quitis f., * somnus, m., * sleep(verb), dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , * slender, gracilis, -e, * slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, * slow, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII] small, parvus, -a, -um, * smaller, minor, minus (comp. of parvus), * smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), * snake, anguis, -is m./f., * snatch, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V] so, ade, adv. [IV], ita, adv. [IV], (with verbs only) sc, adv. [IV], (with adj. and adv. only) tam [IV] so great, tantus,-a,-um [IV] so many, tot, adv [IV] so much, tantum,- n., so that, ut (+ subj.) [II] soldier, mles, mlitis m., * sole(only), slus, -a, -um, * sometime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII] somewhat, paul, adv. [XXVII] son, flius, - m., * 146 song, carmen, carminis n, * soon, mox, * sort, genus, -eris n., * space, spatium,- n. [XXIII] spare, parc, -cere, peperc,---- [XV] speak, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * loquor, loqui, loctus sum [VII] speech, rti, rtinis, f. [IX] speed, celerits, celerittis, f. [X] spirit, animus, - m., * sport, ldus, - m., * spot, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII] spouse, coniunx, coniugis m./f., * stain, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, * stand, st, -re, stet, statum, * standard, signum,- [V] star, sdus, sderis n., * state, cvits,-ttis, f. [II], rs pblica, re pblicae f., * stay, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, * step, gradus, -s m., * still, adhc, adv.* tamen, adv.* stir up, turb (1), * stone, saxum, - n., * stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, * intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum [XIII] storm(noun), tempests, tempesttis f., * storm(verb), expugn (1) [XXIII] strength, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII], virts, virttis f. [IX] strengthen, confrm (1) [I] stretch out, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, * stretch out before, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, * stretch upward, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, * strike(noun), ictus, -s m., * strive(verb), contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * strong, firmus,-a,-um [IV], fortis, -e, * struggle, certmen, certminis n., * student, discipulus, - m., * such, tlis,-e [IV] suddenly, subit, * suffer, patior, pat, passus sum, * suitable, idneus, -a, -um, * sun, sl, slis, m [XIII] supply, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII] support(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII] support(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.) [XV], suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV] suppose, reor, rr, ratus sum [XXVII] surely, nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes” answer) [VIII] surely…not, num (introduces a question expecting “no”answer) [VIII] surpass, super (1) [XIII] sustain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II], sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II] swallow, dvor (1), * sweet, dulcis, -e, * swell, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, * swift, celer, celeris, celere, * swiftness, celerits, celerittis, f. [X] sword, ferrum, - n., * gladius, - m., * sword (curved), falx, falcis, f., * T take, capi, -ere, cp, captum, * take off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, * take up, sm, -ere, smps, smpsum [XIV], suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV] talk, loquor, loqui, loctus sum [VII] talk about, d … agere , * tall, altus, -a, -um, * task, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII] task, opus, operis n., * teach, doce, -re, docu, doctum, * teacher, magister, magistr m., * tear, lacrima, -ae f., * tell, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * narr (1) [XII] tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum, * tempest, tempests, tempesttis f., * ten, decem, * territory fnis, -is (-ium) m (pl.)., * terror, pavor, pavris m., * terror, terrris m., test, experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX], tempt (1) [I] than, quam, * thank, gratias agere (+dat), * thanks, gratiae, -rum f., (pl.) * that, ille, illa, illud, * is, ea, id, * that(relative), qu, quae, quod, * that (of yours), iste, ista, istud, * their own, suus, -a, -um, * then, deinde, adv. [XXV], tum, * tunc, * thence, inde, adv. [XXV] theory, rati, ratinis [IX] there, ib, adv., * therefore, igitur, * these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc, * 147 thing, rs, re f., * think, existim (1) [XXIII], puto (1), * reor, rr, ratus sum [XXVII] third, tertius, -a, -um, * this, hic, haec, hoc, * is, ea, id, * those (pl.), ille, illa, illud, * three, trs, tria, * three hundred, trecent,-ae,-a [XXVII] through, per (+ acc.), * throw, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, * throw together, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, * thus, ita, adv. [IV], sc (modifies verbs only)[IV] tie, adlig (1), * time, tempus, tempris n., * tired, fessus, -a, -um, * to, ad (+ acc.), * to such an extent, ade, adv. [IV] to that place, e, * to this place, hc, adv. [XX] to this point, adhc, * to where?, qu, adv. [VIII] today, hodi, adv., * together, n, adv [XIV] tolerant, patien, -entis, tomorrow, crs, * too, nimis, adv. [XXIX] too little, parum, * too much, pls, plris n. [XXIX] top of, summus,-a,-um [XV] toward, contr (+acc.) [XVII], ad (+ acc.), * trade, ars, artis f. [XXIX] tradition, ms mairs [V] train, exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum [XXIII] tranquil, tranquillus, -a, -um, * transform, mt (1), * treat, affici, -ere, affc, affectum, [XXV], ag, ere, g, actum, * treat well, utor bene, tree, arbor, arbris, f. [XII] tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f., * tribune, tribnus,- [VIII] troops, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII] true, vrus,-a,-um [XII] trust, confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent) [XVII] try, cnor (1), * experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX], tempt (1) [I] turn, vert, -ere, vert, versum, * turn back, revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.) [XIV] two, duo, duae, duo, * two hundred, ducent,-ae,-a [XXVII] U unbind, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, * uncover, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII] under, sub (+abl.), * undergo, sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, * understand, intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum [III] undertake, suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV] uneven, inquus,-a,-um [XX] unfair, inquus,-a,-um [XX] unfriendliness, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII] unfriendly, inimcus,-a,-um [VII] unhappy, miser, misera, miserum, * unharmed, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX] unlike, dissimilis, -e, * unrelated, alinus,-a,-um [XX] unsheath, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, * unskilled, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX] untie, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV] untouched, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII] untrue, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV] unwilling, invtus,-a,-um [VII] urge on, incit (1) [V] use(noun), sus, -s m., * use(verb), tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII] useful, tilis, -e, * V Valerius Maximus, Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., vast, ingens, ingentis, * Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Vergilius, Vergili m., very greatly, maxim, * very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), * very much, nimis, adv. [XXIX] village, vcus,-, m. [IV] violence, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII] virtue, virts, virttis f. [IX] voice, vx, vcis f., * voluntarily, spont [X] W wage war, bellum gerere, * wall, mrus, - m., * walls, moenia, -ium n. pl., * wander, err (1), * want, vol, velle, volu, -----, * 148 war, bellum, n., * warn, mone, -re, monu, monitum, * watch over, serv (1), * water, aqua, -ae f., * wave, flctus, -s m., * unda, -ae f., * way(route), iter, itineris n., * (road) via, -ae f., * way, modus, - m., * we, ns, * weapon, tlum, n., * weather, tempests, tempesttis f., * weep, fle, flre, flv, fltum [XXIII] weight, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII] well(adv.), bene, * well(adj,), salvus,-a,-um [XXIX] well-being, salus, saltis [XXII] what kind of?, qulis,-e [VIII] what sort of?, qulis,-e [VIII] what?, quis, quid [VIII] when, ubi, * when?, quand, adv. [VIII] whence, unde, adv. [VIII] where, ubi, * whether…or, utrum … an [VIII] whether…or not, utrum … annn [VIII] which, qu, quae, quod, * (of two), uter, utra, utrum, * while, dum, * whither?, qu, adv. [VIII] who (relative pron.), qu, quae, quod, * who? (interrogative pron.), quis, quid [VIII] whole, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII], ttus, -a, -um, * why?, cur, adv. [VIII] wicked, malus, -a, -um, * wife, uxor, uxris f., * will (divine), nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII] willingly, libenter, * wind, ventus, m., * winged sandals, tlria, -ium n. pl., * winter, hiems, hiemis f. [XVIII] wise, sapins, sapientis, * wish, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII], vol, velle, volu, -----, * with, cum (+ abl.), * with difficulty, aegr, * with the result that, ut (+subj) [II] withdraw, discd, -ere, discess, discessum [XVII], exe, -re, exv/exi, extum [XX] without, sine (+abl.), * woman, mulier, mulieris f. [XXVII] wonder at, mror (1) [XXVII] wonderful, mrbilis,-e [XXIV] wooden, ligneus, -a, -um, * woods, silva, -ae f., * word, verbum, - n., * work, labor, labris m., * opus, operis n., * worry, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f. [IX] worse, peior, peius (comp. of malus), * worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), * worthy, dignus,-a,-um (+ abl.) [V] wound, vulner (1), * wrath, ra, -ae f., * wretched, miser, misera, miserum, * write, scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, * writer, scrba, -ae m., * wrong, nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV] Y year, annus, - m., * yesterday, heri, * yet , adhc, * tamen, * yield, cd, -ere, cess, cessum [IX], concd, -ere, concess, concessum [IX] you (sg.), t, * (pl.), vs, * young man, iuvenis,-is m. [XVIII] your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, * yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, * youth, adulscns, adulscentis m./f., * iuvenis,-is m. [XVIII] Z zealous, studisus,-a,-um [XVIII] 149 INDEX Ablative Absolute: 28 Ablative Description: 26 Review of uses: 26, 32 Separation: 26 Specification: 26 with special verbs: 26 Certiorem facere: 20 Commands Direct: 18 Indirect: 44 Negative: 18 Conditions Future Less Vivid: 34 Future More Vivid: 34 Past Contrary to Fact: 34 Present Contrary to Fact: 34 Simple: 34 Correlatives: 14 Cum clauses: 10 Dative Agent (with passive periphrastic): 40 Double dative: 30 Interest with special verbs: 30 Possession: 30 Purpose: 30 Reference: 30 Review of uses: 30 Domus: 14 Fearing: clauses of: 56 Fi: 20 Genitive Description: 58 Forgetting: 58 Partitive: 58 Objective: 58 Gerunds: 36 Gerundives: 38 Hortatory Subjunctive: 2 Imperative Mood: 18 Impersonal Constructions: 54 with Passive Periphrastics: 40 Interrogative Particles: 16 Jussive Subjunctive: 2 Locative Case: 14 Memin: 58 Obviscor: 58 Passive Periphrastics: 40 Impersonal Constructions in: 54 Purpose Clauses Primary Sequence: 4 Secondary/Historical Sequence: 6 Relative Clauses: 4, 46 Supines: 48 Review of: 48 Questions Direct: 16 Indirect: 24 Quin: 56 Result Clauses: 8 Relative Clause of: 46 Relative Clauses Characteristic: 46 in Indirect Discourse: 50 Purpose: 4, 46 Result: 46 Review Lessons: 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 60 Rs: 14 Sequence of Tenses: 6 Subjunctive Mood: Cum Clauses: 10 Hortatory/Jussive: 2 Imperfect Tense: 6 Indirect Commands: 44 Indirect Questions: 24 Irregular Verbs:4 Perfect Tense: 8 Pluperfect Tense: 10 Present Tense: 2 Purpose Clauses: 4, 6 Result Clauses: 8 Subordinate Clauses in Ind. Discourse: 50 uses of: 12 Supines: 48 Vs: 14 Vocative Case: 18 150