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Horace laments the moral failure of the Roman military in the recent age (Crassus 53bc is the reference point). Soldiers have forgotten the moral tradition of Rome and its military. In contrast to this disgraceful (turpis, line 6) behavior, Horace draws on the example of Regulus from the 1st Punic War who led the military and was captured by the enemy. Rather than sacrificing his moral sensibilities to regain his freedom, he sacrificed his family and his life to spur Rome on to military success. Horace tells his readers that when a man surrenders in battle, he will never regain his former valor, a quality honored by Roman citizens under Augustus. The poem begins by giving credence to the supremacy of Jupiter and to the consideration of Augustus as a god based on his military success. Alcaic Meter The stanza contains four lines of which the first two lines follow the same metrical pattern. Line 3 has its own metrical pattern, and the last line again has its own metrical pattern. Lines 1-2: Line 3: Line 4: X | — u — — || — u u — | u X X|—u———u—X —uu—uu —u—X Anacrusis Anacrusis Dactyl Trochaic Choriamb Trochaic Dactyl Trochaic 3.5 Caelo tonantem credidimus Iovem regnare; praesens divus habebitur Augustus adiectis Britannis imperio gravibusque Persis. Milesne Crassi coniuge barbara turpis maritus vixit et hostium, (pro curia inversique mores!) consenuit socerorum in armis sub rege Medo, Marsus et Apulus, anciliorum et nominis et togae oblitus aeternaeque Vestae, incolumi Iove et urbe Roma? 5 10 Iambic Hoc caverat mens provida Reguli dissentientis condicionibus foedis et exemplo trahentis perniciem veniens in aevum, 15 si non periret inmiserabilis captiva pubes. 'Signa ego Punicis adfixa delubris et arma militibus sine caede' dixit 20 'derepta vidi; vidi ego civium retorta tergo bracchia libero portasque non clausas et arva Marte coli populata nostro. Auro repensus scilicet acrior miles redibit. Flagitio additis damnum. Neque amissos colores lana refert medicata fuco, nec vera virtus, cum semel excidit, curat reponi deterioribus. Si pugnat extricata densis cerva plagis, erit ille fortis 25 30 qui perfidis se credidit hostibus, et Marte Poenos proteret altero, qui lora restrictis lacertis 35 sensit iners timuitque mortem. Hic, unde vitam sumeret inscius, pacem duello miscuit. O pudor! o magna Carthago, probrosis altior Italiae ruinis!' Fertur pudicae coniugis osculum parvosque natos ut capitis minor ab se removisse et virilem torvus humi posuisse voltum, 40 donec labantis consilio patres firmaret auctor nunquam alias dato, interque maerentis amicos egregius properaret exul. Atqui sciebat quae sibi barbarus tortor pararet. non aliter tamen dimovit obstantis propinquos et populum reditus morantem, quam si clientum longa negotia diiudicata lite relinqueret, tendens Venafranos in agros aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum. 45 50 55 Horace 3.5 Commentary [1] Ashley Keller Keana Austin caelo: ablative of place where Iovem: Jupiter, Jove, chief of the Olympian gods and god of the sky. [2] praesens divus: “a present god” means a god on earth divus: predicate nominative after habebitur and refers to Augustus [3] Augustus: name given to Octavius Caesar in 27 BC, signifying his power over religious beliefs and authority which surpassed the constitutional definition adiectis Britannis…gravibusque Persis: temporal ablative absolute, “since the Britons and the burdensome Persians have been added” [4] imperio: dative, indirect object after adiectis [5] Crassi: Marcus Licinius Crassus. In 59 BC, he joined with Caesar and Pompey to form the First Triumvirate. He became the governor of Syria and a Roman military general. Thousands of Romans had been taken as prisoners after the defeat of Crassus’ army by the Parthians at Carrhae in Mesopotamia in 53 BC. Crassus died at this battle, and the battle standards lost here would later be recovered by Augustus. coniuge Barbara: causal ablative which explains turpis (line 6). Some of the Romans defeated and captured by the Parthian army married Parthian women and served in the Parthian armies. barbara refers to anything “foreign.” [6] turpis: It was considered in Rome a disgrace to marry a foreigner because Roman marriages were largely an affair that joined two families for certain social and political advantages. Foreign marriages would not provide these social advantages. maritus: take as predicate to vixit, “endured to live as a disgraceful husband” et: what does et conjoin? [7] pro: interjection “o!” or “ah!” curia: Senate House inversi…mores: A foreign marriage went against Roman custom and was considered a disgrace, turpis (line 6). In marrying a foreigner, a Roman would be “turning over” his own customs. [8] socerorum in armis: It was Roman custom that once captured by a foreign enemy to never serve in the enemy’s army. However, contrary to Roman mores, the soldiers of Crassus served in the enemy’s (Parthian) army, which is reflected in line 7 with inversi mores, “customs turned over.” [9] Medo: The Persian king, perhaps referring to the rule of the Persian empire over much of Asia Minor extending to India and towards the Black Sea. The Medes were originally a population ruled over by the Persians. Later, the Medes and Persians became synonymous. Marsus: Italic people who lived in Latium Apulus: inhabitants of the southeastern extremity of the Italian peninsula, where Horace is from [10] anciliorum: Sacred shields that protected the Roman State, safeguarded by the Salii priests of Mars (god of War). anciliorum et nominis et togae…Vestae: genitives after oblitus. nominis: refers to Roman citizenship or identity as a citizen of Rome togae: refers to Roman aristocratic national dress, thus Roman culture and Roman pride [11] Vesta: keeper of the hearth and domestic life and goddess of the Vestal Virgins. The Temple of Vesta in Rome guarded a hearth that symbolized the perpetuity of the Roman state. [12] incolumi: take with both Iove and urbe Roma as temporal ablative absolute, “when Jupiter and the Roman city were safe” Iove: reference to the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill, Jupiter Capitolinus. [13] hoc: refers back to the action of the miles in forgetting, oblitus, Roman customs and ideals Reguli: A Roman consul in 256 who after his defeat by the Carthaginians in the 1st Punic War, was asked by the Carthaginian government to negotiate the return of prisoners (captiva pubes, line 18), and if he failed at this, he would have to return to Carthage. Regulus urged the Roman Senate to continue the fight against the Carthaginians, and honorably, Regulus returned to Carthage and was killed as a prisoner. This legend is commonly referred to in Roman propaganda. The legend portrays the Roman ideal of not accepting a shameful surrender (turpis, line 6). [14] dissentientis: modifies Reguli. condicionibus: “agreements,” dative case after dissentientis [15] et: what does it conjoin? exemplo: dative of purpose after trahentis [16] perniciem veniens in aevum: This phrase implies a future destruction, “a destruction for the coming time,” if Rome does not follow the example of Regulus. [17] periret inmiserabilis: A metrical irregularity occurs in this line. The -et of periret is scanned as a long syllable. There is a natural pause between the words periret and inmiserabilis which allows the poet to hold the syllable longer than it should be. periret: imperfect subjunctive in a conditional clause translated as “if the captured youths were not dying.” The conditional clause reflects an original future more vivid condition. [18] signa: battle standards. These standards represented the pride of Roman armies and legions, and in battle they aided in keeping legions together. To lose these standards in battle was considered a disgrace, turpis (line 6). When Crassus was defeated by the Carthaginians at Carrhae, the battle standards were lost. Augustus recovered these standards, namely the eagle standard which was the most important legionary standard. The recovery of these standards greatly increased Augustus’ popularity and aided in his propaganda. ego: refers to Regulus and his experience in captivity. [19] delubris: dative case with the compound verbal adfixa [20] militibus: dative of separation after derepta NB: The militibus are Roman [21] civium: “Roman citizens” [22] retorta tergo...libero: “bound behind their free backs,” tergo...libero is a transferred epithet, in which an adjective that grammatically modifies goes with another noun semantically. Here, libero actually refers to the citizens. These words are a form of sunchysis, an interlocked word order in which four or more structural elements form the pattern ABAB. The interlocking pattern represents in a word picture the physical binding of these prisoners as well as their trapped freedom. [23] portas: gates of Carthage non clausas: litotes, the use of a double negative to verify something by rejecting its opposite, “the gates not closed” therefore, the gates were open [24] Marte: metonymy for “warfare.” Metonymy is a rhetorical figure of speech in which one word is used in place of another which it suggests. Marte...nostro: hyperbaton, two words which syntactically go together are separated by several words coli populata: oxymoron, which consists of two outwardly contradictory words combined to form one expression. Here, the “fertility” and “cultivation” from the word coli stands in stark contrast to the “destruction” and “devastation” meant by the word populata. [25] repensus: “having been ransomed,” literally means “to weigh back again,” but here with auro, means “having been ransomed for gold” acrior: “more keen,” for battle, refers to being more valorous. However, its juxtaposition with scilicet (line 25) makes it an oxymoron or sarcastic in meaning. Also, acrior functions as a predicate adjective to redibit, referring to the miles. [27] neque amissos colores lana refert medicata fuco: Horace here suggests that valor in battle cannot be regained once it is lost in an act of cowardice just as when wool is dyed to a fake color it will never again recover its original color. medicata: refers to the dyeing of wool [28] fuco: ablative of means after medicata [30] deterioribus: dative with reponi. This adjective is used as a substantive indicating the now inadequate “parts” of the soldier once courage is removed, “to be placed back to the poorer parts.” [31] si pugnat extricata densis cerva plagis: metaphor comparing the soldier, ille, to a young doe, cerva, implying the soldier’s timidity in battle, and after being “caught” will only have the strength to fight. Horace alludes to his previous metaphor with the sheep wool that once courage in battle is lost, it cannot be redeemed. [32] plagis: ablative of separation after extricata [33] hostibus: dative after credidit perfidis...hostibus: hyperbaton, in which two words which syntactically go together are separated by several words; datives after credidit [34] Marte: see line 24 Poenos: Carthaginians, Rome’s North African enemy [35] lacertis: ablative absolute with restrictis [36] iners: “helpless” or implies “doing nothing” [37] hic: pronominal sumeret: subjunctive in indirect question after inscius [38] pacem duello miscuit: “mixed peace with war.” Here the soldier has forgotten, oblitus, to keep his soldiery life, the life of war, separate from the life outside of war, pacem. In mixing the two, he disgraces Roman customs, pudor (line 38). [40] ruinis: ablative of comparison after altior [41] fertur: “it is said,” introduces indirect statement, removisse (line 43) and posuisse (line 44) [42] ut: indicative, “as” capitis minor: Here capitis means “status” or “importance,” and its meaning refers to the “head” of the Roman family claiming the rights of paterfamilias. [44] torvus: adverb, “grimly” or “savagely” humi: locative [45] labentis: –is accusative ending for 3rd declension in the Augustan period is common. Take with patres. consilio: ablative explaining labantis, “wavering in wisdom” patres: refers to the members of the Roman Senate. Regulus was asked by the Carthaginian government to persuade the Senate to release prisoners. Regulus, however, urged the Senate to continue the fight against Carthage. [46] firmaret: Imperfect subjunctive because subordinate clauses inside indirect statement require verbs in the subjunctive. The subordinate clause here is introduced by donec. alias: “previously” [47] -que: what does it conjoin? maerentis: see above note on line 45 for labentis [48] properaret: imperfect subjunctive introduced by donec in subordinate clause; see above note on firmaret line 46 [49] barbarus: derogatory term meaning “foreign” [50] tortor: refers to the Carthaginian government as a metaphor. When Regulus returned to Carthage after failing to gain the release Carthaginian prisoners, he was killed as a prisoner. pararet: imperfect subjunctive in indirect question introduced by the head verb sciebat and interrogative quae [51] obstantis: see above note on line 45 for labentis; modifies propinquos [52] et: what does it conjoin? reditus: accusative from the noun reditus, reditus (m). reditus serves as the direct object of morantem. morantem: modifes populum, “the people delaying” [53] quam si: “as if” clientum: genitive after negotia, “long business of clients” longa: “tedious” [54] lite: ablative absolute with diiudicata, “when the dispute was decided” relinqueret: imperfect subjunctive in subordinate clause introduced by quam si [55] Venafranos…Lacedaemonium Tarentum: well-known summertime resorts in Italy. Venafrum is an ancient town of Campania, Italy, where Augustus founded a colony, and Tarentum is a coastal town of Southern Italy. Horace lets the readers know, by applying the adjective Lacedaemonium, that Tarentum was founded by Sparta. 3.5 Vocabulary ab (+abl) acer, -cris, -cre addo, addere, addidi, additum adfigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum aeternus, -a, -um aevum, -i (n) ager, agri (m) alias aliter alter, altera, alterum altus, alta, altum amicus, amici (m) amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum ancile, -is (n) Apulus, -a, -um arma, -orum (n) arvum, i (n) atqui auctor, auctoris (m) Augustus, -i (m) aurum, -i (n) aut barbarus, -a, -um brachium, -i (n) Britanni, -orum (m pl.) caedes, -is (f) caelum, -i (n) captivus, -a, -um from, away from sharp, cutting, keen, bitter, fierce to add, join to fasten to, affix, attach to add eternal, everlasting eternity, time, lifetime land, territory, field at another time, previously otherwise, in another way, different the one, the other, other high, lofty friend to send away, let go, lose sacred shield Apulian armor, weapons ploughed land, field, arable land nevertheless, but in fact, indeed, certainly originator, causer, doer, supporter, author Augustus gold or foreign, strange the forearm, branch, limb, arm the inhabitants of Briton, Britons killing, slaughter the heavens, sky captured, taken; as subst., a prisoner, captive caput, capitis (n) Carthago, Carthaginis (f) caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum cerva, cervae (f) civis, -is (m) claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum cliens, clientis (m) colo, colere, colui, cultum color, -oris (m) condicio, -onis (f) coniunx, -iugis (f) consenesco, -senescere, -senui the head, a person Carthage to be on one’s guard, beware hind, deer, doe citizen to close, shut up, make inaccessible client, vassal, ally to cultivate, till, tend color, tint, hue arrangement, agreement, condition wife, spouse to become old, lose one’s strength, decay, grow old consilium, consilii (n) Crassus, -i (m) credo, credere, credidi, creditum (+dat) cum curia, -ae (f) curo, curare, curavi, curatum damnum, i (n) delubrum, -i (n) densus, densa, densum deripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum deterior, -ius dico, dicere, dixi, dictum diiudico, diiudicare, diiudicavi, diiudicatum dimoveo, dimovere, dimovi, dimotum dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensum consultation, plan, advice, wisdom Crassus to entrust, commit, believe when the curia, the meeting-place of the senate to care for, pay attention to loss, damage, injury shrine, temple thick, close, dense, tightly woven to tear down, snatch away lower, poorer, worse to speak, say to judge between parties, decide, determine et excido, excidere, excidi, excisum exemplum, i (n) exsul, exsulis (m) extrico, extricare, extricavi, extricatum fero, ferre, tuli, latum firmo, firmare, firmavi, firmatum flagitium, -i (n) foedus, -a, -um fortis, fortis, forte fucus, -i (m) gravis, -e habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum hic, haec, hoc hostis, hostis (m) to part, divide, separate, remove, take away to be of different feeling or opinion, to be opposed to, not to agree god to offer, give, grant until, while war, fighting I, me uncommon, excellent, extraordinary, splendid and to fall out, fall away, be lost example, sample banished person, exile to disentangle, to unravel to bear, bring, carry, to display, it is said to strengthen, encourage disgraceful action, shame, disgrace foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting strong, powerful, robust red or purple dye heavy, important, stern, burdensome to have, hold, consider this, these foe, opponent, enemy humus, humi (f) ground, earth, soil ille, illa, illud immiserabilis, -e that, those unpitied divus, -i (m) do, dare, dedi, datum donec duellum, duelli (n) ego, mei egregius, egregia, egregium imperium, -i (n) in incolumis, -e iners, inertis inscius, inscia, inscium inter (+acc) inverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum Italia, Italiae (f) Iuppiter, Iovis (m) labor, labi, lapsus sum Lacedaemonius, Lacedaemonia, Lacedaemonium lacertus, lacerti (m) lana, -ae (f) liber, -era, -erum lis, litis (f) longus, longa, longum lorum, lori (n) maerens, maerentis magnus, magna, magnum maritus, -i (m) Mars, Martis (m) Marsus, -a, -um Medi, -orum (m) medico, -are, -avi, -atum mens, mentis (f) miles, -itis (m) minor, minus misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum moror, morari, moratus sum mors, mortis (f) mos, moris (m) natus, nati (m) -ne nec negotium, negotii (n) neque nomen, -inis (n) non the right to order, power, mastery, command, empire, authority (+abl) in, on (+accus) into, onto, towards uninjured, safe and sound untrained, unskillful, inactive ignorant, not knowing, unaware between, among, amid to turn over, turn about, overturn Italy Jupiter to flow, to glide, slide Lacedaemonian the upper arm, arm wool free legal controversy, action, suit, dispute long a strap or thong of leather; plur. reins, bridle grievous great, large husband, lover Mars, war, battle, fight Marsian the Medes, the Persians to drug, to dye mind soldier smaller to mix, mingle, to combine, unite to delay, to linger death custom, rule, conduct, morals, plur. character child, son interrogative, enclitic particle, indicates a question, and not, nor business, occupation, employment and not, nor name not noster, nostra, nostrum numquam o obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus obsto, obstare, obstiti, obstaturum osculum, osculi (n) paro, parare, paravi, paratum parvus, parva, parvum pater, patris (m) pax, pacis (f) pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum perfidus, perfida, perfidum pernicies, -ei (f) Persae, -arum (m) plaga, plagae (f) our, ours never o! to forget to oppose, stand in the way a little mouth, a kiss to set, put, provide, prepare little, small, slight, weak father, sire, senators (in plural) peace to go to waste, be ruined, perish, die faithless, treacherous destruction, disaster, ruin Persians a net for hunting, a snare, a trap Poenus, Poeni (m) pono, ponere, posui, positum populo, -are, -avi, -atum populus, populi (m) porta, -ae (f) praesens, -entis pro probrosus, probrosa, probrosum propero, properare, properavi, properatum propinquus, propinqui (m) protero, proterere, protrivi, protritum providus, -a, -um Carthaginian, Punic to put, place, to put aside, lay down to lay waste, devastate, plunder, spoil, ruin people, public gate present, at hand oh! ah! shameful, disgraceful, infamous to hasten, accelerate pubes, -is (f) pudicus, pudica, pudicum pudor, pudoris (m) pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum Punicus, -a, -um quam -que qui, quae, quod redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum reditus, reditus (m) refero, referre, rettuli, relatum regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum Regulus, -i (m) kinsman to trample underfoot, tread down foreseeing, cautious, prudent, provident youth, population modest, chaste, virtuous feeling of shame, bashfulness, decency, shame to fight, to struggle Punic, Carthaginian than and who, which, what to go back, come back, return going back, return, reconciliation to carry back, bring back to reign, to be a master, to be a tyrant, to rule Regulus relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum removeo, removere, removi, remotum rependo, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum tortor, tortoris (m) torvus, torva, torvum to leave behind, abandon to move back, remove to weigh back again, to ransom, repay, requite to lay back, put aside, place, put back to bind back, draw back to twist back, bend back ruler, king Rome ruin, destruction, debris evidently, certainly, of course to know, understand once, a single time, for the first time to feel, perceive, to experience, feel the force if sign, mark, token, banner, battle standards without father-in-law under himself, herself, itself, themselves to be to take, choose, obtain, put on, take up however, yet, nevertheless Tarentum (a coastal town of Southern Italy) to stretch, extend, spread the back to be afraid, to fear, dread toga to thunder, to make a loud noise, to thunder forth torturer, tormentor savage, grim, fierce, turned, slight traho, trahere, traxi, tractum turpis, -e unde urbs, urbis (f) ut Venafrus, Venafra, Venafrum venio, venire, veni, ventum verus, vera, verum Vesta, -ae (f) to drag, to draw out, take, bring ugly, foul from where, whence city as Venafrian to come true, real, genuine Vesta repono, reponere, reposui, repositum restringo, restringere, restrinxi, restrictum retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tortum rex, regis (m) Roma, -ae (f) ruina, ruinae (f) scilicet scio, scire, scivi, scitum semel sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum si signum, -i (n) sine (prep. with abl.) socer, -eri (m) sub (prep. with abl.) sui, sibi, se, se sum, esse, fui sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum tamen Tarentum, Tarenti (n) tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum tergum, -i (n) timeo, timere, timui toga, -ae (f) tono, -are, -ui, -itum video, videre, vidi, visum virilis, virile virtus, virtutis (f) vita, vitae (f) vivo, vivere, vixi, victum voltus, voltus (m) to see manly, male, virile manliness, excellence, virtue, courage life to live, be alive expression of the face, countenance, look, face